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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Amelia Barr
Author: Amelia E. Barr
Editor: David Widger
Release date: December 9, 2018 [eBook #58440]
Most recently updated: April 5, 2023
Language: English
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- 10. Editor: Christian Schittich Editorial services: Steffi Lenzen (project management), Eva Schönbrunner, Melanie Weber Editorial assistants: Katinka Johanning, Michaela Linder Translation German/English: Sharon Heidenreich, Nuremberg Proofreading: Kathrin Enke, Ludwigsburg Drawings: Marion Griese, Martin Hämmel, Nicola Kollmann, Emese M. Köszegi, Dejanira Ornelas DTP: Simone Soesters A specialist publication from Redaktion DETAIL Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG Bibliographic information published by the German National Library The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. This book is also available in a German language edition (ISBN: 978-3-920034-62-1). © 2012 Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, P.O. Box 20 10 54, 80010 Munich, Germany www.detail.de This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp (TCF ∞) Printed in Germany Reproduction: Martin Härtl OHG, Munich Printing and binding: Kösel GmbH & Co. KG, Altusried-Krugzell ISBN: 978-3-920034-67-6 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 11. Building simply – a matter of attitude or necessity Christian Schittich 8 Simply constructed Christiane Sauer 12 Simply complex Fabian Scheurer 24 Simply reasonable Ansgar und Benedikt Schulz 34 Simply sustainable Andrea Georgi-Tomas, Martin Zeumer 42 Simply local Anna Heringer 50 Summary of projects 56 Restaurant on Teshima Architects Atelier Ryo Abe, Tokyo 58 Schools in Mozambique Ziegert Roswag Seiler Architekten Ingenieure, Berlin 61 “Slumtube” pallet house near Johannesburg Andreas Claus Schnetzer Gregor Pils, Vienna 66 Museum and community centre in Johannesburg’s Alexandra township Peter Rich Architects, Johannesburg 72 Hospital in Rwanda MASS Design Group, Boston/Kigali 78 Accommodation for orphans in Noh Bo TYIN tegnestue, Trondheim 84 Social housing in Iquique Elemental – Alejandro Aravena, Santiago de Chile 88 Social housing in Ceuta MGM, Morales-Giles-Mariscal Architects, Sevilla 92 House in Oderbruch HEIDE VON BECKERATH, Berlin 96 Summer house near Saiki Takao Shiotsuka Atelier, Oita 100 Summer cabin near Gothenburg Johannes Norlander Arkitektur, Stockholm 104 Single-family home in Stuttgart lohrmannarchitekt, Stuttgart 108 Dwelling in Andalue Pezo von Ellrichshausen Architects, Concepción 112 Oyster farmer’s house in Brittany RAUM, Nantes 117 Cowshed in Thankirchen Florian Nagler Architekten, Munich 120 Open-air pool in Eichstätt Kauffmann Theilig Partner, Ostfildern/Kemnat 124 Commercial complex in Munich bogevischs buero, Munich 128 Print and media house in Augsburg OTT ARCHITEKTEN, Augsburg 132 Mobile showroom Jürke Architekten, Munich 136 Joiner’s workshop near Freising Deppisch Architekten, Freising 140 School cafeteria in Berlin ludloff + ludloff Architekten, Berlin 145 School in Berlin AFF architekten, Berlin 150 Day-care centre in Unterföhring hirner riehl architekten und stadtplaner, Munich 154 Day-care centres in Munich schulzschulz, Leipzig 159 Kids’ activity centre near Melbourne PHOOEY Architects, Melbourne 164 Project data – architects 168 Authors 175 Illustration credits 176 Contents
- 13. 9 The demand for simplicity is a constantly recurring theme in philosophy, art and science. World-renowned thinkers throughout the ages, from Confucius to Albert Einstein, from Seneca to Ludwig Wittgenstein, have praised its advantages for a host of areas of everyday life. Friedrich Schiller, for instance, regards simplicity as “the result of maturity”; and for Sergei Korolev, who is considered the father of Russian cosmonautics, “the genius of design lies in simplicity” – because “anybody can build complicated things”. In contem- porary architecture, too, minimalist tendencies resurface at regular intervals, bringing with them a return to the basics, to the simple form. In a time of pluralistic diversity, these trends encounter other, sometimes contradictory, move- ments, attitudes and approaches, such as the currently very popular computer-generated free forms. However, it does not always follow that formal simplicity, resulting from aesthetic aspirations, is simultaneously simple in its technical and financial implications. After all, the perfectly reduced form of a highly complex building can frequently be attained only with much greater-than-usual effort. This effort manifests itself in more elaborate design work, as well as in complex but hidden details, found, say, beneath the smooth outer surface of a multi-layered wall construction. At the same time, a building referred to as “simple” in common parlance is one that is straightforward, cost-efficient and constructed within a short period of time. Building simply therefore has many facets. The term can apply to the shape, the construction, the material and many other criteria related to the building. The simple form Our world is becoming more and more complex, its interrela- tionships increasingly difficult for individuals to comprehend. At the same time, the flood of stimuli and sensory impres- sions is growing ever more insistent. Confronted with all this, many people yearn for clear forms, ones that are imme- diately accessible and recognizable. A brand like Apple, for instance, is groundbreaking because it relies on consistent, clear design and instantly comprehensible interfaces across all of its devices, from the laptop to the smartphone, and omits all superfluous details. A simple form can, however, also be a conscious expression of attitude: a break with con- sumerism, an avoidance of the superfluous and the wasteful approach to form, colour and detail it entails. Some buildings in traditional architecture are based on clear geometries. These structures range from farmhouses and barns, which often appear to be embedded in the surround- ing landscape, to sacred spaces for meditation. Simple geometric forms embody a particular confidence or charisma and have high symbolic value. Japan is a country where simplicity, based on the central tenets of Zen Buddhism, is an integral part of traditional cul- ture. This finds expression not only in numerous objects of everyday life, but also in traditional Japanese architecture, including its teahouses and palaces. The famous Imperial Villa Katsuro in Kyoto, dating back to the 17th century, is the most prominent example known in the West. To this day, it has lost none of its fascination and appeal, especially among architects, thanks to its simple floor plan and shape, the modular arrangement of its floors and walls, and the clear alignment of its timber construction. It is not surprising that two of the foremost proponents of minimalist architecture today, the British architects John Pawson and David Chipper- field, started their professional careers in Japan. The architecture of Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, whose buildings reflect a particular focus on the impact of space and the way in which the user takes possession of the building, can be referred to as simple because of their reduced construction and general omission of colour. But as is often the case with simple forms, one can easily forget the enormous amount of time and effort that went into the development of the building (as is true for the sophisticated concrete construction of the Rolex Learning Center), and the maintenance involved. Simply reasonable Building simply is frequently equated with low construction costs. This equivalence is actually true for many of the projects presented in this book. Even if the minimalist form of architecture described above can usually be executed only with a great investment of time and money, as today’s envelope inevitably consists of a refined system of different functional layers, it is nevertheless true that a simple, clear structure without elaborate protrusions and setbacks is gen- erally more reasonable from a cost perspective, as Ansgar and Benedikt Schulz point out in their article (see pp. 34ff.). Minimalist architecture is distinguished by material efficiency, requires a smaller proportion of expensive facade, and, thanks to its compactness, is generally more energy-efficient. A straightforward layout not only simplifies orientation and usability, but it also facilitates the design of a clearly aligned load-bearing structure, which can be based on low-cost structural components. It is generally true that a simple solution is necessary if one Building simply – a matter of attitude or necessity Christian Schittich
- 14. 2 10 In this case, the shape of the building and its load-bearing structure are closely related, as is true for the cowshed designed by Florian Nagler in Thankirchen (see pp. 120ff.). At a time when computer-controlled planning and construc- tion processes have made almost anything possible, clear structures are no longer a matter of course; simple construc- tions require discipline. The conception of when a construction, a wall configuration or a detail is simple varies significantly from one country or region to another, even within the western hemisphere. The judgement is very much dependent on the location, the local climate, standards and regulations and, moreover, the intended use of the building. The construction process is invariably a significant aspect of building simply. In less-developed regions of Africa, Asia and South America, where there is an abundance of manpower, this means making use of local skills and building practices. In the article “Simply local” (see pp. 50ff.), Anna Heringer illustrates how this approach encourages not only ecological balance, but also social justice. The author argues that if labour, know-how and responsibility remain at the building’s location, regional small and medium-sized businesses bene- fit. At the same time, under certain circumstances, it may make sense even in a highly developed country to generate easy-assembly structures made of inexpensive and univer- sally available materials. Shima Kitchen, an infrastructure project on the Japanese island of Teshima (see pp. 58ff.), is planned in such a way that the village community can assem- ble and look after the building without professional support. Architect Ryo Abe developed a structural system incorporat- ing easily obtainable building materials, such as reinforcing wants to achieve a high degree of efficiency. Simplicity starts with the design and may well require greater time and effort at the planning stage. On the other hand, restricting oneself to a few well-thought-out details can lead to greater planning efficiency. Upkeep and maintenance are especially important aspects when it comes to costs. After all, over the life cycle of a building, the outlays for running, upkeep and necessary refurbishment significantly exceed the costs of development. Building simply can make a considerable contribution towards a more cost-efficient building. The simple construction In terms of traditional building practices, building simply means making do with locally available materials – in other words, using the construction materials that nature yields – in order to save on transportation costs and conserve trans- portation energy. But it also means arranging the load-bear- ing and non-load-bearing construction elements in such a way that the available resources are used as efficiently as possible and that the energy budget is well balanced. The technical solutions applied in traditional building methods are consistent with the available material and skills, the climate and the geographical conditions at the building’s location. It was not until the advent of industrialization that simplicity was suppressed. Specialization, division of labour and more efficient transportation systems tend to encourage more elaborate construction products and the application of non- local materials. The fact is that a building can be regarded as simple if it is based on a clear structure that follows an intrinsic logic.
- 15. 4 3 11 1 Dwelling, Zurich (CH) 2007, Christian Kerez 2 Holiday cottage, (S) 2005, John Pawson 3 Museum Turner Contemporary, Margate (GB) 2011, David Chipperfield Architects 4 Weekend cottage, Vallemaggia (CH) 2000, Roberto Briccola rods, water pipes and cable ties, which even unskilled labourers can assemble without difficulty. This example demonstrates that the simple process refers not only to the construction of the building, but also to its possible decon- struction. Easily separable connections allow for a fairly quick and straightforward removal and the possibility of reusing the parts somewhere else or recycling them, as appropriate. Simple applications Material and construction are closely related. Criteria such as availability, production, processing, application, insulation properties and durability of the building material have a clear bearing on whether a structure or building may be consid- ered simple. Limiting the range of materials to a few or even just one for certain building components and functions implies simplicity in terms of uniformity. At the same time, this mini- mal use of material leads to an economical and ecological solution. When a building is “constructed simply”, as Christiane Sauer explains in her article of the same title (see pp. 12ff.), the type of construction ideally suits the material properties and uses them to the full. Numerous buildings presented in this book are made of wood, an ancient building material that is easy to work with and widely available – though by no means everywhere. Throughout the world, there are many desert regions with little vegetation and hence few trees, where wood is naturally highly valuable. Earth, on the other hand, is abundantly avail- able in the ground in most places and is still considered an extremely inexpensive building material in large parts of Asia and Africa. In Western countries, however, where the material is being rediscovered, not least because of its ecological benefits, earth buildings tend to be rather expensive. The numerous positive properties of this building material – it is cheap, obtainable from the ground almost anywhere, virtually fully recyclable, and beneficial in terms of room climate and acoustics – are in stark contrast to the large amount of manual labour it requires. So whereas earth building is considered a luxury in our spheres, it is looked down on as a cheap material in large parts of the southern hemisphere, where it enjoys a long tradition and where human labour is abundant and inexpensive. Depending on the place it is used, then, one and the same building material may either be considered simple or – at least from a cost perspective – uneconomical. Today most building products are factory-made; the material is not necessarily sourced from the immediate surroundings. But even materials such as steel, (precast) concrete ele- ments and plastics are suitable for simple constructions. This is evidenced by projects such as the kids’ activity centre in Melbourne (see pp. 164ff.), the small dwelling in the Chilean town of Andalue (see pp. 112ff.) and the social housing pro- ject in Ceuta (see pp. 92ff.). This book is focused in particular on small, mainly economi- cal constructions – straightforward projects that provide the architect with the opportunity to manage the planning and construction process more or less single-handedly. They allow for the shaping of the smallest detail, which is no longer the case in most larger building projects. In principle, it is often these simple construction tasks that allow young architects to gain a foothold in professional life. It comes as no surprise, then, that many of the examples presented here were planned by very young designers. Other examples, however, indicate clearly that renowned offices, too, are now addressing this subject. In the greater part of the world, simple building is the rule rather than the exception. In places where urbanization is proceeding at an incredible pace and where building activity is often shaped by the mere struggle for survival, different, simpler solutions are required than in our parts – solutions such as the naturally ventilated hospital in Rwanda (see pp. 78ff.) or the schools in Mozambique (see pp. 61ff.) built exclusively from regional building materials. No matter how different the projects are in terms of actual construction task, social setting, climate conditions, structure or material, they all have one feature in common: a consistent approach marked by a focus on the essentials and an omis- sion of all superfluous elements. The professional articles address the various aspects of sim- plicity ranging from the construction to the costs. The fact that sustainability requires simplicity is illustrated by Andrea Georgi-Tomas and Martin Zeumer (see pp. 42ff.), whereas, in his article on computer-generated free forms (see pp. 24ff.), Fabian Scheurer highlights the need for simplicity even in complex structures. Building simply can be a matter of attitude or pure necessity. The aim of this publication is to show how fascinating this subject is in all of its many facets.
- 17. 2 13 Traditional constructions, developed without architects, have always been “simple”, easy-to-erect buildings that make per- fect use of local material resources and available skills. The availability of local resources is one of the most important considerations here. In former times, if no other construction materials were at hand, people even used blocks of snow to build protective shelters, as in Greenland’s icy plains. In wooded areas, on the other hand, where tree trunks were plentiful, log construction developed (fig. 1); and in the south- ern hemisphere, solid earth walls provided protection from the sun and overheating. In the case of these local construc- tion methods, the question of whether or not to choose a simple construction never arose, as in pre-industrialization days people had no other choice. Nevertheless, each gener- ation improved and refined the structural design and effi- ciency of the construction method. The material, structure and shape of the buildings had a symbiotic connection, each influenced by the regional conditions. The construc- tions went hand in hand with aesthetic decisions, which were not based on the taste of an individual, but which evolved from the features of the surroundings. The aesthetic conveyed by these “simple” buildings is intuitively under- stood and remains comprehensible to this day, beyond the vagaries of fashion. Simple structures are still being developed in some parts of the world where resources are scarce. Whatever material is at hand is used as efficiently as possible. In developing countries, for example, PET bottles are filled with sand and used as bricks to erect entire houses (fig. 2). A barrel-shaped construction made of disused wooden shipping pallets, which can also be assembled by unskilled workers, was recently developed as a prototype for a simple residential building in South Africa (see “‘Slumtube’ pallet house near Johannesburg”, pp. 66ff.). The strategy of re-using materials and building components to create resource-saving con- structions is gaining momentum in our climes as well. What is central to this design process is not perfection in terms of detail, but rather that the available material determines the construction and joining method. Simply appropriate So, in our industrialized world, what does it mean to build “simply”? Every construction scheme has its own individual parameters in regard to cost and time frame, type and dura- tion of use, quality of workmanship and design, for which the architect has to find a suitable solution. In this case building simply could mean attaining the best result with the least possible input of funds and resources – in other words, using the most efficient way to transform a design into an actual building. The most appropriate solution will depend on the demands of the individual construction task. There are no generally recognized codes of practice for building “simply”. Nevertheless, planners must be in a position to assess the consequences that decisions made during the design phase may have on the construction. The requirements of a building are determined primarily by its type of use and location. The orientation and the geomet- ric shape have a significant impact on the climatic conditions inside the building and on its power economy. A building’s intended use – industrial, commercial or residential – has its own particular implications. A residential building must pro- vide an interior space that is independent of the outside envi- ronment and able to offer comfort, an adequate room temper- ature, good lighting and a fresh air supply around the clock. The energy demand can be reduced by applying simple measures, such as temperate zones as a climate buffer or south-facing thermal storage walls. In office buildings, with their large, fully glazed facades, provisions have to be made to prevent a build-up of heat. An alternative to expensive air- conditioning units, structural facade protrusions, such as a Simply constructed Christiane Sauer
- 18. 3 4 14 “brise soleil”, can prevent the building interior from overheat- ing. Le Corbusier was the first architect of the modern era to develop such rigid sun-shading elements for his buildings in the southern hemisphere, where, as in the government buildings in the Indian town of Chandigarh, they also function as a facade design feature (fig. 3). In industrial buildings, the requirements with regard to thermal insulation and building envelope differ considerably and are very much dependent on the function of the building, which can range from a non- insulated warehouse at one extreme to a high-tech manu- facturing plant with a precisely defined room climate at the other. Working on a heat transfer station with fairly low demands on the building envelope near Utrecht, in 1997, NL Architects came up with a technically simple solution with its own, unique aesthetic (fig. 4). A plastic coating usually used to seal flat roofs was simply wrapped around the whole building. The plastic skin is watertight, but open to diffusion, so that the complete building envelope could be reduced to this single layer. Thanks to the application of this material, details such as rain gutters or weather bars could be omitted, and rainwater simply runs down the facade. The load-bearing structure underneath is purpose-built and consists of inex- pensive conventional sand-lime bricks and precast concrete elements. In order to select an appropriate construction method, it is important to ascertain which room sizes and therefore spans are required and how construction sequences are to be organized. Modular building methods with elements that can be assembled either by hand or using light plant, such as brickwork or in situ concrete with simple formwork, are suitable for smaller schemes with short spans. Structural steelwork is predestined for flexible floor plans with minimal construction space; in terms of logistics, too, the short erec- tion time of the bar-shaped members makes them excellent candidates for industrial buildings. Prefabricated timber con- struction using laminated timber beams, often found in hall structures, is best suited to individually shaped load-bearing elements. Solid concrete construction, on the other hand, makes sense for large developments and multi-storey build- ings, especially if the erection of formwork is simplified by repeating floor plans or if serially made precast concrete elements are used. During the planning process, it is important to consider not only the construction phase of the building, but also the operation phase, including maintenance aspects, and a possible deconstruction of the structure. All surface finishes should either be low-maintenance or able to sustain wear and tear without a diminishing of their aesthetic and func- tional aspects. The architect’s contract usually ends with the completion of the building or once all defects have been made good. The planning of an efficient deconstruction or recycling of building components for the time when the useful life span of the building has expired does not yet form part of the everyday job description of the planner. Particularly in terms of a sustainable planning approach and a “simple” disposal of building components, however, it would be sensible to incorporate this service into the scope of the planning work. New technical innovations, such as microchips, could be integrated into components to store valuable information regarding the origin and properties of materials used. 1 Traditional log cabin wall 2 PET bottles are filled with sand or rubble and laid like brickwork with a mixture of sand and loam. Medellin (CO) 2011, Eco-Tec Andreas Froese 3 Palace of Justice , Chandigarh (IND) 1955, Le Corbusier 4 Heat transfer station, Utrecht (NL) 1997, NL Architects 5, 6 Residential building, Berlin (D) 2007, Arge Bonnen + Schlaich a 80 mm planted roof b 120−420 mm sloping insulation, 2.5% pitch c 250 mm reinforced concrete d poured asphalt with underfloor heating e 220 mm reinforced concrete f 50 mm thermal insulation g 500 mm infra-leightweight concrete, inside and outside with exposed concrete finish 7 Section through insulating concrete
- 19. 5 7 15 f a c b g d e f 6 Multi-layered or monolithic The increasing demands placed on the building envelope in terms of indoor climate and energy standards have caused wall structures to become more sophisticated over the past few decades. The load-bearing structure, insulation, water- proofing, and interior and exterior finishes form a coordinated system perfectly suited to each individual purpose. A clear and straightforward structure simplifies the construction process and saves money. Especially when it comes to the enclosing surfaces, such as exterior walls, all aspects of building physics must be considered carefully in order to avoid damage. Generally there are two structural approaches. The first one is the multi-layer, additive method, which combines a variety of materials, each fulfilling its own specific requirements. Here, the main attention during execution should be focused on the structural detailing of joints, penetrations and connec- tions. For room enclosures, it is possible to use a variety of boarding, cladding or coating materials, this being independ- ent of the underlying construction. The layers used in a multi- layer, additive construction can be separated easily, as they are only mechanically joined. They are therefore reversible, can be changed when necessary and are simple to recycle. In the case of frame or skeleton constructions, such as are used in timber and steel structures, the layer of insulation can be positioned in the same layer as the load-bearing ele- ments, which reduces the overall thickness of the wall signifi- cantly. This is particularly interesting when one considers the high demands of the new Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, as the required insulation values would otherwise lead to very thick walls and a loss of usable floor space inside. If the load-bearing structure is made of concrete or masonry, the load-bearing and insulation layers are separate and the thickness of the insulation has to be added to the thickness of the load-bearing component. The second structural approach is based on a solid mono- lithic construction, in which the same component, thanks to its specific properties, fulfils both the structural and the physi- cal requirements. If a part of a building is made of a single material, the interfaces and connections to other trades – and therefore also possible sources of error – are minimized. Where the selected material also functions as the visible room enclosure, the quality of workmanship evidenced by the surface finish becomes more important. The wall thicknesses of solid monolithic constructions are usually considerable, as the insulation, which is generated through high porosity and low density, reduces the load-bearing capacity of the material. Single leaf constructions can be made of insulating concrete, insulating bricks, solid timber elements or earth. Insulating concrete, also called lightweight concrete, is con- struction and insulation in one and therefore simplifies work processes and shortens the construction period. Porous aggregates, such as expanded clay or crushed foam glass, are added to the material as extra insulating pores. The ther- mal conductivity of the material is dependent on its density – in this case, the mix design of the concrete. While conducting research as a professor at TU Berlin, Mike Schlaich, together with Mohamed El Zareef, developed an extremely lightweight concrete with a dry gross density of below 800 kg/m3 for Zareef’s house. This so-called infra-lightweight concrete with light expanded clay aggregate has a thermal conductivity of ¬ = 0.18 W/mK (figs. 5–7). By way of comparison: the thermal conductivity ¬ of solid wood is 0.10–0.20 W/mK.
- 20. 8 9 16 The compressive strength of ultra-lightweight concrete is lower than that of normal concrete, so it can deform more easily. Glass fibre rods are therefore used to reduce crack- ing, which would ultimately lead to corrosion and thermal bridges. Insulating concrete can either be produced in situ or prefabricated. The high-quality finish is similar to that of exposed concrete, which reduces the need for further layers of, say, plaster, hence saving costs. A hydrophobic coating of the exterior surface minimizes the risk of the completed concrete absorbing too much water. The mechanical and electrical installations, fundamental components of every building, can complicate the planning and construction process quite significantly. The aim is generally to enable a simple installation, revision and replace- ment of all elements. The options for integrating services are determined to a significant degree by the type of construc- tion. In the case of frame construction, it is easy to integrate cables and pipes into the wall structures before these are closed with some kind of panelling. To avoid damage to the building’s physical properties, installations into exterior walls must be performed in such a way that the vapour barrier is penetrated as little as possible. Monolithic constructions, such as concrete, require elaborate preparatory work, as the pouring process is a one-try-only situation. Once all conduits and sockets have been fixed into the formwork and the con- crete is poured, no more changes can be made. Construction and material Constructing simply implies having an effective structure and an economical use of materials. The type of construction should match the material’s properties and use them to the full. Every material has its structural advantages and is suited to particular applications. Steel If large distances are to be spanned or the construction space is to be kept as small as possible, steel is the most suitable material. It has a very good ratio of cross-sectional area to load-bearing capacity. Although the price of steel has increased in recent years, efficient and precise work pro- cesses mean that building with steel remains economically viable. Industrially produced steel sections are an off-the- shelf product and available in a large range of sizes (fig. 9). In order to construct buildings simply, use should be made of the selection available and sections should correspond to the structural requirements. Understanding the processing technologies helps one to prepare detailed solutions. It is, for example, much easier to weld two rectangular hollow sec- tions than two circular hollow sections together. The design should therefore be consistent with the section formats to simplify work processes. Steel sections are true to measure and constant in quality. Sufficient allowances must be made, however, for the completed construction to accommodate changes in the material’s length caused by temperature fluctuations. Steel can be recycled infinitely and without any loss of quality; the proportion of recycled material in new steel products is approximately 50 per cent. Steel can be used either for frame or for skeleton construc- tions, which, depending on the requirements, are filled with infill panels. The joining of parts is either permanent, as in the case of welding, or separable, as when using bolt or pin joints. In order to simplify construction, it is better to perform
- 21. 10 17 all welding operations in controlled conditions in the factory. Work on site should ideally cover only assembly operations. Thanks to the quick and secure connection methods that steel offers, there are no downtimes during site operations for the setting and curing of materials, such as those required for concrete. Especially in the case of industrial buildings, for which steel is well suited due to the large spans involved, the precise scheduling of a construction scheme to prevent interruptions during operation is extremely important. Alongside its structural advantages, however, steel also has several material-specific disadvantages: its thermal conduc- tivity, its reaction to fire and its susceptibility to corrosion. Steel sections conduct heat and turn into thermal bridges where structural elements penetrate the building envelope. Steel constructions are therefore better suited to the inside of the building, although it is necessary, in terms of fire pre- caution, to protect load-bearing elements against the impact of fire (fig. 8). This can be achieved by using intumescent coatings, which form a layer of char foam in case of fire, or by encasing the steel sections with concrete or other cement- bonded panel materials. Protection against corrosion is best achieved by means of paint or coatings of different metals, such as zinc. Hot dip galvanizing is a durable, inexpensive and common technique, which generates a characteristic crystalline surface. Timber Originally, the dimensions of the trees determined the size of structural elements in timber construction if either the whole trunk or boards cut from the trunk were used. The position of the material in the trunk is a fundamental factor affecting the tendency of wood to cup or warp. In this respect, heart wood is the most stable. Timber materials, which are made up of several layers of wood, are no longer bound to the dimen- sions of the trunk and allow for a more economical use of the raw material. Wood is easy to work with and can, when used as laminated timber, span large distances. Timber lends itself to single-storey halls and residential buildings. Owing to its natural beauty and positive properties in terms of building physics, it is an extremely popular material. The sections of load-bearing timber elements tend to be larger than those of steel, but the ratio of weight to load- bearing capacity is better, and wood has excellent heat- insulating properties. Timber elements must be protected, however, from changing moisture conditions. Special paint coatings or structural measures, such as sufficient ventilation or roof overhangs, can be very helpful. For reasons relating to fire protection, the use of timber as a construction material in buildings with more than just a few stories is limited. In a given case, it may be necessary to reach an appropriate agreement with the relevant authorities. A possible approach could be to oversize load-bearing parts, which in case of fire only char on the outside, or to encase or coat the elements with suitable fire-resistant materials. Glued laminated timber, also called glulam, is composed of at least three layers of dried, parallel grain boards or lamellas that are glued together. It is especially suitable for structural bar-shaped elements, such as beams (fig. 10). Because face-bonded timber hardly shrinks or swells, glulam is con- sidered a dimensionally stable construction material, which simplifies detailing and production processes. Ribbed-panel and hollow-box elements can be prefabricated and assem- bled to span large distances – up to 15 metres in the case 8 Steel construction with fire protection coating, New Museum, New York (USA) 2006, SANAA 9 Standard steel sections 10 Timber wall panels and glulam beams of floors and up to 23 metres in roofs. These efficient compo- nents are therefore particularly attractive for industrial build- ings. Planar elements made of solid timber are load-bearing with excellent insulating properties. In contrast to lightweight constructions, monolithic constructions have a larger storage mass, which is able to function as a climate buffer. Thanks to the phase shift and amplitude reduction, they provide good heat protection in summer and lengthen cooling-off times in winter, therefore improving the overall comfort conditions inside. This is especially valuable for detached buildings, such as single-family homes. Solid cross-laminated or nail- laminated timber elements, for example, have a thermal conductivity of ¬ = 0.13 W/mK. Timber elements are sound- absorbing, fire-resistant and, given the right thickness, diffu- sion-tight, so that vapour barriers can be omitted on the inte- rior surface. At the same time, the surface-active properties of the room enclosures are able to regulate moisture naturally and contribute towards a better room climate. All necessary installations have to be accommodated in surface-mounted service ducts or in wall chases and then covered. Cross- laminated timber (CLT) is a planar, monolithic timber material available in thicknesses of 30 to 50 centimetres. It is made of at least three layers of board that are stacked at right angles to one another and glued. As a result of this structure, the elements are extremely resistant to deformation and are able
- 22. 11 18 elements. Prefabricated in a workshop, the boarding trans- forms the bar-shaped structure into a structural timber panel system. Timber wall or ceiling panels can be produced either as planked or as monolithic elements. The forces are no longer transferred as concentrated loads, but in a linear fashion with diaphragm action. A large part of the construc- tion process, in the case of structural timber wall and ceiling panels (fig. 10, p. 17), is performed in shop. They are there- fore particularly suited to quick and fixed-cost projects. Bamboo The use of the renewable raw material bamboo for bar- shaped constructions has recently garnered a lot of attention from architects (fig. 12). For centuries, the quickly growing woody grass has been used to construct traditional build- ings in Asian countries. In contrast to wood, bamboo grows extremely quickly and independently without having to be replanted. It can be harvested after 3 to 6 years. The plant is native to the entire world with the exception of Europe. In countries where bamboo grows naturally, it is readily availa- ble, inexpensive and easy to work with (see Accommodation for orphans in Noh Bo, pp. 84ff.). The sections are of course naturally grown and therefore not uniform, which means that constructions must make allowances for this. Simple lashed connections or tied joints are most suitable for these hollow, dimensionally irregular sections. While bamboo is still used mainly for traditional constructions, some contemporary architects are also applying the material, for which there are as yet no standard rules or regulations in our climes. Thus, individual calculations and approvals may still be required for certain applications, even for simple constructions. to transfer normal and shear forces. High-quality coatings providing the visible surface finish can be added in shop. Prefabrication and the availability of large elements up to 20 metres in the case of glued elements lead to short con- struction periods and cost savings. These large dimensions are suited to the scales of halls and industrial buildings. Stacked timber elements, too, are monolithic wall or floor elements, although they consist of upright timber sections or planks joined with dowels rather than with glue or nails. They are available in thicknesses of up to 26 centimetres, widths of up to 2.5 metres and lengths of up to approximately 18 metres (see Day-care centres in Munich, pp. 159ff.). Acoustic strips can be fixed to the room-facing side, which makes them ideal for use in schools and offices (fig. 11). Stacked timber floors can be used as permanent formwork by adding a shear-resistant bonded concrete topping to form a solid composite floor. The dead weight of the floor slab is increased by the concrete, reducing oscillation and improving sound protection. Glued laminated timber, cross- laminated timber and stacked timber elements are all made of softwood and can be thermally recycled. Thanks to computer-assisted design and production pro- cesses, timber construction has recently become a more prefabrication-oriented construction method. In traditional timber-framed buildings, all bar-shaped elements work together to form the framework. They are braced with diago- nal struts and are not able to transmit loads until joined on site. Frame or stud-wall constructions are, in contrast, ideally suited to prefabrication. Boarding is added to the bar-shaped bearing members to form stiffened structural
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- 27. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Amelia Barr
- 28. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Amelia Barr Author: Amelia E. Barr Editor: David Widger Release date: December 9, 2018 [eBook #58440] Most recently updated: April 5, 2023 Language: English Credits: Produced by David Widger *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF AMELIA BARR ***
- 29. INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF AMELIA EDITH HUDDLESTON BARR (AMELIA BARR) Compiled by David Widger
- 31. CONTENTS Click on the ## before most titles to view a linked table of contents for that volume. Click on the title itself to open the original online file. ## REMEMBER THE ALAMO ## THE MAN BETWEEN ## THE MAID OF MAIDEN LANE ## THE HALLAM SUCCESSION ## A DAUGHTER OF FIFE ## A NIGHT OF THE NETS ## SCOTTISH SKETCHES ## WINTER EVENING TALES ## THE SQUIRE OF SANDAL-SIDE
- 32. ## THE MEASURE OF A MAN ## THE BOW OF ORANGE RIBBON ## AN ORKNEY MAID ## A SINGER FROM THE SEA ## PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE ## CHRISTINE ## MAIDS WIVES AND BACHELORS ## JAN VEDDER'S WIFE WAS IT RIGHT TO FORGIVE ## A ROSE OF A HUNDRED LEAVES ## I, THOU, AND THE OTHER ONE ## A SONG OF A SINGLE NOTE ## ALL THE DAYS OF MY LIFE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY ## A RECONSTRUCTED MARRIAGE ## PLAYING WITH FIRE ## THE PAPER CAP
- 33. ## THE LION'S WHELP TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES REMEMBER THE ALAMO
- 34. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE CITY IN THE WILDERNESS. CHAPTER II. ANTONIA AND ISABEL. CHAPTER III. BUILDERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH. CHAPTER IV. THE SHINING BANDS OF LOVE. CHAPTER V. A FAMOUS BARBECUE. CHAPTER VI. ROBERT WORTH IS DISARMED. CHAPTER VII. A MEETING AT MIDNIGHT. CHAPTER VIII. MOTHER AND PRIEST. CHAPTER IX. THE STORMING OF THE ALAMO. CHAPTER X. THE DOCTOR AND THE PRIEST. CHAPTER XI. A HAPPY TRUCE. CHAPTER XII. DANGER AND HELP. CHAPTER XIII. THE ARRIVAL OF SANTA ANNA. CHAPTER XIV. THE FALL OF THE ALAMO. CHAPTER XV. GOLIAD. CHAPTER XVI. THE LOADSTONE IN THE BREAST. CHAPTER XVII. HOME AGAIN. CHAPTER XVIII. UNDER ONE FLAG. FOOTNOTES:
- 35. THE MAN BETWEEN
- 37. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS PART FIRST -- O LOVE WILL VENTURE IN! THE MAN BETWEEN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV PART SECOND -- PLAYING WITH FIRE CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI PART THIRD -- “I WENT DOWN INTO THE GARDEN TO SEE IF THE POMEGRANATES BUDDED. CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX PART FOURTH -- THE REAPING OF THE SOWING CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII
- 38. THE MAID OF MAIDEN LANE A Sequel to “The Bow of Orange Ribbon.” A Love Story
- 39. By Amelia E. Barr 1900 CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE HOME OF CORNELIA MORAN CHAPTER II THIS IS THE WAY OF LOVE CHAPTER III HYDE AND ARENTA CHAPTER IV THROWING THINGS INTO CONFUSION CHAPTER V TURNING OVER A NEW LEAF CHAPTER VI AUNT ANGELICA CHAPTER VII ARENTA’S MARRIAGE CHAPTER VIII TWO PROPOSALS CHAPTER IX MISDIRECTED LETTERS CHAPTER X LIFE TIED IN A KNOT CHAPTER XI WE HAVE DONE WITH TEARS AND TREASONS CHAPTER XII A HEART THAT WAITS CHAPTER XIII THE NEW DAYS COME CHAPTER XIV “HUSH! LOVE IS HERE!”
- 41. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS THE HALLAM SUCCESSION. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. A DAUGHTER OF FIFE
- 42. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE BEACHING OF THE BOAT. CHAPTER II. THE UNKNOWN GUEST. CHAPTER III. THE CAMPBELLS OF MERITON. CHAPTER IV. MAGGIE AND ANGUS. CHAPTER V. A PARTING. CHAPTER V. OFF WITH THE OLD LOVE. CHAPTER VI. MAGGIE. CHAPTER VIII. THE BROKEN SIXPENCE. CHAPTER IX. SEVERED SELVES AND SHADOWS. CHAPTER X. MAGGIE’S FLIGHT. CHAPTER XI. DRUMLOCH. CHAPTER XI. TO THE HEBRIDES. CHAPTER XII. THE BROKEN TRYST. CHAPTER XIV. THE MEETING PLACE. CHAPTER XV. WOO’D AND MARRIED AND A’.
- 43. A KNIGHT OF THE NETS
- 44. By Amelia E. Barr 1896 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE WORLD SHE LIVED IN CHAPTER II. CHRISTINA AND ANDREW CHAPTER III. THE AILING HEART CHAPTER IV. THE LAST OF THE WHIP CHAPTER V. THE LOST BRIDE CHAPTER VI. WHERE IS MY MONEY? CHAPTER VII. THE BEGINNING OF THE END CHAPTER VIII. A GREAT DELIVERANCE CHAPTER IX. THE RIGHTING OF A WRONG CHAPTER X. “TAKE ME IN TO DIE!” CHAPTER XI. DRIVEN TO HIS DUTY CHAPTER XII. AMONG HER OWN PEOPLE CHAPTER XIII. THE “LITTLE SOPHY”
- 46. By Amelia E. Barr 1883 CONTENTS CRAWFORD'S SAIR STRAIT. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. JAMES BLACKIE'S REVENGE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. FACING HIS ENEMY.
- 47. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. ANDREW CARGILL'S CONFESSION. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. ONE WRONG STEP. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. LILE DAVIE. WINTER EVENING TALES
- 48. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS Cash; a Problem of Profit and Loss, 7 Franz Müller's Wife, 37 The Voice at Midnight, 54 Six and Half-a-Dozen, 64 The Story of David Morrison, 72 Tom Duffan's Daughter, 95 The Harvest of the Wind, 112 The Seven Wise Men of Preston, 156 Margaret Sinclair's Silent Money, 164 Just What He Deserved, 198 An Only Offer, 222 Two Fair Deceivers, 235 The Two Mr. Smiths, 247 The Story of Mary Neil, 266 The Heiress of Kurston Chace, 271 Only This Once, 286 Petralto's Love Story, 301
- 49. THE SQUIRE OF SANDAL-SIDE A PASTORAL ROMANCE
- 50. By Amelia E. Barr 1886 CONTENTS. Chapter I. Seat-Sandal Chapter II. The Sheep-Shearing Chapter III. Julius Sandal Chapter IV. Thus runs the World away Chapter V. Charlotte Chapter VI. The Day before Christmas Chapter VII. Wooing and Wedding Chapter VIII. The Enemy in the Household Chapter IX. Esau Chapter X. The New Squire Chapter XI. Sandal And Sandal THE MEASURE OF A MAN
- 51. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE GREAT SEA WATERS 1 II. THE PEOPLE OF THE STORY 18 III. LOVE VENTURES IN 39 IV. BROTHERS 56 V. THE HEARTH FIRE 78 VI. LOVE'S YOUNG DREAM 99 VII. SHOCK AND SORROW 125 VIII. THE GODDESS OF THE TENDER FEET 146 IX. JOHN INTERFERES IN HARRY'S AFFAIRS 182 X. AT HER GATES 204 XI. JANE RECEIVES A LESSON 235 XII. PROFIT AND LOSS 262 XIII. THE LOVE THAT NEVER FAILS 286 SEQUENCES 312
- 52. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Holding Bendigo's bridle, he had walked with her to the Harlow residence...Frontispiece He knew her for his own ... as she stood with her father at the gate of their little garden...72 He ran down the steps to meet her, and she put her hand in his...168 Noiselessly he stepped to her side and ...stood in silent prayer...232 THE BOW OF ORANGE RIBBON A ROMANCE OF NEW YORK
- 53. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS I II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. AN ORKNEY MAID
- 54. By Amelia E. Barr
- 55. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introduction 1 I. The House of Ragnor 7 II. Adam Vedder’s Trouble 30 III. Aries the Ram 47 IV. Sunna and Her Grandfather 72 V. Sunna and Thora 98 VI. The Old, Old Trouble 129 VII. The Call of War 164 VIII. Thora’s Problem 193 IX. The Bread of Bitterness 230 X. The One Remains, the Many Change and Pass 271 XI. Sequences 304 SINGER FROM THE SEA
- 56. By Amelia E. Barr CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. DENAS PENELLES 1 II. OH, THE PITY OF IT! 22 III. THE COTTAGE BY THE SEA 41 IV. THE SEED OF CHANGE 59 V. WHAT SHALL BE DONE FOR ROLAND? 77 VI. ELIZABETH AND DENAS 95 VII. IS THERE ANY SORROW LIKE LOVING? 115 VIII. A SEA OF SORROW 138 IX. A PIECE OF MONEY AND A SONG 161 X. A VISIT TO ST. PENFER 181 XI. FATHERLY AND MOTHERLY 199 XII. A COWARDLY LOVE 225 XIII. DEATH IS DAWN 251 XIV. SORROW BRINGS US ALL HOME 272 XV. ONLY FRIENDS 295 XVI. THE “DARLING DENAS” 314 XVII. DENAS 331
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