Building Tech Capacity through Assessing Capability
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This document discusses key questions and indicators for assessing a school or district's use of technology through examining their technology plans, policies, equipment, infrastructure, applications, maintenance and professional development. It covers essential components for evaluating whether a technology plan exists and is being implemented, whether necessary equipment and infrastructure is in place, whether applications support educational standards and communication, and whether administrative functions have appropriate software and systems. The goal is to help schools and districts effectively use technology to build their capacity.
Building Tech Capacity through Assessing Capability
- 1. Building Technology Capacity through Assessing Capability
- 2. Assessing the Effective Use of Technology: Essential Components Planning and Policies Finance and Feasibility Equipment and Infrastructure Applications Maintenance and Support Professional Development Integration
- 3. Technology Planning and Policies Four Essential Questions: • Are there technology policies? • Is there a technology plan? • Is the plan being implemented? • Is the plan being evaluated?
- 4. Question One: Are there any technology policies? Existing, implemented technology policies can be a background against which a technology plan is carried out, or they can be one desired end goal of the implementation of a technology plan. Examples of such policies might be: • Acceptable use policies or policies related to the privacy of student data records. • A school or district may also have broader policies in place that will influence a technology plan, such as business policies that could include requirements for impact analyses, financial contingencies, or security safeguards.
- 5. Question Two: Is there a technology plan? Technology plans are central to technology deployment They can be tools of reform and guidance, Hence, they can impact every aspect of technology infusion in the school or district from dialogue to professional development. Technology plans undergo review and approval by many outside groups. • Some are reviewed and approved at the state or even federal levels. The requirement for outside review imposes structure on a plan—e.g., Categorical Grants, Title I, Program Improvement Plans not requiring outside review can be much simpler and can depend on the initiative of local proponents, such as a superintendent, principal, or teacher • Ex: WASC Action Planning
- 6. Question Two (cont’d) All technology plans should consider the following issues: • Long-range funding issues • Focus on instructional and administrative enhancements and goals • Identify an implementation phase • Coordinating all aspects of technology integration including professional development or staff training • Evaluate outcomes relative to student-learning or school-wide improvement.
- 7. Question Two (cont’d) Pre-planning phase: • Careful thought is paramount to ensure the success of a technology plan • You must first assess the current-status of technology Equipment and skills • You must also assess current and future needs This provides the plan with direction and credibility. • Finally, the planning team needs to be created Participants identified and recruited. The members of the planning team are the ones who will bring the plan to life, including solidifying district and community "buy-in" of the plan and finding the funds to make it happen.
- 8. Question Two (cont’d)—Components of an Effective Plan—this is important for your Technology Plan Project Vision/goal statements Equity issues Instructional uses of technology Student technology standards Staff technology standards Integration into core curriculum Management uses of technology Student information systems Infrastructure and support for infrastructure, • including such facilitiesrelated needs Capabilities of hardware and software, projections of "next generation" capabilities and features Long-range goals Inventory control issues, • such as maintenance and replacement cycle Budget projections and funding sources for initial installation, hardware, and software Staff training programs Benchmarking standards Quality control components Security planning
- 9. Question Three: Is the Plan being implemented? News Flash: • Creating a technology plan and getting it approved and funded are only the beginning. Implementation has its own timeline and benchmarks: • including purchasing equipment and installing, training • AND evaluating each new technology introduced. • The technology plan should account for each of these components, as well as implementers or teams responsible
- 10. Question Three (cont’d) Key Indicators to whether the plan is being implemented: • Schedules are met and up-to-date • Benchmarks are being met. These two are critical to the sustainability of your technology plan • Questions? Comments? Discussion?
- 11. Question Four: Is the Plan Being Evaluated? The most important aspect of the technology plan process is evaluating its results and impact. • And Provisions for revising the plan should be a part of its creation In the review cycles that include timelines and regular reporting to stakeholder groups Do not succumb to FEAR: • Remember that technology as a whole, OR parts of the plan that are not implemented as scheduled should not be considered failures Rather, consider the evaluation process as a learning tool
- 12. Equipment and Infrastructure (cont’d) Key Questions 1. Is equipment present in instructional settings? 2. Is equipment available for use by students? 3. Is equipment available for use by teachers? 4. Is equipment available for use by administrators and support staff? 5. Does the infrastructure have the capacity to support the school's technology needs?
- 13. Equipment and Infrastructure Many questions about technology that schools or districts must answer revolve around the types and amounts of equipment and infrastructure Much information can be drawn from a school district's inventory system • If an inventory system is set up with the capacity to produce useful reports, and maintained routinely surveys can be done quickly The terms equipment and infrastructure refer to computer hardware and associated communications equipment and cabling, and other technology-related equipment regularly used in schools
- 14. Question One: Is equipment present in instructional settings? This question deals with the availability of up-to-date equipment, and its supporting infrastructure Restriction to up-to-date or multimedia computers addresses the issue of whether the installed computer base is appropriate to current usage demands
- 15. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators • Computers in instructional settings Average numbers of up-to-date computers per instructional setting, by age grouping of computers Percentage of instructional settings with one or more multimedia computers Average number of multimedia computers per instructional setting, by age grouping of computers Percentage of instructional settings with one or more computers connected to the Internet, by type of connection.
- 16. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators (cont’d) • Other technologies in instructional settings Availability of communications support for instructional staff: telephone access; voicemail in regular use for instructional support; fax or fax-back capabilities in regular use Availability of two-way videoconferencing capability, or other distance education technology, in the school building (by capability type) Percentage of instructional settings with two-way videoconferencing capability Regular use of graphing calculators in at least one course in the school (yes, no) Percentage of instructional settings with graphing calculators in regular use Average number of students per graphing calculator, per instructional setting in which graphing calculators are in regular use Percentage of instructional settings with dedicated external input devices, by type of device Percentage of instructional settings with broadcast video receiving equipment (cable-connected monitors), by type of device Percentage of instructional settings with projection device, by type of device
- 17. Question Two: Is equipment available for use by students? Note: access to multimedia computers, and to computers connected to networks and the Internet, has been addressed in the previous key question Indicators for the present key question deal with student access, both to computers generally and to more specialized computer resources Since access to multimedia computers and to those connected to the Internet can impact educational achievement, it may be important to understand the extent to which such computing resources are actually available
- 18. Question Two (cont’d) Key Indicator: • Computers for use by students Average number of students per computer in instructional settings Percentage of students without regular access to computers in school Percentage of students with access to computers only in computer laboratories (i.e., outside of regular classroom setting) Average number of students per multimedia computer in instructional settings Percentage of students with regular access to multimedia computers in instructional settings Average number of students per Internet-connected computer in instructional settings Percentage of students with regular access to Internetconnected computers in instructional settings
- 19. Question Three: Is equipment available for use by teachers? This question refers to computers reserved for the exclusive use of teachers • where use is not generally shared with students This is an important issue: • computer-based curriculum planning and instructional management are much more likely to take place if teachers have dedicated computers exclusively for their use It is also important to know if teachers have access to laptop computers • since their work will often be done at home after the school day • again, though, the reference to computers implies that they are up-to-date.
- 20. Question Three (cont’d) Key Indicator: • Computers for use by teachers Percentage of teaching staff with access to a computer for instructional use, by location of access (at school, at home Percentage of teaching staff with their own (dedicated) computer at school Percentages of teaching staff with their own dedicated computer at school, by computer capabilities Percentages of teaching staff with their own dedicated computer at school, by computer type (desktop, laptop) Teaching staff are allowed to take school-provided computers to their homes outside of school hours (yes, no) Percentages of teaching staff with their own dedicated computer at school, by age groupings of computers.
- 21. Question Four: Is equipment available for use by administrators and support staff? Decision support systems call for computers • School leaders and support staff need computers to use data management systems • This can have great impact on decision making, improving educational management and, ultimately, student care and performance • Common sense/bottom line: It makes no sense to provide technology to support instruction and not for support of
- 22. Question Four (cont’d) Key indicator: • Computers for administrative and support staff Percentage of administrative or support staff with a dedicated computer Percentages of administrative or support staff with a dedicated computer, by computer capabilities Percentages of administrative or support staff with a dedicated computer, by age groupings of computers Percentages of administrative or support staff with a dedicated computer with Internet access, by type of connection.
- 23. Question Five: Does the infrastructure have the capacity to support the school's technology needs? Connection to a school local-area-network (LAN) or, through such a network, to a district-wide wide-area-network (WAN) greatly expands what can be done with a computer Access to shared resources such as printers or shared memory, or to electronic mail, or to specialized instruments or computing devices, can support collective work and increase the efficient use of resources.
- 24. Question Five (cont’d) Key Indicator • Capacity of infrastructure Percentage of instructional settings with one or more computers connected to a network Ratio of persons (instructional staff) to dedicated computers connected to a network Ratio of persons (administrative or support staff) to dedicated computers connected to a network Availability of bandwidth to building for access to network and external sources Availability of bandwidth to desktop(s) for access to Internet and other online resources.
- 25. Technology Applications Primarily focuses on key questions and indicators to assess the presence and utilization of instructional and administrative technology applications The emphasis is primarily on software, but also includes other applications that have come to be considered important to a school's mission • electronic mail and other communications technologies • Internet and web access including web pages, access to online content, and the capacity to securely transmit data • security-related applications. Assessing the presence and utilization of equipment is a necessary part of evaluating the impact of technology in schools • A further step in assessment involves the extent to which applications important to schools' function are being run on this equipment is also necessary as well
- 26. Technology Applications (cont’d) Key Questions 1. Do the school or district's instructional applications support teaching and learning standards across the curriculum? 2. Is there software support for technology tool skill development? 3. Does the school/district use technology applications to improve communication? 4. Does the school/district have appropriate software and systems to support primary administrative functions? 5. Are the applications in use evaluated for effectiveness?
- 27. Question One: Do the school or district's instructional applications support teaching and learning standards across the curriculum? This key question relates to software packages or applications that directly support teaching and learning • Software packages such as those that support the teaching of reading or writing, or those that relate to specific mathematics or science skills and knowledge There are commercial enterprises that rate software in terms of alignment with state and national standards • It is also clearly possible for state or district groups to rate software packages in terms of their alignment with teaching and learning standards
- 28. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators • Alignment with teaching and learning standards Existence and current status of software alignment plan • most likely at district or state level; may be for all subjects or for a specific curriculum area or grade) Alignment rating (for each application) Alignment measure (for each standard) Percentage of applications aligned to teaching and learning standards • Approved instructional applications in regular use Number of approved instructional applications in regular use • by subject area, grade, and type Number of approved teacher-support instructional applications in regular use • by type.
- 29. Question Two: Is there software support for technology tool skill development? The basic tool skills that everyone involved in schools-from the principal to the teacher to the student-must have in order to be able to use technology range from simple keyboarding to computer programming While some skills obviously vary in complexity and may not be needed until higher education, basic capabilities have become part of a new literacy • Knowing them is akin to learning how to read in an earlier age the mark of an educated, competent person Assessing the extent to which the school technology offerings teach these tool skills is very important and will no doubt become even more so as technology becomes more transparent in the classroom
- 30. Question Two (cont’d) Key Indicator • Application support for technology tool skill development Count of applications, by type, in use in instructional settings in the school or district that support technology tool skill development.
- 31. Question Three: Does the school/district use technology applications to improve communication? There are a number of important communication functions that schools and districts carry out which technology can enable or improve • Communication between school staff and parents of students can be supported through class homework assignment web pages or telephone hotlines • E-mail can support direct parent communication with teachers or the principal • Communication with the larger community is enabled by school web pages or online school "report cards“ the latter often become part of real estate agencies'
- 32. Question Three (cont’d) Key Indicator • Applications for communication E-mail type: School or district-wide, non-Internet; Internet-based; none E-mail: Percentage of teachers with active accounts E-mail: Percentage of students with active accounts Existence of active district/school web site School web site usage Percentage of classrooms with active web pages Percentage of teachers with active web pages Use of Internet telephone ("voice over IP," or voIP) in the school or district
- 33. Question Four: Does the school/district have appropriate software and systems to support primary administrative functions? Although most of the public and policy focus on computing in schools addresses instructional uses, large gains in efficiency and effectiveness in schools can be made by using computers and network systems in administrative applications Although such applications are decidedly less glamorous and less likely to be visible or appear reasonable to anxious parents worried about their children's future, they can play a critical role in making food services, transportation or records management work better and in reducing the management burden on senior administrators so they can maintain their focus on students' education Administrative software is also essential to the gathering, processing, and transmission of critical education data • Applications at the district level can be integrated into decision support tools.
- 34. Question Four (cont’d) Key Indicators • Applications for core administrative activities Availability of applications to support core administrative activities, by activity type • Applications for decision support Decision support tools are available to administrators Decision support tools are available to teachers and curriculum groups Decision support tools are available to parents and the public Availability of decision support tools, by information category • Applications for policy support Availability of applications that support school/district Security and Acceptable Use Policies Applications in regular use that support the school/district Security and Acceptable Use Policies, by application type
- 35. Question Five: Are the applications in use evaluated for effectiveness? Standards for educational technology applications are being developed, with the potential to be used for assessment of instructional software and applications • There are already many databases available that offer thousands of reviews of educational technology, including instructional software The situation is more problematic for evaluation of administrative software and applications • Standards for such applications do not exist or at least represent an entirely different framework Schools and districts need to evaluate administrative software in terms of functional effectiveness
- 36. Question Five (cont’d) Key Indicator • • • Software evaluation Existence of software evaluation plan Evaluation ratings by software category School districts have evaluation procedures in place that may include reviewing the content of software and web sites for alignment with state or local learning standards • e.g., accuracy, grade and ability levels, special student needs, teacher training requirements • Resources: EvaluTech http://www.evalutech.sreb.org • States: Florida http://www.doe.firn.edu/edtech/it/esc.shtml California http://www.clrn.org/home/
- 37. Maintenance and Support Installed technology needs ongoing maintenance and support, or it will not remain functional for long As technology has become embedded in the school setting, schools and districts have had to come up with systems to support it, and have had to create support roles and find people to fill them It is a challenge to assess the status of maintenance and support mechanisms and people because the alternatives are so varied Current trends in support for technology systems include the establishment of more formal technology support structures, often using helpdesk software to track requests for support and responses
- 38. Maintenance and Support (cont’d) Key Questions 1. Are resources and processes in place to maintain school technology? 2. Are personnel available to provide technical support?
- 39. Question One: Are resources and processes in place to maintain school technology? Believe it or not (), technology has not yet fully established itself in the school setting, as it has in many business sectors • When the network goes down in a school or district, the administrators, teachers, and students just wait until it comes back up • Consequently, any information lost may not be restored • In the instructional setting, preparing for an outage may mean that teachers file printouts as backup materials The same outage in the business world can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost sales • lost instructional time has not been valued in the same way Yet, as schools rely more and more on the use of technology, the loss of time and information is increasingly understood to be expensive and disruptive to the learning process
- 40. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators • Reliability of equipment and infrastructure Number of maintenance incidents for current academic year per workstation/server; cause category, location Average number of hours of downtime for current academic year (per workstation/server, etc.) Average number of calls to help desk/ tech-support services, per workstation/server. Average time elapsed between initial call to help desk and response call to end user Average time between initial response call and notification of problem resolution.
- 41. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators (cont’d) • Preventive maintenance procedures Preventive maintenance schedule established Preventive maintenance checklist provided for enduser FAQ access provided (to tech support; to end users) Access to technical manuals provided for end users Backup procedures in place Disaster recovery procedures in place Update and replacement procedures • Replacement/upgrade schedule established hardware • Replacement/upgrade schedule established software. for for
- 42. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators (cont’d) • Diagnostic and repair resources Help desk support software available (trouble ticketing, resolution tracking) Diagnostic software available (where appropriate) Appropriate repair instruments/tools available on school premises Basic replacement parts in stock
- 43. Question Two: Are personnel available to provide technical support? As schools commit more funds to the purchase of technology, they must also look at the support needed by the end users of these purchases As schools commit more funds to the purchase of technology, they must also look at the support needed by the end users of these purchases , the only times tech support visits a school is when there is a major infrastructure malfunction or new equipment is being installed Even more rarely can central-office technology support personnel be of assistance in educating users, say, on how a software package works— sounds like “situation normal” huh?
- 44. Question Two (cont’d) Key Indicators • Technical support staffing Number of dedicated persons assigned to technical support (at building, district levels) Percent of FTE hours assigned to technical support (including dedicated positions) (at building, district levels) Percent of FTE hours assigned to technical support, by primary area of responsibility • Source of technical support Average hours of technical support at the building level by source Average hours of technical support at the district level by source • Technical support workload Number of calls handled by FTE position, and by dedicated positions Ratio of calls or incidents to FTE support staff hours Ratio of technical support staff to numbers of workstations/servers Ratio of technical support staff to end users
- 45. Professional Development Using technology in the school setting requires training • to develop the knowledge and skills to apply the tools • AND professional development to understand and apply the technology in instruction and school management Ideally, technological tools should be a seamless part of the school environment, requiring no more prior learning to apply than, say, electricity • Teachers and students would use technological tools-or not-in learning situations, depending on whether they helped one to learn in that context • If research were required, students would conduct it at the school digital library or at a remote resource as needed
- 46. Professional Development (cont’d) But the technological tools available do not fit together this seamlessly yet, and teachers and staff (and students) need training and professional development in order to make the best use of technology in schools In fact, providing sufficient development and training to give staff skills and confidence in the use of technology is widely viewed as an ongoing challenge to schools Calls have repeatedly been made to increase funding for professional development • the recently reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act (NCLB) has included in its support for technology the requirement that 25 percent of the funds be devoted to training and professional development
- 47. Professional Development Key Questions 1. What technology-related training and/or professional development do staff receive? 2. What are the goals, methods, incentives, and content of technologyrelated training and/or professional development for staff? 3. How are training and/or professional development for staff evaluated?
- 48. Question One: What technology-related training and/or professional development do staff receive? This key question and its indicators relate to tracking hours and participation percentages for recordkeeping purposes In addition, there are guidelines available to technology planners and administrators, providing ideas on what professional development for technology use should encompass • a connection to student learning • hands-on technology use; variety in learning experiences; curriculum-specific applications; • new roles for teachers • collegial approaches to learning • active participation of teachers • ongoing process • sufficient time • technical assistance and support • administrative support • adequate resources and continuous funding • built-in evaluation
- 49. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators • Technology-related training and/or professional development for instructional staff Total hours of professional development received by instructional staff in the most recent academic year, per instructional staff FTE Hours of technology-related professional development received by instructional staff in the most recent academic year, per instructional staff FTE Percentage of hours of technology-related professional development to total hours of professional development received by instructional staff Percentage of instructional staff with at least the minimum district or state-required hours of technology-related professional development in the most recent academic year
- 50. Question One (cont’d) Key Indicators (cont’d) • Technology-related training and/or professional development for administrative and support staff Hours of professional development received by administrative and support staff in the most recent academic year, per administrative and support staff FTE Hours of technology-related professional development received by administrative and support staff in the most recent academic year, per administrative and support staff FTE Estimated percentage of hours of technology-related professional development of total hours of professional development received by administrative and support staff Percentage of administrative and support staff with at least the minimum district or state-required hours of technologyrelated professional development received in the most recent academic year.
- 51. Question Two: What are the goals, methods, incentives, and content of technology-related training and/or professional development for staff? The methods and content of technologyrelated professional development are changing as quickly as technology itself Still, guidelines exist for goals in the form of technological proficiency levels found in standards such as ISTE's NETS for Teachers and the Technology Standards for School Administrators (see syllabus for assessment website) A goal statement should also be set forth in the professional development portion of a district's technology plan
- 52. Question Two (cont’d) Key Indicators • Goals and content of technology-related professional development for instructional staff Existence of a written goal statement for technologyrelated training/professional development for instructional staff Technology-related content areas covered in training and/or professional development for instructional staff in the past academic year • Methods and incentives of technology-related professional development for instructional staff Delivery means used for technology-related training and/or professional development for instructional staff Percentage of total hours of technology-related professional development provided to instructional staff through various means Incentives provided for technology-related professional development to instructional staff.
- 53. Question Two (cont’d) Key Indicators (cont’d) • Goals and content of technology-related professional development for administrative and support staff Is there a written goal statement for technology-related professional development for administrative and support staff? Technology-related content areas covered in professional development for administrative and support staff in the past academic year • Methods and incentives of technology-related professional development for administrative and support staff Delivery means for technology-related professional development for administrative and support staff Percentage of total hours of technology-related professional development provided to administrative and support staff through various means Incentives provided for technology-related professional development to administrative and support staff
- 54. Question Three: How are training and/or professional development for staff evaluated? Whether and how schools and districts assess professional development offerings is an important indication of the seriousness with which staff development is considered Assessment must, however, go beyond a minimal "head count" approach, in which attendance lists or sign-in sheets are used as evidence of program success Tailoring evaluation methods to professional development programs makes sense-data on how teachers and administrators progress and how they are using new technologies to promote student achievement give great insight into what technology is doing for schools
- 55. Question Three (cont’d) Key Indicators • Training in evaluating instructional staff Administrators, technology coordinators or curriculum supervisors/department heads receive training in evaluating instructional staff technology proficiency or extent of integration of technology into the curriculum Existence of evaluation criteria for effects of training and/or professional development for instructional staff • Training in evaluating administrative and support staff Administrators or technology coordinators receive training in evaluating administrative and support staff technology proficiency Existence of evaluation criteria for effects of training and/or professional development for administrative and support staff
- 56. Technology Integration Infusing a school with technology can be a transforming experience • the potential exists to change almost every aspect of school operations, and much of teaching and learning • Applications of technology in practice are examined through key questions, indicators, and measures for technology integration in the school setting There are a number of reasons to track the effectiveness of technology integration • The integration of technology into a school is in many ways like its integration into any business settingtechnology is a tool to improve productivity and practice • Measures need to be available to assess effectiveness, and yet some of the most significant effects can be difficult to measure
- 57. Technology Integration (cont’d) For administrative tasks, technology can improve worker productivity by removing repetitive aspects of complex tasks or improving system communication Technology integration in the classroom also has the potential to support important educational goals Technology helps change teacher-student relationships • encourages project-based learning styles • supports the acquisition of skills such as "higher order thinking," analysis, and problem solving The most important reason for measuring is the understanding that the impact of technology on schools is dependent upon how successfully
- 58. Technology Integration Key Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Are teachers proficient in the use of technology in the teaching/learning environment? Are students proficient in the use of technology in the teaching/learning environment? Are administrators and support staff proficient in the use of technology in support of school management? Is technology integrated into the teaching/learning environment? Are technology proficiencies and measures incorporated into teaching and learning standards? Are technology proficiencies and measures incorporated into student assessment? Is technology incorporated into administrative processes? Is technology proficiency integrated into the evaluation of instructional and administrative staff?
- 59. Question One: Are teachers proficient in the use of technology in the teaching/learning environment? The best indicator to measure proficiency is some form of performance measure based on clear and reasonable criteria Two efforts are presented that address, respectively, the criteria to be employed and the measurement approach • The first is the national standards established by the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), the Standards for Basic Endorsement in Educational Computing and Technology Literacy These standards specify a desired performance profile for technology-literate teachers • The second approach comes from Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) of Virginia. They have determined eight teacher technology competencies, divided into two competency skill areas: operational (standards 1-4) and integration (standards 5-8)
- 60. Question One (cont’d) Fairfax County Public Schools (VA) Standards: Operational Standards Instructional personnel shall be able to: • Demonstrate effective use of a computer system and utilize computer software. • Apply knowledge of terms associated with educational computing and technology. • Apply computer productivity tools for professional use. • Use electronic technologies to access and exchange information. Integration Standards Instructional personnel shall be able to: • Identify, locate, evaluate, and use appropriate instructional hardware and software to support the Virginia Standards of Learning and other instructional objectives. • Use educational technologies for data collection, information management, problem solving, decision making, communication, and presentation within the curriculum. • Plan and implement lessons and strategies that integrate technology to meet the diverse need of learners in a variety of educational settings. • Demonstrate knowledge of ethical and legal issue relating to the use of technology
- 61. Question One (Cont’d) Key Indicator • Extent of teacher user skills, fit to performance profile Percentage of teachers achieving acceptable performance on standards-based performance profiles.
- 62. Question One (cont’d) SAMPLE REQUIREMENT, ISTE STANDARDS FOR BASIC ENDORSEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY • 1.0 Prerequisite Preparation – Foundations • 1.1Basic Computer/Technology Operations and Concepts Candidates will use computer systems - to run software; to access, generate, and manipulate data; and to publish results... • 1.2Personal and Professional Use of Technology • 1.3Application of Technology in Instruction • 2.0Specialty Content Preparation in Educational Computing and Technology Literacy • 2.1Social, Ethical, and Human Issues • 2.2 Productivity Tools Candidates integrate advanced features of technology-based productivity tools to support instruction • 2.3Telecommunications and Information Access • 2.4Research, Problem Solving, and Product Development • 3.0Professional Preparation • 3.1Teaching Methodology • 3.2Hardware and Software Selection, Installation, and