Building Technology Design Solution
- 1. Building Technology I (BLD 61403 / ARC3514 / ARC3512) Assignment II Construction Solutions Chee Jia Xin 0327392 Ar. Edwin Chan Yean Liong
- 2. CONTENT 01 introduction 02 precedent study 03 alternative facade 04 sectional perspective 05 references 2.1 structure // steel frame system // Spring house 2.2 floor system // composite floor slab system // Spring house 2.3 roof system // steel truss with deep overhang // Deep3 courtyard 2.4 facade system // timber clad facade // K8 Apartment 2.5 facade system // GRP facade // Naked house 3.1 facade 1 // timber louvers 3.2 facade 2 // GRP sheet page 3 page 8 page 24 page 29 page 34
- 3. introduction
- 4. SITE B SITE A site plan // south klang 4
- 5. SITE B JALAN STESEN 1 // KLANG Jalan Stesen 1, known for its rich heritage, diverse businesses and mutli racial community, have become a place to be remem- bered and appreciated. Although the town is seemingly degrading from having low maintance or im- migration of young workers, it is still surviving due to the strong sense of local community. A learning centre for all will be designed within an urban infill site which located in Jalan Stesen 1. 5
- 6. street elevation // jalan stesen 1 6
- 7. The Building Learning Center For All The intention of the LCA is to provide a place that inspired the self-confidence of children (1-12y/o) through the exploration of the learning center. Every children have their own specific needs and ability, so this center will look into the scale appropraite of the children. So, that it will phychologically to make the children feels belonged and comfortable. A complex of learning center that divided into 3 part: the core, the library and the mini house. By dividing them into pieces, it make convinience to the user as they can go to their designated destination as fast as their can. A simple facade will more be concern in this learning center as I would like to introduce a simple facade into this building because I want to reflect the most naive characteristic of the children in this building. Besides, a very ascetic and platonic architecture would like to remind them to have seld-discipline among their life. People attract by other people. By adding timber louvers / GRP glass sheet, they allow varies degrees of transparency that give subtle hints about inside. This tent to attract the curisotiy of pedestrian on what is happening in the building. Furthermore, the deep overhang roof will be seen as a sign of home. 7
- 9. Structural system Steel frame system Spring House / W L A The spring house is located in Guiren Tainan, and surrounded by farms, Taiwan traditional house with courtyard, high way and high-speed rail. The design com- bines the client’s unique personal living space and the temporary living space for her special friends. Combining the steel, bricks, concrete and metal plates to form the framework of traditional archi- tecture and spatial order as a starting point to reinterpret modern residential construction. Echo the surrounding envi- ronment, with an open attitude in the face near the neighbor’s courtyard and house, defensive posture to face the high-speed road and rail. Using rainwater recycling and solar power and other systems to enhance the sustainability of the building. 9
- 10. the structure Fast to build at site, as the majority of work can be pre-fabricated at the factory Steel structure are flexible and good at resisting wind and earthquake forces Strong and durable, and does not wrap or expand unlike traditional wood framing A wide range of pre-made structural sections are available and they are suitable to clad with any material Able to span long distances Has a variety of joining methods including bolting, welding and riveting. advantage of steel structure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. disadvantage of steel structure Lose strength at high temperature and susceptible to fire so coating are required Prone to corrosion in tropical and humid environ- ments. Increment of skilled labour 1. 2. 3. materials Steel construction has an immense strength which is an advantage to buildings. It can bend without crack- ing and can flex when wind or earthquake forces acting on it. Various connection joints are concurrently used throughout the steel system to further strengthen the connections between structural members and the masonry walls. Follow the example of Taiwan’s traditional architec- ture that combined with wood structure and load-bearing brick structure and combine them into a modern steel structure with brick. To highlight the characteristics of the material: a. above the second floor, we lower and mosaic all the structural floors into the steel frame, the effect of this approach is that the exterior can be a complete presentation of pure "structure" without deliberately decoration, interior floor also rendered the existence of steel beams and form geometric patterns with wooden floors, it becomes a import- ant feature of the second floor and 3rd floor. b. There is a secondary structure formed by square shape steel pipes and with some sealing details in the steel construction system, bricks can be integrated with these structures and mosaicked in the frame, to achieve reasonable mechanical continuity of structure system, and in the same time to achieve that the heavy material such as bricks could have a dramatic sense of lightness. c. Metal plates are deliberately mosaicked between the steel frames, so the main steel structure exposed on the facade, the smooth texture of metal plates and the rugged texture of bricks have an interesting dialog between interior and exteri- or. d. There are almost no decorating material cov- ered on the structure indoor, even the ceiling is omitted, so that the entire circulation pipelines are exposed and must share the responsibility of the visual aesthetic of interior with the structure, while at the same time this approach makes a great 10
- 11. sectional details of the spring house construction process application in design scheme 1. 2. Steel frame construction allow larger structural spans and efficient when laid out along a regular grid. The combination of brick structure and modern steel create a sense unique local architectural style. This provoke the sense of locailty with the neighbouring shoplots which are of solid masses as well. After the concrete foundation has set up, steel base plates are anchored and attached to the foundation with four anchoring bolts. The plates are levelled on a bed of non-shrinking grout. The steel columns are lowered and welded to these base plates. The plates are used to transfer concentrated load from the columns to the ground Primary ground floor beams are connected to the columns via fin plates. The plates are welded with the column and bolted to the web of the beams. Secondary floor beams are connected to the primary beams through a similar method. The ground flooring is prepared through composite decking. The composite process is done by welding sheer studs through the steel decking to the supporting steel beam below. Infill brick walls are then placed. For the upper floors, more columns are erected and connected though splices. The splices provide strength and stiffness to both the columns. The splices are bolted to both the col- umns. The process is repeated for the flooring system. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. connection connection of column to foundation connection of beam to beam connection of column to column mutli-layer metal wall panel fire resistance coating reinforced brick masonry wall reinforced brick masonry wall reinforced concrete steel column steel beam composite steel flooring concrete foundation 11
- 12. Floor system composite flooring Spring House / W L A The spring house is located in Guiren Tainan, and surrounded by farms, Taiwan traditional house with courtyard, high way and high-speed rail. The design com- bines the client’s unique personal living space and the temporary living space for her special friends. Combining the steel, bricks, concrete and metal plates to form the framework of traditional archi- tecture and spatial order as a starting point to reinterpret modern residential construction. Echo the surrounding envi- ronment, with an open attitude in the face near the neighbor’s courtyard and house, defensive posture to face the high-speed road and rail. Using rainwater recycling and solar power and other systems to enhance the sustainability of the building. 12
- 13. the floor Speed and ease of construction It has reduced structural steel frame cost The weight of the structural steel frame may be decreased which may reduce foundation costs. Shallower beams may be used which might reduce building height or increase the headroom of the buildings Composite slab can cover for large space without the need of any intermediate columns. Encased steel beam have higher resistance to fire and corrosion. advantage of composite flooring 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. disadvantage of composite flooring Expands and contacts at different rates than material needed to be used for structure/frame If damaged or faded the material must be replaced It is very temperature sensitive and expands and contracts with temperature change Installation of shear connectors is another operation to be included in the hall 6 schedule A concrete flatwork contractor who has experience with elevated composite slabs should be secured for the job 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the element 1. Composite Slab Composite slabs, comprising lightly reinforced con- crete cast on profiled steel decking, are an option whether the beams are down stand or integrated within the slab depth for a shallow floor form of construction. The slabs are normally reinforces using an upper layer of mesh. Fiber reinforcement may also be used. Spans of up to 4.5m can be achieved using trapezoidal deck- ing (80mm deep). Some so-called deep decking profiles also exists (over 200mm deep), that can span 6m or so without propping during construction. 2. Composite floor systems In the final state the ribs in the decking serve as void formers in the slab, thereby reducing the weight of floor construction with the knock-on benefits this can have. It is also possible to suspend services from the soffit of a composite slab, using anchors that are designed to slot into the decking profile. A number of methods can be used for controlling the concrete level during construction. Basically, the con- crete depth may be kept constant, or the upper surface may be kept level. Depending which of these is chosen the weight of concrete will vary, so it is important that the designer communicates clearly with the site team. The basic concept of composite beam lies in the fact that the concrete is stronger in compression than steel which is susceptible to buckling under compression and steel is stronger in tension. By using the composite action of these two, the advan- tages of both materials are utilized to the fullest. the construction components 1. Corrugated steel sheet profile, the indentations of which allows it to provide support to the concrete 2. Anti-fracture mesh, which is positioned in a similar manner to when employed for solid slabs and the objective of which is the prevention of fractures provoked by refection and temperature. 3. Negative framework, which installed in the upper section of the slab and centred in the identations, it serve function to absorb the tensile stresses generated in the adjacent slabs’ supports, 4. Fire-resistance framework, installled to ensure that the slab’s fire resistance compiles with the project’s specifications. 5. Concrete, which is poured directly onto the compos- ite slab. 13
- 14. composite decking component construction method application in design scheme 1. 2. Lightweight of composite flooring reduce the weight applied on the structural steel frame, which may also decrease foundation costs. Stronger and lighter characteristics allows reduction on other structural elements. Flexibility in design allowed with the reduction of size in structural elements. Able to withstand the live and dead load with sufficient amount of strength. The composite concrete wall slab acts as the support to holds the wide flange steel grider. Other than using it as support it also works by increasing the laid capacity of flooring system. Then, the metal decking is fixed to the steel beams using shear connector. The shear con- nector and the fold at the edge of metal decking are functioning to prevent concrete from flowing out. The concrete slab together with in-situ infill in conjunction with welded studs onto i-beam enable the slabs and the steel beams to act compositely. A layer of timber layering and insulation is then placed on track and fixed onto the surface. . 1. 2. 3. shear connection Shear connectors can be welded on, perhaps using a ‘stud welder’. or better still on export work, by fixing nuts and bolts Composite decking serves as tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it bonded with em- bossed rib patterns. Composite action between the concrete slab and the floor beams or joisy can be achieved by welding shear studs throght the decking to the supporting beam below. composite composite decking span steel decking profile stear connectortypes of connection 3. 4. 14
- 15. Roof System Steel Roof Truss Deep 3 courtyard / Su architect This project located in the region south of Yangtze River, the motherland of Chi- nese traditional landscape art. The architect, SU Architects aims to reflect the modern construction technology and living comfort, through this project trying to discuss about how to satisfy the spiritual needs for those Chinese who still really treasured Chinese traditional cultures of living and abandoning themselves to the nature, to be retired from the noisy world. 15
- 16. The architectural archetype of this project originates from the traditional Chinese architectural pavilion element named “Ting”, which normally constructed from wooden beams, this project was constructed from steel structural system, as bending structural system as wooden beams. The huge overhanging roofs extend the boundaries of architecture into the courtyard and gardens. type of construction the roof Architect considered the warm rainy climate on south- ern regions of China, people stay in exterior space even more than interior space. So, the overhang roof eave became an important element, since it is a nice shelter that keeping out rain and shading of direct sunlight but keep ventilation. The architect wants this kind of covering could be light and invisible, so the real architectural massing hiding in courtyards through deep overhang roof. For distinguish covering and separation both on archi- tectural form and construction system, the functional massing is using brick-concrete structure, roof is using steel structure. The roof consists of two shell plates joggles together to form the windows face north to increase ventilation and daylighting. Pre-construction saves assembly time and reduces labor costs. Construction will not be interrupt by poor weather. On-site modification is easy compare to the need to cut or weld structural steel. Cranes are not generally needed as the steel trusses are lightweight. The steel trusses can be flat packed for residential projects. Due to the durability of steel, it requires so little maintenance. Hence, it is a more economic choice for building owners. Its environmentally friendly as steel is made from recycled materials. advantage of steel truss roof 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. disadvantage of steel truss roof It is vulnerable to corrosion, particularly as the result of chronic moisture exposure. Coating are needed. Steel trusses don’t offer the same level of innate insulation that timber trusses do as steel quickly emits any heat that is absorbed. Steel truss are not energy efficient since they allow more heat to escape from the structure. Cold-formed steel cables can fail at 800°F, and steel expands at 1000°F, exerting powerful lateral pressure that can cause walls to collapse. Specialized skills required to erect and construct them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 16
- 17. construction details sectional perspective of Deep3 courtyard axonometric of the roof and steel structure of Deep3 courtyard sectional perspective of Deep3 courtyard general steel trusses connection application in design scheme Deep overhang roof is able to response to Malaysia‘s context which is tropical and humid climate It can be acted as shading devices which enhance the thermal comfort of the user Create sense of “sheltering” Steel structure able to make the deep overhang look lightweight which contrast with the infills, while providing sufficient insulation 1. 2. 3. 4. the deep overhang is welded to the main trusses the steel trusses are connected to steel column by welding. 17
- 18. Facade Studies Wooden louvers K8 Apartment / Florian Busch Architects Comprising an intricate net- work of alleyways, bars, broth- els and boutiques, Pontocho is one of Kyoto’s most atmo- spheric and diverse dining areas. On an adjacent plot 50 square meters, Florian Busch Architects (FBA) has realized ‘K8’, a narrow build- ing positioned between two other mutli-storey structures. Comprising eight levels, the scheme primarily serves as a nightlife venue, configurated to host a ‘gradually changing course of events’. 18
- 19. As a homogenous yet continuously changing sur- face, the façade creates an ambiguity often found in Kyoto’s architecture. Through their gradual rotations, several hundred wooden louvers evoke a sense of motion, as it the building itself were continuously engaging with its environment. The building’s interior is more concealed than revealed. Facing the building, one is left without a precise answer as to how many floors or how deep the building might be. Towards the sides, the louvers are rotated to a degree that they almost appear to be solid, albeit nuanced, wall. Towards the middle, varying degrees of transparency give subtle hints about the inside. Walking by further sets the façade in motion, as if the building itself were moving around those who pass by, engaging them by revealing glimpses of the inside in varying depths. the facade Provide excellent screening effect while providing views with the dramatic arrangement of the timber louvers. Timber material as being a sustainable material. Extremely lightweight as compared to brick, concrete for easy construction and application. In terms of contextual response, it screens the interior with the direct sun coming out from east to west while still being able to capture certain view from the interior. Prefabricated steel frame with timber louvers applied on it which can be applied to the apartment directly which will not cause inconvenience to the residents nearby. advantage of wooden louver 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. disadvantage of wooden louver Certain construction method is necessary to keep the timber louvers intact with the façade which lead to higher construction cost The hygroscopic properties of timber need external finishes or insulation due to moisture presented in our tropical country. 1. 2. construction method This façade is an external façade application on an apartment. This, connection between the slab and the external details is necessary. The façade system is applied separately as observed from the section. It’s separately into two parts as the necessity to joint it with the floor slab. A steel frame with various angled steel connector to the timber louvers is prefabricated. The timber louvers are connected and kept intact with steel angle which is designated to orientate the timber through bolt and nuts The façade system is connected to the slab with gravity and lateral connection. 1. 2. 3. 19
- 20. section of K8 connection of timber louvers to steel frame application in design scheme 1. 2. 3. sectional details of the facade and the interior connection of timber louvers to slab The angled orientated timber louvers tend to attract the curiosity of pedestrian on what is happening in the building. In relation with the local facade contect of being prominently art deco style and modern that emphasizes on vertically. In terms of contextual response, it screens the interior with the direct sun coming out from east to west while still being able to capture certain view from the interior. connection (i) to the slab connection (ii) to the slab connection (i) to the slab connection (ii) to the slab 20
- 21. Facade Studies Glass Fiber - Reinforced Plastic Sheets The Naked House / Shigeru Ban The Naked House, located in Kawagoe, Japan designed by the architect Shigeru Ban provides shelter for a family with five members, including two children and the owner’s elderly mother. The owner wanted a house that “pro- vides the least privacy so that the family members are not secluded from one anoth- er, a house that gives every- one the freedom to have indi- vidual activities in a shared atmosphere, in the middle of a unified family”. 21
- 22. The external walls made of two sheets of corrugated fiber-reinforced plastics and the inner walls made of nylon fabric are both mounted on wooden stud frames and sit it parallel. In between are attached clear plastic bags, carefully stuffed with strings of foamed polyethylene for insulation purpose. Through these bags a soft diffused light fills in the interior of the house. the facade High tensile, shear and compressive strength combined with lightness and resistance to corrosion Able to be moulded easily and economically Non-conductive material in order to provide a safe working environment Virtually unbreakable and can withstand massive force Light-weight and result in easy transportation, installa- tion, and lower labor costs Flame-resistant Resistant to sunlight and last long in the outdoors without showing signs or corrosion (fading, yellowing, or discoloration) Lower cost and affordable (compared to polycarbon- ate) advantage of GRP sheets 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. disadvantage of GRP sheets Not resistant to scratching, marring, and abrasive surfaces Degradation occurs with time and correlated with a proportionate amount of loss of the sheet’s ability to transmit light 1. 2. materials Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sheets (GRP), corru- gated GRP (glass reinforced plastic) is a composite of tough resilient, durable plastic resin and glass fibers of remarkable strength. The resin is a thick, treacly substance which when activated by an appro- priate catalyst, sets to a hard but brittle solid. It can be used alone for small castings, or with a variety of fillers, but when reinforced with glass fibers, becomes a material of exceptional strength and versatility. The exterior walls are finished with clear corrugated plastic and clad in custom galvanized steel. The inside walls are finished with stretched white nylon fabric, which are fastened to the timber frame with touch and close fasteners and can be removed for cleaning. The insulation of the house is made from polyethylene foam stuffed into clear plastic bags. The clear composition allows the light to diffuse through the walls into the interior of the house, without sacrificing insulation and structural integrity. 22
- 23. plan: window opening construction details application in design scheme 1. 2. The translucent materiality of GPR provide the building sense of privacy and avoid unwanted glances from the access route for particular spaces. WIth the excellent optical properties, the GRP are good in keeping out UV while letting in adequate sunlight to the learning center. section: panel-to-panel junction, top and bottom of wall assembly section: panel-to- panel junction, window opening, ground level section: window at head and cill, louvre isometric view of wall assembly, head and cill of window opening details: UPVC section Plastic-composite flat panels UPVC board cladding GRP cladding panel Glazed unit Thermal insulation Backing wall Support rails UPVC window Plastic-composite coping 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. isometric view of Naked House 23
- 25. facade scheme 1 // timber louvers front elevation scale 1:100 25
- 26. facade scheme 1 // timber louvers rear elevation scale 1:100 26
- 27. facade scheme 2 // GRP sheets front elevation scale 1:100 27
- 28. facade scheme 2 // GRP sheets rear elevation scale 1:100 28
- 30. Sectional Perspective 1 third floor plan THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:100 washroom storage art lab drawing lab 30
- 31. Sectional Perspective 1 scale 1:50 composite slab 200 x 230mm steel universal column (coated black) window glazing 200 x 230mm steel I beam (coated black)steel truss galvanized “C” section steel purlin glass fiber asphalt roofing steel beam to column n.t.s steel beam to column beam to beam steel beam to beam n.t.s 31
- 32. Sectional Perspective 2 ground floor plan sand - pit markethall mini house storage sitting area UP UP 32
- 33. Sectional Perspective 2 scale 1:50 reinforced concrete stump spread footing 200mm reinforced concrete floor slab steel deck steel reinforcement concrete slab foundation composite slab composite steel deck floor connection spread footing n.t.s n.t.s 33
- 34. references
- 35. 1. Deep³ Courtyard / SU Architects. (2017, January 27). Retrieved from https://www.archdai- ly.com/803799/deep3-courtyard-su-architects 2. Team, W. (n.d.). 7 Advantages of Structural Steel Frame Construction. Retrieved from https://ww- w.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction 3. Team, W. (n.d.). The Lowdown on Building with Steel Roof Trusses. Retrieved from https://www.whirl- windsteel.com/blog/bid/407704/the-lowdown-on-building-with-steel-roof-trusses 4. Spring House / W L A. (2016, June 15). Retrieved from https://www.archdai- ly.com/789515/spring-house-w-l-a 5. K8 in kyoto by florian busch architects. (2016, January 27). Retrieved from https://www.design- boom.com/architecture/florian-busch-architects-k8-in-kyoto-japan-restaurant-louver-facade-01-20-2016/ 6. DETAIL Special Prize inside 2016: K8, Kyoto, Japan – Florian Busch Architects, Tokyo. (2018, No- vember 21). Retrieved from https://www.detail-online.com/article/detail-special-prize-in- side-2016-k8-kyoto-japan-florian-busch-architects-tokyo-31483/ 7. Naked House. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nakedhousecasestudy.blogspot.com/p/construction.html 8. Ching, Francis D.K. (2011). Building Construction Illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 35