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Building type basics for research laboratories 1st Edition
Daniel D. Watch Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Daniel D. Watch
ISBN(s): 9780471392361, 0471392367
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.50 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english

B U I L D I N G T Y P E B A S I C S F O R
research
laboratories
research
laboratories

Other titles in the
BUILDING TYPE BASICS
series
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES
Michael Bobrow and Julia Thomas; Thomas Payette;
Ronald Skaggs; Richard Kobus
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Bradford Perkins
MUSEUMS
Arthur Rosenblatt
HOSPITALITY FACILITIES
Brian McDonough; John Hill and Robert Glazier;
Winford “Buck” Lindsay; Thomas Sykes

research
laboratories
B U I L D I N G T Y P E B A S I C S F O R
research
laboratories
Stephen A. Kliment, Series Founder and Editor
DANIEL WATCH
Perkins & Will
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto

Dedicated to the researchers, administrators, facility engineers, fellow
architects, and engineers who strive each day to create better research
environments, and thus contribute to new scientiﬁc discoveries
that improve the quality of all our lives
Copyright ©2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise,
except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the
appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be
addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York,
NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a competent professional person should be sought
This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-39236-7. Some content that may appear in the
print version of this book may not be available in this electronic edition.
For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com

v
CONTENTS
Editor’s Preface, Stephen A. Kliment vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
1. A New Design Model 3
Social Buildings for Team-Based Research 3
“Open” Versus “Closed” Labs 9
Flexibility 11
Designing for Technology 20
Sustainability 27
Science Parks 33
2. Laboratory Types 37
Private-Sector Labs 37
Government Labs 53
Academic Labs 68
3. Architectural Design Issues 101
The Programming, Design, and Construction Process 101
General Architectural Design Issues 105
The Lab Module—Basis for Laboratory Design 106
Site Planning 110
Exterior Image 110
Building Massing 124
Interior Image 125
Adjacencies 141
Interior Finishes 151
Acoustical Issues 152
Ergonomics 156

vi
CONTENTS
Fume Hoods 157
Safety, Security, and Regulatory Considerations 160
Wayﬁnding, Signage, and Graphics 172
Specialized Lab Areas 177
Specialized Equipment and Equipment Spaces 182
Vivarium Facilities 185
4. Engineering Design Issues 199
Structural Systems 199
Mechanical Systems—General Design Issues 204
Fume Hoods—Mechanical System Design Issues 216
Electrical Systems 221
Lighting Design 224
Telephone/Data System 228
Information Technology 229
Closets 230
Audiovisual Engineering for Presentation Rooms 230
Plumbing Systems 233
Commissioning 240
Renovation/Restoration/Adaptive Reuse 240
Faculty Management Issues 242
5. Cost Guidelines 245
Project Costs 245
Affordability/Value Engineering 248
Project Delivery Options 255
Trends in Project Financing 256
Summary of Cost Issues 256
Appendix: The Laboratories for the 21st Century Initiative 257
Bibliography and References 261
Index 263

vii
This book on laboratory facilities is another in Wiley’s “Building Type Basics” series.
It is not a coffee-table book lavish with color photography but meager in usable
content. Rather, it contains the kind of essential information to which architects,
consultants, and their clients need ready access, especially in the crucial early phases
of a project. As architectural practice becomes more generalized and firms pursue
commissions in an expanding range of building types, the books in the series provide
a convenient, hands-on source of such basic information.
Like the others in the series, this volume is tightly organized for ease of use. The
heart of the book is a set of twenty questions most frequently asked about a building
type in the early stages of its design. These cover such concerns as programming and
predesign, project process and management, design concerns unique to the type, and
site planning. Also included are building code and ADA matters, engineering systems,
energy and environmental challenges, as well as special equipment, interior design and
materials issues, lighting and acoustic concerns, wayfinding, and renovation/
upgrading. The final questions take up international challenges, operation and
maintenance, and cost and feasibility concerns.
To explore any of the twenty questions, start with the listing on the endpapers (inside
the front and back covers), locate the category you want, and turn to the pages
referenced.
This book is designed to serve three types of user: architects; their engineering and
other consultants; and private, government, and academic bodies planning a laboratory
and eager to acquaint themselves with the issues before interviewing and selecting an
architect. Architecture students will also find the volume useful in getting a head start
on a studio problem in this building type.
Laboratory design is crossing a divide marking permanent changes in the space
program, form, and use of these facilities. As author Daniel Watch points out, three
conditions are driving laboratory design:
• The global marketplace. A global research marketplace is emerging, with the
United States and many other nations investing huge sums in research intended to
advance the state of the art in science and technology and to make them more
competitive. The proliferation of global alliances between the private and public
sectors will spur the design and construction of facilities ranging from single
buildings to great research parks.
• Research by team. The era of the isolated researcher burning midnight oil in
pursuit of a scientific grail has been replaced by that of scientists and engineers
in academe, government, or private industry working in teams, and often in mega-
alliances that cross institutional boundaries. The team concept has stood facilities
design on its head, as laboratory structures now must provide attractive locations
throughout the building for researchers to gather and talk. Who knows what
scientific breakthroughs are spawned in such informal settings?
EDITOR’S PREFACE
STEPHEN A. KLIMENT, Series Founder and Editor

viii
• Applied computer technology. New software is able to crunch huge numbers
at unheard-of speeds, communicate documents across any distance in a few
seconds, and create real-time forums for researchers in far distant parts of the
world. The implications for laboratory design are immense, demanding access
to electronic communications systems throughout the building. The arrival of the
wireless web may well simplify these systems, but at this writing a number of
uncertainties concerning this emerging technology keeps wired systems at the
forefront of design.
A manifest outcome of these trends is the need to design flexibility into lab facilities.
While they cost more to construct than single-purpose laboratories, flexible labs are
proving themselves more economical over the long run. Consequently, designs will
increasingly be oriented not to a single specialty but to a range of disciplines. A
general laboratory may be outfitted to afford a research team all available resources,
including even pilot manufacturing facilities.
Dan Watch has organized his material into five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the new
laboratory design model as it emerges from the various influences just described.
Chapter 2 defines the three main laboratory categories, according to type of owner,
operator, and objective—namely, private industry, academe, and government. This
chapter includes space guidelines. Chapters 3 and 4 cover architectural and
engineering design issues, respectively. Chapter 3 focuses especially on planning the lab
module, key adjacencies, casework, ergonomics, fume hoods, and security. Chapter 4
deals with the four main engineering systems—structure, mechanical, electrical,
plumbing—along with communications and renovation. Chapter 5 offers useful cost
guidelines.
I hope this book serves you well—as guide, reference, and inspiration.
EDITOR’S PREFACE

ix
In my early years as an architect, I worked on a wide variety of buildings, including
custom houses, multifamily housing, high-rise condominiums, large transportation
projects, urban design and city planning projects, a football stadium, corporate office
buildings, medical office buildings, and several design competitions. In 1990, when I
was employed by the Philadelphia firm of KlingLindquist, I had the opportunity to
work on my first laboratory project, for Glaxo in Stevenage, England. The program was
1.8 million GSF for phase 1 alone. It was a wonderful project and a valuable experience.
The people at Glaxo taught me the importance of designing high-quality laboratories.
After that project, I knew I wanted to design more laboratories, because of the
complexity of the work, because of the opportunity to work with researchers, and, not
least, because there was a construction boom in laboratory facilities.
From then on, each time I went to a new city, I spent time visiting academic and
corporate labs. I even spent portions of my vacation touring lab facilities. On a few
occasions, I found myself using a frequent flyer ticket to fly across the country over a
weekend to study a lab project that had just been published. I ended up seeing quite a
few labs, all over the United States. The more I saw, the more I understood the wide
range of labs and the wider range of design solutions. I began writing down the lessons
I'd learned, photographing the buildings, and developing an extensive library of
resources.
Now I have the opportunity to share my research with clients and with other
architects. I find myself giving clients and architects tours of labs to show them what
works well and to get them in the habit of doing their own research. It is especially
enjoyable to take clients on site visits. If a client asks me a question for which I do not
have a complete answer, I take time to do the research and find the answer. Finding the
answers to questions that clients and other architects and engineers have asked me is a
large part of the genesis of this book.
As I work on each project today, I focus on creating new and unique solutions that are
appropriate for the researchers, administrators, facility engineers, and architectural and
engineering design team that I am working with. When I put the plans and elevations of
each project that I have been responsible for on the wall, I am pleased to see that no two
are alike. I am always asking myself, the client, and the design team to be creative and to
think “outside the box” to develop quality laboratory environments with the money and
program available. I will continue to ask others what is working well in their lab facilities,
and I hope people will continue to be gracious and share their knowledge with me.
The sources of information for this book include the projects I have completed while
employed by Perkins & Will and other architectural firms, as well as resource books,
conferences, and the lessons I have learned from touring more than 150 lab facilities
over the past five years. The photos, drawings, and other images in the book—which
clarify and reinforce key issues throughout—come from approximately 50 research
laboratory projects in the United States (about half the states are represented in the
projects illustrated here), United Kingdom, South Korea, and China.
PREFACE
DANIEL WATCH

xi
I would like to thank the hundreds of researchers, administrators, facility engineers,
and clients who have shared with me the lessons they have learned. I appreciate their
comments, suggestions, and time. Touring approximately 150 research buildings in
the last ﬁve years and talking with these experts has helped me to understand the many
options and details of laboratory facility design.
I am thankful to those who have given me permission to show photographs or
drawings of their projects.
I am deeply indebted to several experts who have coauthored portions of this book:
John Nelson, CEO of Afﬁliated Engineers, Inc. (mechanical, electrical, and plumbing);
Philip Lofgren, Director of Communication Technologies for Shooshanian
Engineering Associates, Inc. (information technology); Mike Fletcher of Walter P.
Moore (structural); Steven Sharlach and Bevan Suits, signage and graphic designers at
Perkins & Will; Richard Price, Sustainable Design at Perkins & Will; Joseph Wagner,
Private Sector Labs at Perkins & Will.
I would like to thank Rick Johnson and Fisher Hamilton for information, drawings,
and illustrations on the latest in casework design.
I wish to express my appreciation to the following people at Perkins & Will for their
production, graphic, and moral support: Alice Angus, Deepa Tolat, Gary McNay,
Kimberly Polkinhorn, Lance Kirby, Marcy Snyder, and Reese Frago.
I would also like to thank my wife, Terrie, and daughters, Megan and Kalie, for their
patience and understanding during the time I spent putting this book together.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Early labs, such as Thomas Edison’s facility in Fort Myers, Florida, were simple work
areas, with basic casework and straightforward operational procedures. Technology was
limited, and there was little equipment to support the research.
The ﬁrst major shift in laboratory design in the 1960s, with the development of
interstitial space at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. Jonas Salk led the effort to
create the ﬁrst laboratory facility that encouraged change, allowing scientists to design
spaces that were appropriate for their research.
INTRODUCTION
1
Thomas Edison’s chemical
research laboratory, Fort
Myers, Florida, 1928.
The development of
interstitial space. The Salk
Institute and Institute of
Biological Studies, La Jolla,
California. Louis I. Kahn,
architect.

2
We are now witnessing the next major shift in laboratory design. The three key
drivers of this change are the development of the competitive global marketplace, the
move toward team-based research, and the use of computer technology to accelerate
the research process.
The global marketplace is changing the face of research. Many countries, including
the United States, are investing in financial and human resources for science and
technology (ST), recognizing that such investment is the essential underpinning for
social and economic well-being. Individual scientists and engineers, industrial firms,
and academic institutions are taking advantage of the increasingly international
character of ST, as witnessed by the enhanced international mobility of the ST
workforce, the international coauthorship of scientific publications, the development
of international industrial alliances, and the global flow of technological know-how.
The global marketplace has spurred the merger and consolidation of several large
research companies. Research parks are being constructed and growing at a rapid pace
because of the partnering of the private and public sectors.
Major strides are increasingly likely to be made by research teams, both domestic and
international, rather than by individuals. The globalization of science is reflected in a
pervasive trend in scientific publishing—greater and greater collaboration. In 1995, half
the articles in the science journals had multiple authors, and almost 30 percent of these
involved international collaboration. Teamwork is necessary for sharing information
efficiently and speeding up the discovery process. Partnering and the sharing of resources
are becoming the norm. Less time is being spent in the lab, and more in meetings, both
face-to-face and teleconferenced. Researchers are requiring breakout areas within their
lab areas to encourage spontaneous as well as planned work sessions for exchanging
information and ideas. In addition, lab teams have to be able to change their work spaces
quickly and with little cost. Lab layouts are changing to allow for interactive research.
Flexible furniture that incorporates the use of the computer, casework that can be easily
moved, and engineering systems that can be cost-effectively modified are becoming more
important to the long-term success of a research facility.
As in any business today, the computer is a way of life and a necessity in the
laboratory. The marketplace is demanding more “discoveries” in less time than ever
before, and companies are in heavy competition to be first with a new discovery.
Computer technology is speeding up the entire research process, from discovery to
market. Computers are encouraging researchers to reinvent their laboratory
environments.
The burgeoning use of computers in research means that more dry labs—fitted
with mobile casework for stacking computer hardware and research instruments—are
required. The demand for and the production of more discoveries creates the need to
upgrade existing labs, construct new laboratory facilities, and provide support
functions such as pilot plants and manufacturing facilities.
These three factors—the global marketplace, team-based research, and the increasing
use of computers—provide the context for the development of a new laboratory
model, and it is to that subject that we first turn our attention, in chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION

A new model of laboratory design is
emerging—one that creates lab
environments that are responsive to
present needs and capable of
accommodating future demands. Several
key needs are driving the development
of this model:
• The need to create “social buildings”
that foster interaction and team-based
research
• The need to achieve an appropriate
balance between “open and “closed labs
• The need for flexibility to
accommodate change
• The need to design for technology
• The need for environmental
sustainability
• The need, in some cases, to develop
science parks to facilitate partnerships
between government, private-sector
industry, and academia
In the fall of 1998, the American Society
of Interior Designers (ASID) completed a
survey that identified five key principles
for creating a productive workplace.
Although these principles are applicable to
workplaces in general, all make sense as
bases for good laboratory design. These
principles translate into the following
imperatives for design and management:
• Improve people's performance by
creating a team atmosphere in which
communication and interaction are
facilitated.
• View the designed environment as a
tool rather than just another
expenditure. Provide adequate access
to resources, including team members
and equipment. Accommodate
ergonomic needs, such as comfortable
seating and flexible workstations.
Create an inviting, pleasant office
atmosphere. Reduce distractions and
disruptions that hinder employee
concentration by designing
acoustically sound work environments
that provide appropriate levels of
privacy.
• Redesign work processes and the
physical environment to improve
workflow within workstations and
throughout the office building.
Implement process efficiencies and
reduce disruptions in workflow.
• Update and maintain technology so
that employees work at their highest
efficiency. Supply the right tools—
computers, software, and other
appropriate equipment. Make
purchasing and planning decisions
with an eye to accommodating future
needs.
• Offer training and education
opportunities. Maintain adequate
support staff levels. Provide
competitive salaries, bonuses, rewards,
and other incentives. Adopt flexible
policies, such as flextime and
telecommuting.
SOCIAL BUILDINGS FOR
TEAM-BASED RESEARCH
Despite popular images of scientists
toiling in isolation, modern science is
an intensely social activity. The most
productive and successful scientists are
intimately familiar with both the
substance and style of their colleagues’
work. They display an astonishing
CHAPTER 1
A NEW DESIGN MODEL
3

capacity to adopt new research
approaches and tools as quickly as they
become available. Thus, science
functions best when it is supported by
architecture that facilitates both
structured and informal interaction,
ﬂexible use of space, and sharing of
resources.
A “social building” fosters interaction
among the people who work there. With
the advent of a new research model that
deemphasizes departmental divisions and
stresses the pursuit of research projects by
teams (which change as projects change),
lab designers must pay increased attention
to the social aspects of laboratory
buildings.
Meeting Places
A critical consideration in designing such
an environment is to establish places—
such as break rooms, meeting rooms,
and atrium spaces—where people can
congregate outside their labs to talk with
one another. Even stairways—ﬁre stairs
or stairs off an atrium, with built-in
window seats—can provide opportunities
for people to meet and exchange ideas.
4
A NEW DESIGN MODEL
Stair landings offer
opportunities for people to
interact. Boyer Center for
Molecular Medicine, Yale
University, New Haven,
Connecticut. Cesar Pelli
Associates, architect.
Top of stair as lounge
area. Stevenson Center
Complex Chemistry
Building, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville,
Tennessee. Payette
Associates, Inc., architect.

Designers must look for such
opportunities in public spaces, making
optimal use of every square foot of the
building.
In designing meeting spaces—whether
formal or informal—care should be
taken to use a variety of colors and
materials that are pleasing to the eye.
Studies have shown the use of color to
create interior spaces can support the
health and well-being of all who live
and work in them. Daylighting, an
equally important consideration, is dealt
with in the section on sustainability.
The sharing of equipment and space
can create further opportunities for
people to meet each other and exchange
information. Recognizing this, designers
can plan instrument rooms to act as cross
corridors, saving space and money as well
as encouraging researchers to share
equipment. Common support spaces,
such as cold rooms, glassware storage,
and chemical storage, can be situated in
a central location in the building or on
each ﬂoor, and alcoves can be created for
ice machines and deionized water.
Planning central locations for lab support
Social Buildings for Team-Based Research
5
Properly executed,
exposed piping reads as
“high-tech.” Chemistry
Addition, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville.
Ellensweig Associates, Inc.,
architect.
A variety of colors and
materials is pleasing to the
eye. Boyer Center for
Molecular Medicine, Yale
University, New Haven,
Connecticut. Cesar Pelli
Associates, architect.

areas can help achieve a more social
building as well as a more affordable
design.
In academic laboratories, social
opportunities can be provided by pre-
function areas leading into large lecture
halls, outdoor spaces on campus, break
rooms, mailbox and locker areas, “living
rooms” near faculty offices, student
lounges, atriums, large-volume spaces,
and along corridors—all areas where
students and faculty might meet outside
the classroom to discuss new ideas.
Team-Based Labs
The basic lab, oriented to the individual
researcher, is becoming increasingly less
important. Collaborative research requires
teams of scientists with varying expertise,
who together form interdisciplinary
research units. As data are shared
throughout the team and with other
teams, and as networks connect people
and organizations around the world,
designers are organizing space in new
ways. Laboratory designers can support
collaborative research by:
• Creating flexible engineering systems
and casework that encourage research
6
A NEW DESIGN MODEL
Tile patterns add visual
interest. Stevenson Center
Complex Chemistry
Building, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville,
Tennessee. Payette
Associates, Inc., architect.
Shared equipment rooms
promote both a social
building and efficient use of
resources. Storm Eye
Institute, Medical University
of South Carolina. LS3P
Architects, Ltd.
Ice machine located in
common area increases
opportunities for interaction.
Stevenson Center Complex
Chemistry Building,
Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee.
Payette Associates, Inc.,
architect.
Large gathering spaces
are needed for special
events and otherwise serve
to welcome users into the
building. Vernal G. Riffe, Jr.,
Building, Ohio State
University, Columbus.
Perkins Will, architect.

Social Buildings for Team-Based Research
7

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents

THE BRINGING TO LIFE OF THE WUS
BROTHERS
CHARACTERS
Kaiutois Gray Wolf
Wus Black Fox
Ten Wus brothers and ten Kaiutois brothers lived together; they were
kin. Each man had five daughters, except the youngest Wus brother;
he wasn’t married. The Wus brothers had a sister; she was nice-
looking, but she had such a long neck that she couldn’t eat meat;
she ate the neck bones of deer; ate five at a time. Everybody in the
world knew about her.
One day, when the eldest Wus brother was hunting, he took his drill
out of his quiver to start a fire. He put the drill on the ground and the
next minute it was gone; he couldn’t find it anywhere. That night he
said to his brothers: “I was alone all day, but when I put down my fire
drill it went away. I hunted everywhere, but I couldn’t find it. That
means trouble is coming to us; I don’t think we will live long.”
The next morning when some of the brothers wanted to track deer,
the eldest Wus brother said: “We must stay at home to-day. I feel
scared about my drill; something bad is going to happen.”
Old woman Kaiutois was sick in a little straw house near the big
house where her sons lived. She called to them, and said: “I hear
people around in the mountains; I think that they are coming to kill

us. They are people from the north. I don’t know what they say, but
they are coming nearer and nearer all the time.”
Just then a crowd of men with bows and arrows came down from the
mountain. They came to fight the Wus brothers. [344]There were so
many that they filled the house, and the brothers couldn’t do
anything; they were all killed except the youngest Wus brother. He
got on the top of the house, made a long leap, then ran as fast as he
could.
The strangers killed old woman Kaiutois, but they left Wus’ mother
alive. They said: “She is old, she won’t have any more children; let
her stay here.”
They cut each man open and took out his heart. They put the hearts
on the end of a long pole, burned the house, and started off, taking
all the women with them except Wus’ mother. When they were out of
sight, Wus came home. He found his mother, and asked: “Did they
leave the bodies?”
“Yes, but they cut them open and carried the hearts away.”
“Don’t feel lonesome,” said Wus. “I have two minds; I can do
anything. I will pay those people for killing my brothers.”
The old woman had covered her head with pitch and ashes. Wus
told her to go to the river and wash it off. While she was gone, he
thought hard and right away there was a new house where the old
one had been. It was large and nice, and was full of baskets and
mats. He told his mother to make him ten pairs of moccasins.
“Why do you want moccasins?” asked the old woman. “I don’t know
where to get skin to make them with.” She had a rabbit-skin dress on

and he told her to cut ten pieces out of it. Right away the ten pieces
were ten pairs of beautiful, beaded moccasins.
The old woman said: “You must be careful. Those men are strong.
Maybe they will kill you.”
“I am not afraid,” said Wus. “I have more power than they have. I am
going to find my sister. Maybe I will be gone a long time. Every day
you must put down new mats and throw away the old ones.” Then he
said to the mats: “There must be new mats here each day.”
Wus started. He traveled fast. Each pair of new moccasins lasted ten
days. When there was a hole in the heel of one moccasin, he threw
the pair away. He wore out five pairs; then he was near the house
where the strangers lived. He [345]climbed a high mountain and
stayed there all day, watching the people in the valley. He saw his
sister; she was almost dead. Men were throwing captives back and
forth across a fire; their bodies were burned and black with smoke.
At dark the men began to whoop and scream, and to dance around
the fire.
Wus thought hard, and made something long and bright. When he
raised it up, it blazed like fire. He called it golóbis. When he held it
and looked far off, he could see everything. He saw the people
throwing his sister back and forth like a ball, across the fire. The pole
his brothers’ hearts were on was stuck in the ground near the fire.
He cried when he looked at his sister and his kin. He said: “I want to
have long hair, and I want it covered with nice beads and bones, and
I want a blanket, and leggings covered with porcupine quills.” Right
away his hair touched the ground, and he had a blanket and
leggings covered with beautiful quills. At midnight he went where the
people were and stood looking at the fire.
“Who is that?” asked one of the men.

“Maybe that is Wus,” said another.
Wus took his bow and arrow and began to whip the bow string with
the arrow. It made nice music. Right away the long-necked girl knew
that the man was her brother. When he went nearer to the fire,
people called out: “Wus! Wus! That man is Wus!” and they were
frightened.
“Why do you call me Wus?” asked he.
“I feel as if Wus were looking at me,” said the chief’s son. “Where did
you come from? We have never seen a man dressed as you are.
Who are you?”
“You mustn’t ask such questions,” said Wus. “Everybody has heard
of me. I live near you. My house is among the rocks. I have come to
visit you. Where did you get those hearts and those young women?”
“Off in the south, where there are two lakes together. They are the
hearts of the chiefs of that place. We killed nine of the Wus brothers,
and all of the Kaiutois brothers, and took their wives and sisters.”
“I am glad those men are dead,” said Wus. “They made [346]me an
orphan, and they almost killed my old grandmother, who lives north
of here.” Wus began to cry.
The people didn’t quite believe him; they said: “You are Wus.”
“Why do you say that?” asked Wus. “You make me feel badly.”
“We missed the youngest Wus brother; maybe you are he.”
“I will tell you about that young man,” said Wus. “He can do anything
he wants to. He can change into different things. He can turn people
into rocks, or old stumps, or ashes. He wouldn’t come here and talk

to you; he would turn you into birds, or trees, or anything else he
wanted to. He doesn’t talk to people. I wish I could kill him, but I
haven’t power enough. I am afraid to go near him. I am glad you
have killed his brothers.”
People said: “Don’t listen to that man; he is Wus.”
Wus said: “Wait and see what will become of you when Wus comes.
He will be here soon. He will come to kill you and take his sister
home. Didn’t you take all the nice clothes those brothers had? When
their youngest brother ran away, was he dressed as I am? Can’t I
stay and play with those hearts and with the daughters of the men
who killed my father and mother? I will dance five nights over those
hearts; I am glad to see them hanging up there.”
Some of the people said: “Let him stay. We will watch him. He can
stay one day, then if he doesn’t do any harm, we will let him stay
longer. He isn’t Wus.”
Wus knew their thoughts. He began to dance and to throw the
women across the fire. He meant to make them stronger. As he
threw them, he talked to them in his heart, and they answered him in
their hearts. He said aloud: “I am glad to throw you over the fire. Your
kin killed my father and mother! I want the fire to burn you.”
He danced all night and threw the women faster than any other man;
but each time he threw them they were stronger.
In the morning he said: “You must let me sleep till the sun goes
down; then I will show you how glad I am that those [347]brothers are
dead. My grandmother thinks that I am off hunting for deer. You must
give me one of those hearts to carry home to her; then she will be
glad, too.”

After Wus had slept a while, one of the men woke him up and said:
“You are hungry; here are seeds to eat.” To one another they said: “If
he is Wus, he won’t eat our water seeds.” He knew what they said.
He ate the seeds and went to sleep again; slept till it was almost
dark. Then he helped the men build a big fire. He loosened his hair
and it floated around him, it was so long and thick. He had a woman
braid it and tie it up with strings of beads. Then he called out: “I want
everybody to come and see me dance!” The men sat around and
looked at him. He danced well and he sang his own songs. He
danced for three nights; by the middle of the third night everybody
was tired. Wus said: “You should sleep so you will be strong enough
to dance to-morrow.” He was taking their minds away from them;
they thought of nothing; they liked Wus and did as he told them.
The fourth night everybody was sleepy. Wus said: “Why don’t you
sleep now and dance in the daytime? People used to dance when
the sun was bright so everybody could see what they were doing.”
The next morning they danced till midday, then rested. Wus said:
“This is the last night I’ll dance. I am going home.”
They began early. Wus pounded the hearts on the poles. He pulled
the women around, rubbed them against the hearts, and said:
“Those are the hearts of your fathers and of your kin.” He whooped
and screamed and danced till midnight. Then all the men were falling
asleep, they were so tired.
“What makes you so sleepy?” asked Wus. “When Wus comes, you’ll
not do as you are doing now. Wus has power; when he comes, he
won’t leave one of you alive.” He kicked the men to make them get
up and dance; then he said: “You didn’t let me know you were going
off to kill those men; now you must give me this long-necked woman.
Those men didn’t do you any harm, but they killed all my people.” He
began to sing, and as he sang, every man fell sound asleep.

Wus said to the women: “When I hold up my golóbis, [348]you must
start and run toward the east. Run as fast as you can.” He took the
string of hearts and wound it around his waist. Then he held the
golóbis—a great red ball—in his hand and went around among the
sleeping men. The ball killed them all, burned their lives up; when he
turned the ball over, it went out. The men lay there dead; Wus cut
them open and took out their hearts.
When Wus caught up with the women, he gave each woman one
moccasin. Right away each moccasin became a pair. As he traveled,
he picked up the old moccasins he had thrown away when coming.
There were no holes in them now. They were beautiful and new.
When Wus and the women were half-way home, they came to a
place where their brothers and kin used to hunt deer. The women felt
lonesome and began to cry. Wus said: “You needn’t feel lonesome; I
am going to bring all of our people to life.”
Now old woman Wus dreamed that she saw a whole string of hearts
come in at the top of the house, like snakes. When she woke up, she
felt scared; she rubbed herself in ashes and thought: “As I have
dreamed, it will be. Nobody can change a dream.”
When near home, the long-necked girl began to sing; her song was
like the song of a fly. The old woman heard it and was glad; she
knew that her daughter was coming, for nobody that lived in the
world could sing her song.
When they got to the house, the women hurried to get wood and
build a fire, so that their grandmother could boil the hearts Wus had
brought. When everything was ready, the old woman said: “You must
all stay outside while I do my work.”

Wus said: “Why do you have them stay outside? The spirits of the
men will be out there talking. If the women answer, your work will be
spoiled, and my brothers will never come to life.”
The old woman put the hearts in a basket of water and put hot
stones around the basket. Then she tied blankets around the women
and made them lie down in one corner of the house. She said:
“When your brothers begin to come back, they will [349]talk to you;
they will ask: ‘Are you glad to see us?’ ‘Have we been gone long?’
‘What are you lying there for?’ ‘Get up and give us something to eat;
we are hungry;’ but don’t answer, don’t say a word. If you do, there
won’t be anything but hearts in the basket.”
When the water began to boil, the spirits of the men whose hearts
were in the basket began to talk in the brush outside the house; then
they went into the house and talked to the women. When the women
didn’t answer, they pushed them and scolded. But the women didn’t
look up, didn’t speak. After a while, there was a great noise, laughing
and talking, then each man took his place by the fire.
The old woman said to them: “You should keep still; you have made
me feel lonesome. You have been dead; I put ashes on my head and
mourned for you.”
The eldest Wus said: “Why did you feel lonesome? You knew our
brother had power, that nobody could kill him and that he could save
us.”
They were glad when they saw their sister. She said: “Those men
treated me badly; they wouldn’t give me anything to eat, and they
threw me back and forth across the fire.”
“I am glad they didn’t make you eat our hearts,” said the eldest
brother. “Those people sometimes make their captives eat the hearts

of their own brothers and kin.” [350]

LOK AND KÉKINA
CHARACTERS
Lok Bear
Kékina Lizard
Wus Fox
Five Lok brothers and their sister lived in a house on a mountain
near Klamath Lake; not far away lived old woman Wus with her two
nephews, the Kékina brothers. They were orphans; the Lok brothers
had killed their father and their mother. In summer Wus had had the
children gather roots and store them in a tree for winter. When winter
came the younger boy went three times each day to the top of the
tree to eat a few of the roots. As he went, he called out: “Spring is
coming! Spring is coming!”
Lok’s sister had a big pile of roots hidden under the ground. She
never gave any to Wus; she was always watching around to see
what Wus taught the boys. Wus didn’t teach them anything. She
didn’t dare to; but the elder boy knew how to make poison arrows.
One morning when little Kékina ran out to the tree, he cried: “Spring
is coming! Spring is coming!” and brought down a few roots for his
brother.
The Lok woman heard him, and asked: “Why do you tell such a lie?
Spring isn’t coming. It is winter. When you see smoke on the
mountains, then spring will come.” To the elder brother Lok said:

“You are good for nothing; you sit all day making arrows, but you
can’t kill anything.”
Old woman Wus cried, but the boy told her and his little brother not
to answer Lok; if they did, Lok would tell her brothers, and they might
come and kill them.
Once when the little boy was outside, Lok said to him: [351]“Little boy,
I feel mean toward you; you tell lies about spring coming.” That
evening Lok watched him and was mad when he called out: “Spring
is coming! Spring is coming!” for every time he called, it hurried
spring along, and she liked winter. She went to the tree where the
roots were hidden, spat on her hands, took hold of the top of the
tree, pulled it down, rolled the roots in a ball, and swallowed them.
The next morning, when little Kékina called: “Spring is coming!
Spring is coming!” and ran to the tree, he found that all his roots
were gone. He saw Lok’s tracks and knew that she had stolen them.
He rolled around on the ground and cried, he felt so badly. Then he
went in and lay down by his brother, who was making poison arrows.
The brother said: “Keep still, I am going to talk to my arrows and tell
them what to do.” He held the arrows over the fire, and said:
“Arrows, you must go right through the bodies of the big-handed
people; the people that never get enough to eat.”
Old woman Lok was listening around; she said: “You are talking
about the people who killed your father and mother, and will kill you.”
When her brothers came home, she said: “I hate to hear that Kékina
boy talk about killing you.”
The eldest brother said: “Somebody makes him mad; maybe you
have been boasting that we killed his father and mother.” He scolded
the woman till she said: “I am going off; I sha’n’t come back till night.”

While she was gone, old woman Wus stole half of her roots, dug a
hole and hid them, and then made mole tracks around, little hills of
dirt.
In Lok’s house the chief slept in the middle, near the fire; two
brothers slept on one side of him and two on the other; the sister
slept by the ladder. That night, when the brothers were asleep, little
Kékina crept into their house. He passed his hands over them and
they all slept soundly, they couldn’t wake up. He cut off the chief’s
foot, put the end of his leg on the log in the fire, and said to it: “Don’t
you waken the chief till you are half burned up.” He took the foot
home. Wus roasted it, and she and her nephews ate it. Then she put
out [352]the fire, rubbed ashes on her mouth to hide the grease, and
began to cry as if she were hungry.
When the leg was half consumed, the chief woke up and screamed:
“My leg is burning! My leg is burning!” His sister said: “This is
Kékina’s work,” but the chief said: “No, I went to sleep with my feet
on the log.” He died the next day.
When his brothers were going to burn the body, old woman Wus
said: “People will make fun of you if you burn your brother. You must
put him in the ground with his burnt leg sticking out. If you feel badly,
you can go away. I will watch, I won’t let anything come to eat him.”
When the Lok brothers had put the chief in the ground and gone off,
Wus dug up the body and cooked it for her nephews to eat; then she
stuck a chunk of burnt wood where the leg had been.
The next day old woman Lok said: “I am afraid Wus and those boys
will dig up our brother’s body and eat it.” And she went to see. She
didn’t go far, for she saw the chunk sticking up out of the ground and
thought it was the leg.

The elder Kékina brother said to Wus: “You must go and find out
what the Loks are doing. You can tell them that I have driven you
away.”
When Wus got where the Loks were camped, she began to cry.
They asked: “What are you crying for?”
“My nephews have driven me out,” said Wus; “they won’t let me stay
with them.”
The Loks believed her and let her stay around. When they asked:
“Where are you going to live?” she said: “I have other kin, I am going
to them. Their house is straight east.”
That night Lok had a dream. The dream said: “Your brother’s body
has been stolen.” In the morning she started off to find out if it had.
When she got back, she said: “Just as my dream told me, somebody
has carried off our brother.”
Wus said: “I know nothing about it.”
Lok said: “Yes, you do; those boys did it.” [353]
Wus said: “No, they moved away when you did. You can go and kill
them if you want to. I am going east.”
She started, but when she was a little way off, she turned and went
west. When she got home, she said to her nephews: “The Loks are
coming to fight you.”
“I’m not afraid of the Loks,” said the elder brother. “You must go off to
the mountain. I will put my brother in a crack of the house, then I will
fight the Loks with knives.” He had five knives under one arm; his
bow and arrows were hanging up.

When the four Lok brothers and their sister came, one of the
brothers caught Kékina in his mouth and swallowed him. Kékina
stuck a knife in Lok’s heart, killed him, and came out. The second
brother swallowed him; he killed him and came out; the third
swallowed him and was killed. The fourth brother bit Kékina, then
swallowed him. Kékina was hurt; he stayed in Lok’s body a good
while before he could get strength enough to stick his knife in Lok’s
heart and run out. He didn’t cut Lok’s heart open, and Lok jumped up
and swallowed him again. That time Lok choked, and Kékina nearly
smothered; but he made himself small and rolled out of Lok’s throat.
Old woman Lok said: “I told you those boys would kill you. Now all
our brothers are dead.” Just then Lok saw Kékina. He caught him
and swallowed him again. That time Kékina cut Lok’s heart open and
he died.
Old woman Lok jumped at Kékina to bite him, but he ran down her
throat before she could bite; he ran out, and she caught him; again
she was going to bite him, but he ran down her throat and came out.
The next time he slipped down quickly; he cut her heart open, and
she died.
Wus came home; they had lots of meat now, and she was glad.
When spring came, little Kékina wanted to dig roots. Wus said:
“Don’t go far. The Lok brothers had a great many kin. You must keep
away from them.”
Kékina said: “When I find sweet roots, I want to lie down by them,
and eat them; sometimes I feel like staying all night.” [354]
“You must be careful,” said Wus. “The Loks like the same things that
you do. One might come along and eat the roots and you with them,
without knowing that you were there.”

One night little Kékina didn’t come home. The next morning his
brother began to hunt for him. Off on a flat he saw men digging
roots; they were Loks. He went up to one of them, and asked: “Have
you seen my brother?”
“No,” said Lok, “he hasn’t been here.”
He asked ever so many men, and each one said: “He hasn’t been
here.” One man said: “We could eat him and not know it; for
sometimes we dig up great roots with our hands, and he might be
with them. There is a Lok over there; he came ahead of us. Maybe
he saw your brother.”
When Kékina asked him, he said: “What makes you ask questions? I
don’t want to talk,” and he started off.
Kékina followed him, and said: “Open your mouth.”
“Why should I open my mouth? I am sick. Let me alone.”
Kékina kept following him. At last Lok opened one side of his mouth;
then Kékina made him open the other side. In Lok’s teeth he had
found one of little Kékina’s hairs; he got it out and wound it around
the head of his arrow. Then he began to fight with the Loks. One
after another they swallowed him; he cut each one’s heart open and
killed him. He left only one Lok alive,—the poorest and oldest. He
said to that one: “I will not kill you, but you will no longer be a person;
you will be a common bear and scare people.”
Kékina took the hair home. Wus told him to sprinkle her medicine
basket and put it over the hair, then step over the basket five times.
He did, and his brother came to life. Then the two brothers and Wus
lived together as before. [355]

GRASSHOPPER IN LOVE WITH DEER
CHARACTERS
Djáhdjai Grasshopper
Djihens Ant
Wiĕs Deer
A man had two wives, Djáhdjai and Djihens. When it came root-
digging time, the two women went out every morning to dig roots, but
they went in different directions; they didn’t dig on the same flat.
At midday Djihens always went home with a basketful of nice, white
roots. Djáhdjai never went home till it was getting dark, and then she
had only a few roots in the bottom of her basket. Each night she took
Djihens’ basket and picked out all the longest and best roots, and
when her husband came from hunting deer, she said: “I dug these!”
The man loved Djáhdjai better than he did Djihens, but Djáhdjai
didn’t love him; she loved Wiĕs.
Each morning, as soon as she got to the flat, she began to dance
and to chirp her love song. Her song said: “Come this way, Big
Head! Come this way; I want to see you!”
Wiĕs listened, and as soon as he heard the song, he came up on the
rocks and looked down on the flat. He looked all around, as if
counting the trees and bushes to see that everything was right, that
there was nobody around, then he went to Djáhdjai.

Each evening the husband asked his wives if their moccasins were
worn out. Djihens always answered: “No, I don’t kick the ground all
the time and wear my moccasins out.”
Djáhdjai always had holes in her moccasins.
Her husband scolded, and asked: “How do you wear out your
moccasins so? I haven’t made moccasins for Djihens since we came
here.” [356]
“I can’t stand still when I dig; I have to jump around and stand hard
on the ground. I dig roots among the rocks, where they are long and
sweet. Djihens digs on the flat, and her roots are not as long as
mine, or as nice.”
“Well,” said the man, “I don’t know how you can wear out a pair of
moccasins every day. Your feet eat up moccasins as stones do.”
One morning, when Djáhdjai started off with her basket and digging
stick, Djihens thought she would watch and see where she went. So
she followed her. Every little while Djáhdjai turned around to find out
if anybody was looking at her. Djihens was hiding in the grass; she
couldn’t see her. When Djáhdjai got near the mountain, she stopped
and began to sing her love song. The song drew Wiĕs to the rocks.
Djihens hid under the grass, so he couldn’t see her. He looked all
around, then he started toward Djáhdjai.
The Wiĕs people had two trails up the mountain, one for men, the
other for women. Djáhdjai always waited for him at the end of the
men’s trail.
Djihens thought: “Now I know why she comes home with an empty
basket. She comes here to see Wiĕs; she draws him to her with her
love song. How nice it sounds!”

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