Case Power point
- 1. Many languages have a CASE SYSTEM. What is a CASE SYSTEM
- 2. Example of Case System: a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the relations that NPs bear to their governors. CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language, Pitta- Pitta. Each case is represented by a single form. There is one complication. The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked. The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that marks instruments.
- 3. CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT) Ergative / -lu The man hit the dog with a stick instrumental (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and instrumental) Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object) Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog swam through the flood Purposive / possesive -nga The woman’s dog went for the paper locative -ina The dog swam in the creek allative -inu The dog went to the creek ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek causal -la The dog hid from the policeman
- 4. The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an intransitive verb. It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that ‘locomote’ (with ‘go’, ‘come’, etc). These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and the activity does not extend to an external entity. karna karnta-ka man go-past The man went
- 5. The ergative marks the subject of a transitive verb. It expresses the role of agent. It also encodes the role of instrument. karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick.
- 6. The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of affected patient. karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick.
- 7. The dative function of –ku is restricted. It marks the complement: yatha ‘to like’ tiwa ‘be jealous of’ wapa ‘to look for’ wantili ‘to wait for’ karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku man like-pres dog-dat The man likes the dog.
- 8. The pergressive function: ‘through’ ‘across’ ‘along’ karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive) The man swam through the flood
- 9. Exampe of purposive: karna karnta-ka kupi-nga man go-past fish-purp The man went for (to get) fish Example of possesive: karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya man-purp dog ail-pres The man’s dog is sick
- 10. It indicates location in general. Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another. karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina man sit-pres house-loc behind The man is (sitting) behind the house
- 11. It indicates destinations. -inya ablative It indicates ‘from’, i.e. source. karna karnta-ka Mount Isa-inya Dajarra-inu man go-past Mt Isa-abl Dajarra-allative The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra
- 12. It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided. Example: Bad spirits – not just bad whisky! karna wilakana-ya yampi-la man hide-pres m:in:law-causal The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law
- 13. LATIN Case System of Latin : a.Suffixes express case b.Number c.Gender class d.Irregularities, etc
- 14. 1st declesion 2nd declesion 3rd declesion ‘girl’ ‘slave’ ‘king’ ā stem o stem Cons. stem Nom. Puella Servus Rēx Voc. Puella Serve Rēx Acc. Puellam Servum Rēgem Gen. Puellae Servī Rēgis Dat. Puellae Servō Rēgī Abl. puellā Servō Rēge Nom. Puellae Servī Rēgēs Voc. Puellae Servī Rēgēs Acc. Puellās Servōs Rēgēs Gen. Puellārum Servōrum Rēgum Dat. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus Abl. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus
- 15. Notes : -The cases are distinguished on the basis of differentiation in a single paradigm. -The vocative is marked by a separate form only in the second declension singular. -There is SYNCRETISM (neutralisation) between the nomative and vocative.
- 16. Nominative : marks the subject Vocative : used to address someone Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions Genitive : correspons to ‘s and of in English Dative : marks indirect object of dare ‘to give’ and the complement of a score or so of verbs Ablative : marks a number of distict roles
- 17. Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender The adjective used in the sentences below decline like puella, servus, or bellum according to the gender of the noun they modify
- 18. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae (The good king gives one/a slave to the girl) Regis servus iit ex Britaniā in Italiam (The king’s slave went from Britain to Italy) Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis (That girl is staying in Italy with friends)
- 19. English, like the other Indo-European languages, once had a case system like the Latin. Old English had a case system almost identical with that of modern German (the system was almost identical not the forms, although the forms were very similar to those of German)
- 20. During the middle this period these were lost (very careless) except for the sibilant ending of the genitive (cognate with the –is of Latin regins in the paradigms above) we still have this, but it is not case maker anymore. It is derivational affix that is added to noun phrases to produce possessive determiners.
- 21. The dog’s bone The man down the street’s dog The man over there’s dog We write the genitive or possessive ‘s with an apostrophe to distinguish it from the plural –’we’ means educated people over 35
- 22. With pronouns there is a two-way case distinction: nominative versus oblique (non-nominative). This distinction is made suppletively, i.e. by using different stems. Me supplies the oblique case of I, him of he and so on
- 23. nominative oblique First person singular I me Third person singular he him she her it it First person singular we us Second person plural you you Third person plural they them
- 24. In text book English the nominative forms are used for subject and the oblique forms for all other functions. In real English the nominative forms are used in certain other constructions, eg: between you and I.