Case System PPT
- 1. 1.Anik Widyastuti 2.Izzati Gemi S. 3.Nurul Adhalina 4.Rika Rahma A. 5.Hamza
- 2. WHAT IS CASE
- 3. Case as a grammatical category used in the analysis of word classes to define the syntactic relationships between words in a sentence. Crystal (Ba’dulu, 2004: 78) Case is a grammatical category of noun or adjective showing its relationship with other words in a syntactic construction. Kridalaksana (Ba’dulu, 2004: 78)
- 4. Example of Case System: a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the relations that NPs bear to their governors. CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language, Pitta- Pitta. Each case is represented by a single form. There is one complication. The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked. The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that marks instruments.
- 5. CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT) Ergative / -lu The man hit the dog with a stick instrumental (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and instrumental) Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object) Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog swam through the flood Purposive / possesive -nga The woman’s dog went for the paper locative -ina The dog swam in the creek allative -inu The dog went to the creek ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek causal -la The dog hid from the policeman
- 6. The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an intransitive verb. It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that ‘locomote’ (with ‘go’, ‘come’, etc). These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and the activity does not extend to an external entity. karna karnta-ka man go-past The man went
- 7. The ergative marks the subject of a transitive verb. It expresses the role of agent. It also encodes the role of instrument. karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick.
- 8. The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of affected patient. karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick.
- 9. The dative function of –ku is restricted. It marks the complement: yatha ‘to like’ tiwa ‘be jealous of’ wapa ‘to look for’ wantili ‘to wait for’ karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku man like-pres dog-dat The man likes the dog.
- 10. The pergressive function: ‘through’ ‘across’ ‘along’ karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive) The man swam through the flood
- 11. Exampe of purposive: karna karnta-ka kupi-nga man go-past fish-purp The man went for (to get) fish Example of possesive: karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya man-purp dog ail-pres The man’s dog is sick
- 12. It indicates location in general. Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another. karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina man sit-pres house-loc behind The man is (sitting) behind the house
- 13. It indicates destinations. -inya ablative It indicates ‘from’, i.e. source. karna karnta-ka Mount Isa-inya Dajarra-inu man go-past Mt Isa-abl Dajarra-allative The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra
- 14. It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided. Example: Bad spirits – not just bad whisky! karna wilakana-ya yampi-la man hide-pres m:in:law-causal The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law
- 15. LATIN Case System of Latin : a.Suffixes express case b.Number c.Gender class d.Irregularities, etc
- 16. 1st declesion 2nd declesion 3rd declesion ‘girl’ ‘slave’ ‘king’ ā stem o stem Cons. stem Nom. Puella Servus Rēx Voc. Puella Serve Rēx Acc. Puellam Servum Rēgem Gen. Puellae Servī Rēgis Dat. Puellae Servō Rēgī Abl. puellā Servō Rēge Nom. Puellae Servī Rēgēs Voc. Puellae Servī Rēgēs Acc. Puellās Servōs Rēgēs Gen. Puellārum Servōrum Rēgum Dat. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus Abl. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus
- 17. Notes : -The cases are distinguished on the basis of differentiation in a single paradigm. -The vocative is marked by a separate form only in the second declension singular. -There is SYNCRETISM (neutralisation) between the nomative and vocative.
- 18. Nominative : marks the subject Vocative : used to address someone Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions Genitive : correspons to ‘s and of in English Dative : marks indirect object of dare ‘to give’ and the complement of a score or so of verbs Ablative : marks a number of distict roles
- 19. Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender The adjective used in the sentences below decline like puella, servus, or bellum according to the gender of the noun they modify
- 20. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae (The good king gives one/a slave to the girl) Regis servus iit ex Britaniā in Italiam (The king’s slave went from Britain to Italy) Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis (That girl is staying in Italy with friends)
- 21. English, like the other Indo-European languages, once had a case system like the Latin. Old English had a case system almost identical with that of modern German (the system was almost identical not the forms, although the forms were very similar to those of German)
- 22. During the middle this period these were lost (very careless) except for the sibilant ending of the genitive (cognate with the –is of Latin regins in the paradigms above) we still have this, but it is not case maker anymore. It is derivational affix that is added to noun phrases to produce possessive determiners.
- 23. The dog’s bone The man down the street’s dog The man over there’s dog We write the genitive or possessive ‘s with an apostrophe to distinguish it from the plural –’we’ means educated people over 35
- 24. With pronouns there is a two-way case distinction: nominative versus oblique (non-nominative). This distinction is made suppletively, i.e. by using different stems. Me supplies the oblique case of I, him of he and so on
- 25. nominative oblique First person singular I me Third person singular he him she her it it First person singular we us Second person plural you you Third person plural they them
- 26. In text book English the nominative forms are used for subject and the oblique forms for all other functions. In real English the nominative forms are used in certain other constructions, eg: between you and I.
- 27. In English, nouns can be distinguished two cases, namely: •The Unmarked Common Case Ex: girl (singular) and girls (plural) •The Marked Genitive Case Example: girl’ s(singular) and girls’ (plural)
- 28. -A case grammar is an approach to grammar that gives emphasis on the semantic relationships in a sentence. -In the case of grammar, verbs are considered as an important part of the sentence and have some semantic relationship with the noun phrase. These relationships are called the CASE. -Example: Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve. This revolver killed the policeman.
- 29. 1.Agentive Case * It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who perform or initiate action. Example: John chew the candy. “John mengunyah permen.” John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not need to always be in the agentive case. In the sentence: John likes candy. “John menyukai permen.” John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is called. John in this sentence are not in the agentive case but in the dative case. It will be discussed in the next category.
- 30. 2. Benefactive Case It is the case on the noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who have benefited from the action verbs. In the English language is connected with the preposition “for”. Example: Tom did it for Huck. “Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.” Huck is in the benefactive case. John cooked a chicken for Louise. “John memasak ayam untuk Luise.” John cooked Louise a chicken. “John memasakan Louise ayam.” Louise is in the benefactive case.
- 31. 3. Comitative case It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive relationship with other noun phrases in a sentence. In English associated with the preposition “with”. Example: - Tom ran away with Huck. “Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.” - Tom and Huck ran away. “Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”
- 32. 4. Dative Case It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a person or animal that is affected state or action verbs. Example: Gregory was frightened by storm. “Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.” I persuaded Tom to go. “Saya membujuk Tom pergi.” Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom and Gregory is influenced by something. Gregory intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This case is also called experiences case.
- 33. 5. Factitive Case It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to something that is made or created by the action verbs. Example: Tony built the shed. “Tony membangun bangsal.” The shed is in the case of factitive. On the other sentence: Tony repaired the shed. “Tony memugar bangsal.” The shed is not located in factitive case because the shed had been there / standing at the time of restoration was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the objective case. Factitive Case is also called result/resultativecase.
- 34. 6. Objective Case It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to anyone or anything that has a neutral relationship to the action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no action, do not act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means of action. Example: Marry slided the onion with a knife. “Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan pisau.” The onion sliced easily. “bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.” The onion was thick. “bawang putih itu tebal.” The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument (such as a knife); but instead is in the objective. The notion of objective case had everything to do with the traditional sense of the object. However, not everything that is in the objective case can be an object and not all objects can be considered to be in the objective case.
- 35. 7. Ergatif Case It cases is causative, which refers to the syntactic relation that exists between a sentence. Example: The car moved. “Mobil itu bergerak.” John moved the car. “John menggerakkan mobil itu.”
- 36. 8. Instrumental Case It is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause of an action or state expressed by the verb, which in English by using the preposition “with”. Example: 1. Bella opened the door with the key. “Bella membuka pintu itu dengan kunci.” 2. The door was opened with the key by Bella. “Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci oleh Bella.” 3. The key opened the door. “Kunci membuka pintu itu.”
- 37. 9. Locative Case It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that refers to the location / site of action verbs. Example: Irene put the dictionary on the table. “Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.” The table is in the locative case. In English, it can be seen by using of the preposition: on, in, at, from.
- 38. Ba’dulu, Abdul Muis and Herman. 2005. Morfosintaksis. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Sofwan, Ahmad. 2011. Bahan Ajar Morfosintaksis. Diponegoro University.
- 39. THANK YOU