Summary case system
- 1. Group 5 : Anik Widyastuti Izzati Gemi S. Nurul Adhalina Rika Rahma A. HamzaAabeed .K. CASE Many languages have a CASE SYSTEM. The case itself is a grammatical category of noun or adjective showing its relationship with other words in a syntactic construction (Ba‟dulu, 2004: 78). The example of case system happens in some languages including such as, Pitta- pitta, Latin, and English. 1. Pitta-Pitta The example of case system is a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the relations that NPs bear to their governors.CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language, Pitta- Pitta.Each case is represented by a single form.There is one complication. The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked. The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that marks instruments. CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT) Ergative / instrumental -lu The man hit the dog with a stick (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and instrumental) Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object) Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog swam through the flood
- 2. Purposive / possesive -nga The woman‟s dog went for the paper locative -ina The dog swam in the creek allative -inu The dog went to the creek ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek causal -la The dog hid from the policeman -Ø nominative The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an intransitive verb. It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that „locomote‟ (with „go‟, „come‟, etc). These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and the activity does not extend to an external entity. karna karnta-ka man go-past The man went -lu ergative / instrumental The ergative marks the subject of a transitive verb. It expresses the role of agent. It also encodes the role of instrument. karna-lupithi-kapiyawarli-nhaparnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-accwalking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick. -nha accusative The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of affected patient. karna-lupithi-kapiyawarli-nhaparnkuparnku-lu man-erg hit past dog-accwalking:stick-erg (insr) The man hit the dog with a stick.
- 3. -ku dative / pergressive The dative function of –ku is restricted. It marks the complement: yatha „to like‟ tiwa „be jealous of‟ wapa „to look for‟ wantili „to wait for‟ karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku man like-pres dog-dat The man likes the dog. The pergressive function: „through‟ „across‟ „along‟ karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive) The man swam through the flood -nga purposive / possesive Exampe of purposive: karna karnta-ka kupi-nga man go-past fish-purp The man went for (to get) fish Example of possesive: karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya man-purp dog ail-pres The man‟s dog is sick -ina locative It indicates location in general. Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another.
- 4. karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina man sit-pres house-loc behind The man is (sitting) behind the house -inuallative It indicates destinations. -inya ablative It indicates „from‟, i.e. source. karnakarnta-ka Mount Isa-inyaDajarra-inu man go-past Mt Isa-ablDajarra-allative The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra -la causal It marks causes „sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided. Example: Bad spirits – not just bad whisky! karnawilakana-yayampi-la man hide-pres m:in:law-causal The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law 2. Latin Besides occuring in Pitta-Pitta language, case system also appears in European language. Latin is one of European language that has case system. The Latin‟s case system is more complicated than others. It‟s because in Latin, the suffix expresses case, number, gender class, and irregularities.There are three declinsion in Latin: - -ā-stemsis for almost all feminine gender - o- stems is for almost all masculine but with a subclass of neuter nouns - The consonant stems are for masculine, feminine and neuter and to differentiate the gender is shown from the form of the agreeing adjective and determiner take. Note that there are separate Paradigm/Pattern for Plural words
- 5. Example: First declension: „a girl‟, ā stem Case Singular Plural Nominative puella puellae Vocative puella puellae Accusative puellam puellās Genitive puellae puellārum Dative puellae puellĩs Ablative puellā puellĩs Second Declension: „a slave‟ (o stem) Case Singular Plural Nominative servus servĩ Vocative serve servĩ Accusative servum servōs Genitive servĩ servōrum Dative servō servĩs Ablative servō servĩs Third declension: „king‟ (consonant stem) Case Singular Plural Nominative rēx rēgēs Vocative rēx rēgēs Accusative rēgem rēgēs Genitive rēgis rēgum Dative rēgi rēgibus Ablative rēge rēgibus
- 6. In Latin, neuter nouns have the same form in the nominative, vocative and accusative. For example, the word bellum (war) has the same form bellum in nominative, vocative and accusative while in plural, it has bellafor these thress cases. Casea are distinguished on the basis differentiation in a single paradigm. The vocative is marked by separate form only in the second declension singular. Other than that there is a SYNCRETISM (neutralization) between the nominative and vocative. Case category in Latin: Nominative : marks the subject Vocative : used to address someone Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions Genitive : correspons to „s and of in English Dative : marks indirect object of dare „to give‟ and the complement of a score or so of verbs that do not involve impingement on neutral patient. (e.g: ignoscere „to pardon‟, credere „to believe‟) Ablative :marks a number of distict roles, usually governed by an appropriate preposition. For example: „from‟ – ex Asiā „by means of‟ – gladiō „with a sword‟ „agent‟ – abArriō „accompanimen‟ – cum amicō „in‟ – in Italiā „in Italy‟ Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender. For example, the adjective used in the sentence bellow decline like puella, servus or bellum according to the gender of the nouns they modify: a. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae King good give:3s one:acc slave:acc girl:dat The good king gives one/a slave to the girl b. Regis servus itt ex Britaniā in Italiam King slave go:past:3s from Britain:abl in Italy:acc The king‟s slave went down from Britain to Italy
- 7. c. Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis That girl remain:3s in Italy with friend:abl:plur That girl is staying in Italy with friends 3. English Another Indo – European language that has case system is English but along the time, there are some changing in the case system. It is once has a complicated case system like Latin. Old English has almost identical case system like modern German. While during the Middle English period that case system is disappeared, except for the sibilant ending of the genitive but it is no longer a case marker. It becomes a derivational affix that is added to noun phrases to produce possessive determiners. For example: a. The dog‟s bone b. The man down the street‟s dog c. The man over there‟s dog Note that in English, possessive„s is written with an apostrophe to distinguish it from the plural. There are two – way case distinction with pronouns: nominative and oblique (non – nominative). The distinction between nominative and oblique is made suppletively by using different stems. For example, Me supplies the oblique case of I, Him of He, etc. For example: Nominative Oblique First person singular I me Third person singular he him She her It it First person plural we us
- 8. Second person plural you you Third person plural they them Note that there are also different uses of nominative and oblique. Nominative forms are usually used for subject and oblique for all other function. In English, nouns can be distinguished two cases, namely: The Unmarked Common Case Ex: girl (singular) and girls (plural) The Marked Genitive Case Example: girl‟ s(singular) and girls‟ (plural) CASE GRAMMAR A case grammar is an approach to grammar that gives emphasis on the semantic relationships in a sentence. In the case of grammar, verbs are considered as an important part of the sentence and have some semantic relationship with the noun phrase. These relationships are called the CASE. Example: - Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve. - This revolver killed the policeman. CASE CATEGORY 1. Agentive Case It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who perform or initiate action. Example: - John chew the candy. “John mengunyah permen.”
- 9. John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not need to always be in the agentive case. In the sentence: - John likes candy. “John menyukai permen.” John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is called. John in this sentence are not in the agentive case but in the dative case. It will be discussed in the next category. 2. Benefactive Case It is the case on the noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who have benefited from the action verbs. In the English language is connected with the preposition “for”. Example: - Tom did it for Huck. “Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.” (Huck is in the benefactive case) - John cooked a chicken for Louise. “John memasak ayam untuk Luise.” - John cooked Louise a chicken. “John memasakan Louise ayam.” (Louise is in the benefactive case) 3. Comitative case It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive relationship with other noun phrases in a sentence. In English associated with the preposition “with”. Example: - Tom ran away with Huck. “Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.” - Tom and Huck ran away. “Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”
- 10. 4. Dative Case It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a person or animal that is affected state or action verbs. Example: - Gregory was frightened by storm. “Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.” - I persuaded Tom to go. “Saya membujuk Tom pergi.” Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom and Gregory is influenced by something. Gregory intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This case is also called experiences case. 5. Factitive Case It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to something that is made or created by the action verbs. Example: - Tony built the shed. “Tony membangun bangsal.” - The shed is in the case of factitive. On the other sentence: Tony repaired the shed. “Tony memugar bangsal.” The shed is not located in factitive case because the shed had been there / standing at the time of restoration was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the objective case. Factitive Case is also called result/resultativecase. 6. Objective Case It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to anyone or anything that has a neutral relationship to the action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no action, do not act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means of action.
- 11. Example: - Marry slided the onion with a knife. “Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan pisau.” - The onion sliced easily. “bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.” - The onion was thick. “bawang putih itu tebal.” The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument (such as a knife); but instead is in the objective. The notion of objective case had everything to do with the traditional sense of the object. However, not everything that is in the objective case can be an object and not all objects can be considered to be in the objective case. 7. Ergatif Case It cases is causative, which refers to the syntactic relation that exists between a sentence. Example: - The car moved. “Mobil itu bergerak.” - John moved the car. “John menggerakkan mobil itu.” 8. Instrumental Case It is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause of an action or state expressed by the verb, which in English by using the preposition “with”. Example: - Bella opened the door with the key. “Bella membuka pintu itu dengan kunci.” - The door was opened with the key by Bella. “Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci oleh Bella.”
- 12. - The key opened the door. “Kunci membuka pintu itu.” 9. Locative Case It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that refers to the location / site of action verbs. Example: - Irene put the dictionary on the table. “Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.” The table is in the locative case. In English, it can be seen by using of the preposition: on, in, at, from.