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DECARBONISING URBAN
REDEVELOPMENT
Green infrastructure

Decarbonising
Cities & Regions
 Australian Research Council Linkage Grant
 Four Western Australian Examples
 Urban “Fringe” Developments
 Urban Redevelopment
 Mining Camps
 Indigenous Settlements
 And an Accreditation Analysis
EIANZ Climate Change Leadership Forum 28 January, 2015 1

Climate Change in Context
 Why Urban Redevelopment?
 The built environment has great potential to reduce
emissions cost effectively(McKinsey Report)

 Why Urban Redevelopment?
 Buildings have great potential to reduce
emissions (McKinsey Report)

 Contribution to CO2-e: Emissions by sector
Stationary Energy is the big ticket item...
28 January, 2015EIANZ Climate Change Leadership Forum 4

Green Infrastructure...
“the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic
installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a
community depends.”
Ref:Webster’s NewWorld Dictionary
The following could be considered “green” or sustainable urban
infrastructure :-
 Distributed Energy and integrated energy demand management
initiatives and programs
 Energy efficient buildings
 Public transport networks
 Localised water and waste management systems
 Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors
 Water sensitive urban design

Distributed Energy
Distributed generation systems are small-scale power
generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 kW to
10,000 kW) used to provide an alternative to or an
enhancement of the traditional electric power system.
 Cogeneration; an obvious choice...
 or combined heat and power (CHP) is a plant that simultaneously
generates both electricity and useful heat.
 Embedded renewables have a role to play
 Electrical Energy
Eg. Photovoltaic's, wind turbines
 Thermal Energy
Eg. Solar thermal, Geothermal

Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhattan
50% of steam from cogeneration
plants provides heating & cooling
Offsets 350MWe of power from grid

Cogeneration scheme introduced
benefitted some 10,000 people.
 hot water and central heating to Pimlico
on the North side of the river

What Happened?

Improve System Efficiencies
GHG/Energy Relationship
 Emissions depend on:-
 The amount of energy used
 The source of the energy
 Fossil fuel fired power stations
 Thermal efficiency around 33%
 Further 10 to 15% lost to transmission
and distribution inefficiencies
 Water
 Cogeneration/Trigeneration
 Heat recovery can push efficiency up to
about 85%
 Locate where the recovered energy can
be put to good use....
28 January, 2015EIANZ Climate Change Leadership Forum
Renewable
electricity
Natural gas* Grid
electricity**
kgs of GHGe emitted per
unit of heat produced
0 0.33 1
* LPG is approximately 0.4
** National average. For electricity generated in Victoria this figure is 1.4. In Tasmania it is
very low due to use of hydro. In the NT it is about 0.75 due to use of gas for electricity
generation.
13

The Return of
Energy Generation(th + e)
to the City
 At a small scale
 Anything from building
to precinct scale to suit
the local environment
 Extremely Efficient

The Grid in WA
 SouthWest Integrated System (SWIS)
 Largest islanded network in the world
 6,000kmTX; 85,000km DX; serving 5,047MW
installed generation capacity and 860,000 customers
 10% of system capacity is used for less than 48 hours
/ year
 20% of system capacity is used for less than 10 days /
year

SWIS Energy Profile/Efficient Generation
Mid-merit generators
meeting the bulk of daytime demand
Operating 30%-70% of the time
Peaking
generators
Operating < 30% of the time
Base load generators supplying the underlying demand
Operating near continuously
Midnight MidnightNoon
Reserve generators and Demand Management supplying only
extreme peak demands and backup for generator failure
What are the different roles for generators?
Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy

Demand Management
 Smart Grids and Meters
 Thermal Energy Storage
 User behaviour

Cogeneration
GasTurbines
 CCGT
 Micro
 Reciprocating Engines
 Fuel Cells
 A modular system
 Can provide efficient power and
heat for anything from a single
building to a complete
neighbourhood
 Flexible fuels

Wind...
 Outputs from 2 – 15kW
 Inconsistent wind patterns

Solar...
 Photovoltaic
 Crystalline, thin film
 From 1.5 kW...
 Thermal
 HotWater Service
 Space Heating

What is
Australia doing?
DecarbonisingCities and Regions.....

Decarbonising
Cities & Regions
 Australian Research Council Linkage Grant
 Four Western Australian Examples
 Urban “Fringe” Developments
 Urban Redevelopment
 Mining Camps
 Indigenous Settlements
 And an Accreditation Analysis

A Framework
a) The GHGe used in the materials of the buildings and the infrastructure including the
variations when regional and recycled materials are used;
b) The GHGe used in the construction/deconstruction process and how this varies with
different approaches;
c) The electrical power and natural gas used in the buildings including the differences with
different building types and variations when provided from centralised or distributed sources;
d) The transport fuels used in the construction and the on-going use of the area by residents
including the variations with different urban area designs;
e) The GHGe produced in the full water cycle (pumping water) includingGHG linked to different
forms of water infrastructure (centralised or distributed); and
f) The GHGe associated with the solid waste generated by the community and its variations
when there is more re-use and recycling.

The Framework as a Model
d)Transport
b)Construction
f)SolidWaste
a)Materials
c)Op.Energy
e)WaterCycle
Cogeneration
Fixture Efficiency
Recycled Water
Cogeneration
Fixture Efficiency
Material Selection
Waste Processing
Etc...
Recycled Water Recycled Water
Cogeneration
Materials
Waste Processing Waste Processing

Whole Life Carbon
Source: Sturgis Associates LLP Indicative Whole Life Carbon Emissions

Carbon Profiling
 Responsibility
 Legal
 Physical
 Component Lifespan
 Weakest link is the component with the
shortest lifespan in an ‘assembly’
 Temporal Model
 Metric – kg CO2-e/m2/year

Carbon Profiling

The Toolbox
 What tools are there available
that have an actual metric of
‘CO2-e’ as a result?
 Not Many!
 Joint paper produced by the author
together with “DecarbTeam”
a) CO2-e used in the
materials
b) CO2-e used in
construction
c) CO2-e in
Operational Use
d) CO2-e inTransport
fuels
e) CO2-e produced in
full water cycle
f) CO2-e associated
with solid waste

The Toolbox
 CCAP PRECINCTTM
 Greenhouse Gases (kg CO2/person/year)
 PotableWater (kL /person/year)
 VHT (hrs/person/week)
 Total Affordability ($/household/year)
PROJECTPRECINCT
materials
b) CO2-e used in
construction
c) CO2-e in
Operational Use
fuels
full water cycle
f) CO2-e associated
with solid waste

How the CCAPPrecinct tool fits
into the framework model...
CCAPPrecinct + xcons + ywaste = “complete model”
d)Transport
(LU+Transport)
b)Construction
f)SolidWaste
a)Materials
(EmbodiedCO2)
c)Op.Energy
e)WaterCycle
Cogeneration
Fixture Efficiency
Recycled Water
Cogeneration
Fixture Efficency
Material Selection
Waste Processing
Etc...
Recycled Water Recycled Water
Cogeneration
Materials

Case Studies
Stirling City Centre
• 328ha
• 12,500 new dwellings
• 30,000 jobs in total within 800m
of station
Carine
• 8ha
• 261 new dwellngs
• Retirement Village and aged
care centre
Cockburn Coast
• 330ha
• 5,000 new dwellings
• 7,000 job

What do you need?
 More efficient buildings
 Pixel Building
 CH2
 Combination of co/trigen, solar, wind to
meet demand in various combinations
 Smart grids and metering
 Demand-side Management
 Thermal Energy Storage
 User behaviour
...provides an assortment of tools that can make a development “net
zero” or “carbon +ve”

Questions...
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the following for supporting this research;
 AHURI
 Kinesis
 Australian Research Council
 Industry Partners
 Parsons Brinckerhoff
 Cedar Woods
 Horizon Power
 North Port Quay

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