Set lecture 01-1&2
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This document provides an overview of energy basics including units and conversions. It discusses power and energy, with energy being the ability to do work and power being the rate of work. It also covers common units for energy and power, prefixes for multiples, and examples of converting between units. Furthermore, it presents information on fossil fuel reserves including estimates of how long reserves will last based on current consumption rates. Finally, it touches on renewable energy potential and the concept of sustainability as it relates to energy.
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Set lecture 01-1&2
- 1. Taye Zewdu Lecturer School of Chemical & Bio Engineering Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Addis Ababa University 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z Energy- Units and Conversions ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy Technology CHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS 01 Lecture 01-1
- 2. Contents • Energy, Power • Units and conversions 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 02
- 3. Power and Energy • Energy = Power x Time • Energy (E) is the ability to do work. • Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed. • Analogies: Energy is a measurable quantity like distance. Power is a rate like speed. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 03
- 4. Units Conversions 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 US gallon = 3.79 litre 1 barrel of oil (1 bbl) = 42 US gallon = 159 litre 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 04
- 5. Multiples Prefix Abbreviation Scientific Notation *Number Kilo k 103 Thousand Mega M 106 Million Giga G 109 Billion Tera T 1012 TrillionTera T 1012 Trillion Peta P 1015 Quadrillion Exa E 1018 Quintillion * The system used in the U.S. is not the same as that used in other countries (like Great Britain, France, and Germany). In these other countries, a billion (bi meaning two) has twice as many zeros as a million, and a trillion (tri meaning three) has three times as many zeros as a million, etc. But the scientific community seems to use the American system. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 05
- 6. Energy Units • Calorie, Joule, BTU, Fuel equivalent, watt-hour • 1 cal = 4.184 J • 1 BTU = 1055 J • 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh • The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, equals 42.6 GJ 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 06
- 7. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 07 Source: Chemistry of Sustainable Energy
- 8. Power Units • W, kW, MW, GW, hp, ton of refrigeration • 1 hp = 740 W • 1 ton of refrigeration = 50 kcal/min = 1200 BTU/h • Watt = volt x ampere = volt x ampere x power factor 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 08
- 9. To corn; rt frmJJ Energy BARR.EL OF . liL BlliTT'J:SH TH:E.1litli.JlAL l..""Nl'T (Int_ Steam Ta.bl ) BR.ITTISH THIE llit1;.DAL rt;;NJT (menuI BRITTJSU THIE llit1;.DAL ll:NCT (rt herm.ochemica!I) BlfiUTTJSH THERli.DAL -NIT (39 F:t BlliTT'J:SH TH:EDJlAL l(jN.IT (60 F:t (111Jtern.atjonaJJ SteruTI Table) [me:u1..� rIt her1nocbem_i :il) (Hi C1 (20 CJ �BEC !FOOT (Meth::me. iTP_t ELECTROX """OL1r ERG FOO'F LBF FOOT POU;:-iDA IL kl.l'b Qt:AD TOX ofT�T 'Pow-eil." FOOT LBF/SECOXD FOOT LBF'/MJ TE FOOT LBF'/HOUR H.OlfilSEPOl"ER (550 !Foot LBIF/:see ] HORSEP l"ER (e ectr;ic) H.OlliUSEP 'l'ER (melr-ic J Ot.her AT: 30SPH ERE DiU..TOX LBF tandls for pounds (fo,n:�e)- 11.o GJ jO'lll:!e jou1e jotrrle jotrrle jou1e jou1':> jouLe jD1!11e jou l e jou l e b. EJ' joule joule jouLe ,;olllLe joule BTU jouLe watt watL wa'I.L watt wa'I.L wa'I: L �6 loti5.U4 J -5_ • 1 ---1.3G � -o.6. t -...6 _1 4_1 4_1 4_1 '"' 4_1 ::::::1 l_6(1205 X 10- I'll LOX 10-7 L3llrM 4.21.JOx 10-:! 3_6x 10£,; LOX 101 � 4_2x 10!) L:lt!;'" 2_·r ix 10-2 3.'i66'2x 10-.. 'i"4�_'r0 'r46 � LOl3Jx 10:::; L660- 3::11 x 10-2 • 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 09 Source:FundamentalsofRenewableEnergy
- 10. Magnitudes of Power Kitchen appliances : 50 – 500 W Passenger cars : 50 – 100 kW Wind turbine : 0.2 – 1 MW Large steam and water driven turbo turbines : 500 – 800 MW Modern fossil-fuel based thermal power plant : 1000 MW 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 10
- 11. Power and Energy • Many people violate the definitions of power and energy. Some people do it publicly, thereby misleading unfortunate readers. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 11
- 12. Units Conversion - example problem • If you turn on 4 light bulbs, each rated at 40 W, how long can they be on before you reach 1 kWh? 4 bulbs x 40W/bulb = 160 W E=P x t => t=E/P = 1 kWh/160W = 1kWh/0.16 W = 6.25 h 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 12
- 13. Units Conversion - exercise problems 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 2. In 2014, Ethiopia had 3 GW of installed electric capacity and generated 7 billion kWh. What is the percent capacity utilization of electric power stations? 1. In 2014, for the World-wide generation of about 24,000 terawatt hours of electricity, 12 billion tons of oil equivalent was used. Calculate the efficiency of thermal energy conversion to electricity. (1 toe = 42 GJ) 13
- 14. ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy Technology CHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS Global Energy Reserves and Sustainability Taye Zewdu Lecturer School of Chemical & Bio Engineering Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Addis Ababa University 14 Lecture 01-2
- 15. Contents • Classification of energy sources • World’s primary energy consumption • Fossil fuel – reserves, energy content, reserves distribution • Renewable energy potential • Sustainability 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 15
- 16. Classification of Energy Sources • Primary and secondary energy – Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, wind, solar, etc.) – Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are obtained from conversion of primary energy sources in industrial utilities. • Commercial and non-commercial energy – Commercial energy: the sources that are available in the market for a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil, etc.) – Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes, etc. • Renewable and non-renewable energy 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 16
- 17. Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary Coal Hydro Nuclear Petroleum Mi11ing Gas Well Oil Well Energy ---- Steam Preparation 1-----•Coal Treatment Cracking •ucJ Relining Stution Natural gas LPG -:::::----- Petrol � Diesel/fuel oils Petrochemical Thermal Electricity Thermal Steam Figure 1.1 Major Prin1ary and Secondary Sources 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 17
- 18. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2318 Total Energy Consumption Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015
- 19. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2319 Total Primary Energy Production Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015
- 20. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2320 Renewables- Electricity Generation 23% of total energy production in 2014! Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015
- 21. Electricity generation by fuel (world) 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 21 WorldElectricityGenerationbyFuel(G
- 22. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2322 Ethiopia and Energy
- 23. Share of Various Sources for Primary Energy As of 2006 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 23
- 24. Fossil Fuel Reserves • Oil - 0.2 trillion m3 (in 2003) – Saudi Arabia – the largest share of 23% • Gas - 176 trillion m3 (2003) ~ 0.16 trillion ton – Russia has the largest share of 27% Coal reserves Rank Country % share 1 USA 25.4 2 Russia 15.9 3 China 11.6 4 India 8.6 • Coal - 1 trillion ton (as of 2003) 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 24
- 25. Fossil Fuel Reserves Coal 122 years Oil 42 years Gas 60 years Proven reserves, expected to last for: As on 2003 Global Reserves (trillion toe) India’s Reserves (% of global) Coal 0.5 10% Oil 0.18 0.41% Gas 0.15 0.61% Total Fossil fuels 0.83 7.4% 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 25
- 26. Oil Usage Hard Truths , National Petroleum Council, July 2007, Washington 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 26
- 27. Energy Content of Fuels • Coal: energy content ~ 24 GJ/Ton • Oil: 42 GJ/Ton • Natural Gas: 54 GJ/Ton 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 27
- 28. Coal • Readily combustible material, black or brownish-black material • Coal was formed from layer upon layer of annual plant remains accumulating slowly that were protected from biodegradation by usually acidic covering waters that gave a natural antiseptic effect combating microorganisms and then later mud deposits protecting against oxidization • Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions • Approximately 40% of the world electricity production uses coal 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 28
- 30. Stages in Formation of Coal • Heavy growth of vegetation • Burial of debris, and compression • There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. The stage depends upon the conditions to which the plant remains are subjected after they were buried - the greater the pressure and heat, the higher the rank of coal. Higher-ranking coal is denser and contains less moisture and gases and has a higher heat value than lower-ranking coal. 08- Oct-2015 Taye Z 30
- 31. Stages in Formation of Coal 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 31
- 32. Types of Coal • Peat – a precursor of coal • Lignite – brown coal, the lowest rank of coal, exclusively used for electricity generation • Sub-bituminous coal – used as fuel for electricity generation, synthesis of light aromatic hydrocarbons • Bituminous – fuel for electricity, coke • Anthracite – residential and commercial space heating • Graphite – difficult to ignite, used for producing lubricants 8- Oct-2015 Taye Z 32
- 33. Coal Reserves 2004 Survey of World Energy Resources, World Energy Council 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 33
- 34. World Oil Reserves by Region Asia & Oceana 3% Middle East 56° /o Datasource: US EnergyInformationAdminstrationfrom Oil and Gas Journal{2007) Oil includescrud� oil and condensate Europe 1% 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 34
- 37. Countries with Largest Oil Reserves 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 37
- 38. OPEC OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 38
- 39. Renewable Energy Potential Theoretical potential (global) 2007 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 39 24 TWh 2014 Please note that all units must be in TWh!
- 40. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, for example) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem without causing irreparable damage. One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on our ecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of our demands on nature. School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 8 / 2340
- 41. Human demands (1960-2007) 1.6 1.5 -0 1.4 (IJ -0 1.3(IJ (IJ � / / c "' 1.2..., :;i 1.1(IJ / / ..., 10 - / 0.9 E:::, 0.8z 0.7 / / 0.6 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year 08- Oct-2015 Taye Z 41 HumanitiesEcologicalFootpri
- 42. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability Sustainability The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concrete connotation. Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and its inhabitants. Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damage to the environment. Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency. School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2342
- 43. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as water consumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal with the environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels. School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2343
- 44. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability Resource Availability Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaic industrySchool of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 11 / 2344
- 45. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability Resource Availability Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium, Dysprosium, Platinium Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etc Products must be designed with recovery in mind! Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of waste phosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts of phosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing to eutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf of Mexico Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climate change The new Oil- water School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 2345
- 46. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2346 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
- 47. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability The Inconvenient Truth Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary on Global Warming and Climate Change Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message in this film. School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 13 / 2347
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