Ch06 lecture ppt_a
- 1. Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
- 2. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 2 Chapter 6 Skeletal System:Bones and Joints Lecture Outline
- 3. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 3 Components of Skeletal System Bones Tendons Ligaments Cartilages
- 4. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 4 Bones of the Skeletal System Figure 6.11
- 5. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 5 Skeletal System Functions Support Protect Movement Storage Blood cell production
- 6. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 6 Extracellular Matrix1 Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all connective tissues. Their characteristics are largely determined by the composition of their extracellular matrix. The matrix always contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.
- 7. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 7 Extracellular Matrix2 Collagen is a tough, ropelike protein. Proteoglycans are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins. form large aggregates and attract water.
- 8. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 8 Extracellular Matrix2 Tendons and Ligaments Their extracellular matrix contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables.
- 9. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 9 Cartilage Extracellular Matrix contains collagen and proteoglycans. Collagen makes cartilage tough, whereas the water-filled proteoglycans make it smooth and resilient. As a result, cartilage is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed. an excellent shock absorber.
- 10. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 10 Bone Extracellular Matrix contains collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate. The ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone. The mineral component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength. Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called hydroxyapatite.
- 11. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 11 Shape Classification of Bones1 There are four bone shape classifications: long, short, flat, and irregular. Long bones are longer than they are wide; examples are upper and lower limb bones. Short bones are approximately as wide as they are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.
- 12. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 12 Shape Classification of Bones2 Flat bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape; examples are bones of the skull and sternum. Irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories.
- 13. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 13 Long Bone Structures1 Diaphysis Shaft compact bone tissue (on outside) Epiphysis ends spongy bone tissue Figure 6.2a
- 14. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 14 Long Bone Structures1 Articular cartilage covers epiphyses reduces friction Figure 6.2a
- 15. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15 Long Bone Structures2 Epiphyseal plate: site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis Medullary cavity: center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow Figure 6.2b
- 16. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 16 Long Bone Structures3 Periosteum membrane around bone’s outer surface Endosteum: membrane that lines medullary cavity Figure 6.2a
- 17. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 17 Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.2
- 18. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 18 Bone Marrow1 Bones contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones. These spaces are filled with soft tissue called marrow. Red marrow is the location of blood forming cells. Yellow marrow is mostly fat.
- 19. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 19 Bone Marrow2 In newborns most bones have blood making red bone marrow. In adults red marrow in the diaphysis is replaced by yellow bone marrow. In adults most red bone marrow is in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus.
- 20. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 20 Structure of Bone Tissue Figure 6.3 (a) ©Trent Stephens
- 21. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 21 Bone Cells Osteoblasts: responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone. Osteocytes: cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it. Osteoclasts: contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.
- 22. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 22 Compact Bone Tissue1 Location: outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones Osteon: structural unit of compact bone includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes Lamella: rings of bone matrix Figure 6.2c
- 23. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 23 Compact Bone Tissue2 Lacunae: spaces between lamella Canaliculus: tiny canals transport nutrients and remove waste Central canal: center of osteon contains blood vessels Figure 6.2c
- 24. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 24 Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue Spongy bone • It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones. • It has trabeculae(beams), which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow. • It has no osteons.
- 25. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 25 Spongy Bone Tissue Figure 6.4
- 26. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 26 Bone Formation Ossification is the formation of bone by osteoblasts. Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called intramembranous ossification. Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called endochondral ossification. Both types of bone formation result in compact and spongy bone.
- 27. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 27 Intramembranous Ossification1 Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue. This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.
- 28. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 28 Intramembranous Ossification2 The process begins in areas called ossification centers and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers. Usually, two or more ossification centers exist in each flat skull bone and mature skull bones result from fusion of these centers as they enlarge. The trabeculae are constantly remodeled and they may enlarge or be replaced by compact bone.
- 29. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 29 Bone Formation in the Fetus Figure 6.5 (b) ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
- 30. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 30 Endochondral Ossification Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a cartilage model. The cartilage model is replaced by bone. Initially formed is a primary ossification center, which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone. A secondary ossification center is bone formation in the epiphysis.
- 31. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 31 Steps in Endochondral Ossification 1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chondroblasts become chondrocytes. 2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens). 3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis. 4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis. 5. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular cartilage.
- 32. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 32 Endochondral Ossification of a Long Bone Figure 6.6
- 33. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 33 Bone Growth in Width Bone growth occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue. As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter. This process is called appositional growth.
- 34. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 34 Bone Growth in Length1 Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the epiphyseal plate. This type of bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification. Chondrocytes increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
- 35. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 35 Bone Growth in Length2 Then the chondrocytes enlarge and die. The cartilage matrix becomes calcified. Much of the cartilage that forms around the enlarged cells is removed by osteoclasts, and the dying chondrocytes are replaced by osteoblasts.
- 36. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 36 Bone Growth in Length3 The osteoblasts start forming bone by depositing bone lamellae on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces bone on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
- 37. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 37 Endochondral Bone Growth Figure 6.7 (a) ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images; (c) ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
- 38. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 38 Bone Remodeling Bone remodeling involves: • removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and • deposition of new bone by osteoblasts • occurs in all bones • responsible for changes in bone shape, bone • repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and • calcium ion regulation
- 39. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 39 Bone Repair1 1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms. 2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments. 3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury. 4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.
- 40. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 40 Bone Repair2 Figure 6.8 (a) (top and bottom) ©Andrew F. Russo
- 41. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 41 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis Bone is a major storage site for calcium Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood levels of calcium Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
- 42. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 42 Calcium Homeostasis Figure 6.10
- 43. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 43 Bone Anatomical Terms1 Foramen: • hole • Example - foramen magnum Fossa: • depression • Example - glenoid fossa Process: • projection • Example - mastoid process
- 44. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 44 Bone Anatomical Terms2 Condyle: • smooth, rounded end • Example - occipital condyle Meatus: • canal-like passageway • Example - external auditory meatus Tubercle: • lump of bone • Example - greater tubercle
- 45. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 45 Axial Skeleton1 The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The skull has 22 bones divided into those of the braincase and those of the face. The braincase, which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain. The bony structure of the face has 14 facial bones.
- 46. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 46 Axial Skeleton2 Thirteen of the facial bones are rather solidly connected to form the bulk of the face. The mandible, however, forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull. There are also three auditory ossicles in each middle ear (six total).
- 47. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 47 Cranial Bones1 Frontal bone • Anterior part of cranium Parietal bones • Sides and roof of cranium Occipital bones • Posterior portion and floor of cranium Temporal bones • Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium • Temporomandibular joint
- 48. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 48 Cranial Bones2 Sphenoid bone • Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones • Sella turcica Ethmoid bone • Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity • Nasal conchae
- 49. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 49 Facial Bones1 Maxillae • Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits • Maxillary sinus Palatine bones • Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
- 50. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 50 Facial Bones2 Zygomatic bones • Cheek bones • Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit Lacrimal bones • Medial surfaces of eye orbits Nasal bones • Form bridge of nose
- 51. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 51 Facial Bones3 Vomer • In midline of nasal cavity • Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal conchae • Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity Mandible • Lower jawbone • Only movable skull bone
- 52. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 52 The Skull1 Figure 6.12
- 53. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 53 The Skull2 Figure 6.13 (b) ©Eric Wise
- 54. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 54 The Skull3 Figure 6.15 (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 55. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 55 The Skull4 Figure 6.16 (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 56. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 56 Paranasal Sinuses1 Several of the bones associated with the nasal cavity have large cavities within them, called the paranasal sinuses which open into the nasal cavity. The paranasal sinuses are: • Frontal • Ethmoid • Sphenoid • Maxillary
- 57. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 57 Paranasal Sinuses2 Figure 6.14
- 58. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 58 Hyoid Bone1 The hyoid bone is an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones. The hyoid bone has the unique distinction of being the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone. The hyoid bone provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck muscles that elevate the larynx.
- 59. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 59 Hyoid Bone2 Figure 6.17
- 60. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 60 Vertebral Column1 The vertebral column, or spine, is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis. In adults, it usually consists of 26 individual bones, grouped into five regions. The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal. The cervical region curves anteriorly. The thoracic region curves posteriorly. The lumbar region curves anteriorly The sacral and coccygeal regions together curve posteriorly
- 61. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 61 Vertebral Column2 7 cervical vertebra 12 thoracic vertebra 5 lumbar vertebra 1 sacrum 1 coccyx Atlas: • 1st vertebra • holds head Axis: • 2nd vertebra • rotates head
- 62. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 62 Functions of Vertebral Column Supports body weight Protects the spinal cord Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord Provides a site for muscle attachment Provides movement of the head and trunk
- 63. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 63 Vertebral Column3 Figure 6.18
- 64. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 64 Vertebra Figure 6.19
- 65. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 65 Regional Differences in Vertebrae Figure 6.20 (a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 66. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 66 Sacrum Figure 6.21 (c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 67. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 67 Thoracic Cage1 Protects vital organs 12 pair of ribs Sternum: • breastbone True ribs: • attach directly to sternum by cartilage False ribs: • attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage Floating ribs: • not attached to sternum
- 68. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 68 Thoracic Cage2 Figure 6.22
- 69. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 69 Bones of the Pectoral Girdle Scapula: • shoulder blade Clavicle: • collar bone
- 70. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 70 Pectoral Girdle Figure 6.23
- 71. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 71 Scapula and Clavicle Figure 6.25 (d) ©Trent Stephens
- 72. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 72 Upper Limb Bones1 Humerus: • upper limb Ulna: • forearm Radius: • forearm Carpals: • wrist Metacarpals: • hand
- 73. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 73 Upper Limb Bones2 Figure 6.23
- 74. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 74 The Humerus Figure 6.27 (c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/ Christine Eckel
- 75. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 75 Ulna and Radius Figure 6.28 (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 76. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 76 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Figure 6.29
- 77. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 77 Pelvic Girdle Where lower limbs attach to the body Pelvis: • includes pelvic girdle and coccyx Ischium: • inferior and posterior region Ilium: • most superior region Acetabulum: • hip socket (joint)
- 78. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 78 Pelvis Figure 6.32
- 79. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 79 Hip Bones Figure 6.33 (c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 80. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 80 Comparison of the Male Pelvis to the Female Pelvis Figure 6.34
- 81. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 81 Lower Limb Bones1 Femur: • thigh Patella: • knee cap Tibia: • large lower leg Fibula: • small lower leg
- 82. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 82 Lower Limb Bones2 Tarsals: • ankle Metatarsals: • foot Phalanges: • toes and fingers
- 83. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 83 Lower Limb Bones3 Figure 6.31
- 84. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 84 Bones of the Thigh Figure 6.35 (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 85. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 85 Bones of the Leg Figure 6.36 (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
- 86. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 86 Bones of the Foot Figure 6.37
- 87. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 87 Articulations Articulations (joints) are where two bones come together. Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, Joints are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- 88. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 88 Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joint united by fibrous connective tissue subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses Cartilaginous joint united by means of cartilage subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis
- 89. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 89 Structural Classification of Joints Synovial joined by a fluid cavity Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
- 90. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 90 Functional Classification of Joints Synarthrosis: non-movable joint Example – skull bone articulations Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint Example - between vertebrae
- 91. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 91 Functional Classification of Joints Diarthrosis freely movable joint Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations
- 92. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 92 Fontanels and Sutures Figure 6.39
- 93. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 93 Structure of a Synovial Joint Figure 6.40
- 94. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 94 Types of Synovial Joints Figure 6.41
- 95. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 95 Types of Movement1 Flexion: bending Extension: straightening Abduction: movement away from midline Adduction: movement toward the midline Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis
- 96. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 96 Types of Movement2
- 97. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 97 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints 1. Decreased Collagen Production 2. Loss of Bone Density 3. Degenerative Changes
Editor's Notes
- #4: Skeleton-meaning dried’ But they are far from being dry and nonliving…they consistof dynamic , living tissues that are abe to grow, detect pain stimuli, adapt to stress And undergo reoair after injury
- #6: Rigid dtrong bone is well suited for bearing weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body CARTILAGE FIRM YET FLEXIBLE SUPPORT, LIGAMENTS-strong bands of fibrous tissue 2. Dde 3. Tendons strong bands attach to skeletal muyscle sto bones skeletal muscles pulls the tendons w/c moves the bones Ligaments-allow some movement between bone but limited Joints-2 or more bone come together 4. Storage of calcium and phosphorus and also adip;ose tissue 5. Red bone marrow
- #11: Osteogenesis imperfecta/ brittle bone disease…faulty gene s that result in little collagen formation ot poor quality collagen so more easily be broken than normal bone
- #12: Short bones help transfer force between long bones..kat=ya pag natumba bahala na c long bones like sa wrist
- #13: Flat bones provde strong barriers to organs—scapula Irregular-provide protection while allowing bending and flexing of certain body regions.
- #14: Diaphysis9growing between) Epiphysis( growing upon)
- #15: Covers epiphysis wgere the bones articulates (joins) with other bones.
- #16: Epiphyseal plate- for young Epiphyseal line-when bone growth stops Medullary cavity is filled with soft tissue called marrow
- #17: Periosteum-dense connective tissue Peri-around Osteum-bone cosists
- #23: Compact or cortical bone Has more matrix and is denser… with few pores than spongy bone Osteon –predictable pattern of repeating units. -each osteon cosists of consistent rings of lamellae surrounding a central cana./ Haversian canal..
- #24: The blood vessels in the central canal are connected to blood vessels in the periosteum and endosteum.
- #25: Very porous-has small holes----easy to pass or get through// Trabeculae-w/c resembles the beams or scaffolding of a building.. Scaffolding that gives support without added weight Usually no blood vessels penetrate the trabeculae and have no central canals…nutrients exizts by diffusion
- #39: Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. It is impt. To maintain blood calcium levels within normal limits.. ATHELETES
- #40: Before bone immobilization is for 10 weeks…now 2 weel\ks