Ch10 lecture ppt_a (1)
- 1. Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
- 2. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 2 Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline
- 3. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 3 SCENARIO: Katie was getting nervous. At 16, she was the only one in her group of friends who had not started menstruating. Katie has always dreamed of having three beautiful children and she was worried. Her mother took her to see Dr. Josephine, who ordered several blood test. When the results came back, Dr. Josephine gently explained to Katie and her mother that Katie would never be able to have children and would never menstruate. Dr. Josephine then asked Katie to wait in the outer room while she spoke privately to her mother.
- 4. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 4 She explained to Katie’s mom that Katie had Androgen Insensivity Syndrome. Though Katie was genetically male and her gonads produce more of the male reproductive hormone, testosterone, than the female reproductive hormone female, estrogen.
- 5. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 5 Endocrine System Glands Figure 10.1
- 6. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 6 Chemical Messengers Are hormones that allows the cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities. Four classes: Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurotransmitter, and Endocrine Endocrine chemical messengers are called HORMONES
- 7. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 7 Cell Secretion Types1 Autocrine Secreted by cells in local effect area and influences the activity of the same cell. Example - eicosanoids Paracrine Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted in ECF Example – somatostatin, histamine
- 8. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 8 Cell Secretion Types Neurotransmitter produced by neuron, secreted in the synaptic cleft that activate adjacent cell Example - Acethycholine Endocrine secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites Example - epinephrine and insulin, estrogen, GH, testosterone, and estrogen
- 9. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 9 Endocrine System Functions1 Metabolism Control of food intake and digestion Tissue development Ion regulation Water balance
- 10. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 10 Endocrine System Functions2 Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Control of blood glucose and other nutrients Control of Reproductive functions Uterine contraction and milk release Immune System regulation
- 11. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 11 Endocrine System composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body. Endocrine glands and cells secretes chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream or blood circulation to target tissues or effectors.
- 12. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 12 Types of Hormones Water-soluble hormones: includes proteins, peptides, amino acids most common, can dissolve in blood Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin Lipid-soluble hormones: includes steroids and eicosanoids Examples - LH, FSH, androgens
- 13. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 13 Regulation of Hormone Levels Negative Feedback mechanism the hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point. Positive Feedback mechanism hormones are regulated as exemplified by tropic hormone action. The response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus, but instead keeps the sequence of event going.
- 14. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 14 Negative and Positive Feedback Figure 10.5
- 15. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15 Classification of HORMONES 1. AMINES Structural variations of the amino acids tyrosine, thyroxine and epinephrine norepinephrine. 2. PROTEINS Are chains of amino acids Insulin, growth hormones, and calcitonin.
- 16. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 16 STEROIDS Includes cortisol, and aldosterone, estrogen and progesterone, and testosterone.
- 17. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 17 HYPOTHALAMUS superior to the pituitary gland and inferior to the thalamus regulates the secretions of hormones of the pituitary gland
- 18. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 18 Pituitary Gland Small gland in brain Controlled by hypothalamus Divided into 2 regions: Anterior and Posterior Secretes at least 8 hormones
- 19. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 19 Pituitary Gland2 Figure 10.12
- 20. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 20 Anterior Pituitary Hormones1 Growth Hormone Target tissues: most stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs Stimulate cells to produce insulin like growth factors Increase the rate of CHON synthesis increases the use of fats as energy metabolism.
- 21. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 21 Growth Hormone It increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose utilization (insulin antagonist) Abnormalities Too much GH causes giantism Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
- 22. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 22 Anterior Pituitary Hormones5 Prolactin AKA mammotropic hormone, lactotropic hormone Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries Functions: milk production It is necessary for breast development and lactation
- 23. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 23 Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) stimulate the secretion from the hypothalamus. Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone inhibits the secretion from the hypothalamus
- 24. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 24 Anterior Pituitary Hormones Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • AKA thyrotropin • Target tissues: thyroid gland • Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions • Thyroxine (T4) and thriodothyronine T3 by the TG • Thyrotropin releasing hormone - triggers the pituitary gland to release TSH.
- 25. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 25 • Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
- 26. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 26 Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Figure 10.16
- 27. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 27 Gonadotrophin Hormone LH (Luteinizing) for females Target tissue: ovaries Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production LH for males Target tissue: testes Function: sperm production and testosterone
- 28. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 28 Anterior Pituitary Hormones4 Gonadotrophin Hormone Follicle-Stimulating for females • Target tissue: follicles in ovaries • Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion FSH for males • Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) • Function: sperm production
- 29. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 29 Anterior Pituitary Hormones6 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH): Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex Functions: stimulate production of certain corticosteroids,
- 30. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 30 ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND 1. Growth Hormone 2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 3. Gonadotrophin Hormone LH FSH 4. Prolactin 5. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone 6. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH):
- 31. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 31 Posterior Pituitary synthesizes and releases hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.
- 32. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 32 PPG Hormones 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA VASOPRESSIN Target tissues: KIDNEYS Functions: conserve water, decreases sweating, urinary output is decrease VASOCONSTRICTION in arterioles to raise or maintain BP
- 33. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 33 Abnormalities: Diabetes Insipidus • Low ADH production • kidneys produce large amounts of dilute • (watery) urine • can lead to dehydration and thirst
- 34. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 34 Posterior Gland Hormones2 Oxytocin • Target tissues: Uterus • Cause contraction of myometrium of the uterus during labor has begun. • Stimulus: nerve impulses from the hypothalamus as cervix is stretched and as infants suck the nipple
- 35. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 35 Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary Figure 10.14
- 36. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 36 Thyroid Gland One of largest glands located in front and on the side of the trachea just below the larynx. Requires iodine to function Secretes Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
- 37. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 37 Thyroid hormones secreted by follicular cells produces T3 and T4 Target tissues: most regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth Regulate CHON, CHO and fat metabolism Necessary for normal physical, mental and sexual development. Act as insulin antagonist
- 38. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 38 Calcitonin secreted or produced by parafollicular cells Target tissues: bone and some other tissues reduces blood calcium level when high It inhibits osteoclastic activity It lowers phosphate levels It helps maintain stable and strong bones matrix. High Calcitonin- Low Calcium Low Calcitonin- High Calcium
- 39. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 39 Thyroid Hormone Disorders Hypothyroidism: • Decreased metabolism • Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue • Low temp. and pulse • Dry, cold skin • Myxedema in adults • Cretinism in infants Hyperthyroidism: • Increased metabolism • Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness • Higher temp. and pulse • Warm, flushed skin • Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)
- 40. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 40 Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Target tissues: bones and kidneys Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than calcitonin) If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine. If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
- 41. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 41 Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels Figure 10.17
- 42. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 42 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Figure 10.15 (d) ©Victor Eroschenko
- 43. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 43 Adrenal Glands two small glands located superior to each kidney Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the adrenal medulla, and an outer part, called the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex function as separate endocrine glands.
- 44. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 44 Adrenal Glands Figure 10.18 (c) ©Victor Eroschenko
- 45. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 45 Adrenal Gland Hormones1 Adrenal medulla hormones: • Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: • Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells • Functions: released as part of fight or flight response
- 46. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 46 Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretions Figure 10.19
- 47. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 47 Adrenal Gland Hormones2 Adrenal cortex hormone Aldosterone Type of mineralocorticoids Target tissues: kidneys Causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume
- 48. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 48 Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion Figure 10.20
- 49. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 49 Adrenal Gland Hormones3 Cortisol: • Type of glucocorticoids • Target tissues: most • Functions: increases breakdown of fat and • protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses
- 50. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 50 Regulation of Cortisol Secretion Figure 10.21
- 51. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 51 Adrenal Gland Hormones4 Androgens: • Target tissues: most • Functions: • Males: secondary sexual characteristics • Females: sex drive
- 52. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 52 Pancreas is a mixed gland, with an exocrine portion and an endocrine portion. The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
- 53. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 53 Pancreas The islets consist of three cell types, each of which secretes a separate hormone. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, Beta cells secrete insulin, Delta cells secrete somatostatin. These three hormones regulate the blood levels of nutrients, especially glucose
- 54. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 54 Pancreas Structure Figure 10.22 ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
- 55. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 55 Pancreas Hormones1 Insulin • Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue • Functions • regulates blood glucose levels • after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted • extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
- 56. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 56 Insulin Abnormalities Diabetes mellitus: • Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors • Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue • Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required) • Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type I
- 57. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 57 Pancreas Hormones2 Glucagon • Target tissues: liver • Function: • regulates blood glucose levels • between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted • glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
- 58. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 58 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Figure 10.23
- 59. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 59 Testes Hormone Testosterone • Target tissues: most • Functions: Produced by interstitial cells Promotes maturation of sperm Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics Promotes the closure of epiphysis of long bones
- 60. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 60 Ovarian Hormones Estrogen/Progesterone: • Target tissues: most • Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle
- 61. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 61 Thymus Gland Hormone Thymosin: • Target tissues: immune system tissues • Functions: promotes immune system development and function
- 62. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 62 Pineal Gland Hormone Melatonin: Target tissues: hypothalamus Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function.