CH4 Global Issues in Planning and urbanization
- 1. Global Issues in Planning (Environmental Turn) 4 hrs
- 2. IV. Global Issues in Planning (Environmental Turn) a) Global urban crises: Climate Change and its effect on cities b) New Urban Agenda c) Sustainable Development Goals
- 4. Climate Change • In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. • Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. • The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. • Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. • Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. • Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.
- 5. Climate Change • Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common • Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss. • Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. • Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. • Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. • These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.
- 6. Wildfire intensified by heat and drought
- 7. A dry bed in California.
- 8. Climate Change • Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. • Human migration and conflict can also be a result. • The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. • Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming.
- 10. Climate Change • Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. • Poorer countries are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. • The livelihoods of more people of poor countries are heavily dependent on climate sensitive areas such as agriculture, forest and livestock and on other natural resources such as water and irrigation.
- 11. Climate Change • Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) level of warming. • Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". • However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century. • Limiting warming to 1.5 °C will require halving emissions by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050
- 12. Climate Change • Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. • This change includes phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants, vastly increasing use of wind, solar, nuclear and other types of renewable energy, and reducing energy use. • Electricity generated from non-carbon-emitting sources will need to replace fossil fuels for powering transportation, heating buildings, and operating industrial facilities. • Carbon can also be removed from the atmosphere, for instance by increasing forest cover and farming with methods that capture carbon in soil.
- 13. Climate change and cities • Climate change and cities are deeply connected. • Cities are one of the greatest contributors and likely best opportunities for addressing climate change. • Cities are also one of the most vulnerable parts of the human society to the effects of climate change, and likely one of the most important solutions for reducing the environmental impact of humans • More than half of the world's population is in cities, consuming a large portion of food and goods produced outside of cities. • The increase of urban population growth is one of the main factors in air-quality problems.
- 14. Jakarta was listed as the most vulnerable city to climate change in a 2021 Verisk Maplecroft study
- 15. Hamburg, Germany is a large city that has experienced multiple droughts throughout the years, which has led to decreased economic productivity
- 16. Climate change and cities • The UN projects that 68% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2050. • Hence, cities have a significant influence on construction and transportation— two of the key contributors to global warming emissions. • Moreover, because of processes that create climate conflict and climate refugees, city areas are expected to grow during the next several decades, stressing infrastructure and concentrating more impoverished peoples in cities.
- 17. Climate change and cities • Because of the high density and effects like the urban heat island affect, weather changes due to climate change are likely to greatly effect cities,exacerbating existing problems, such as air pollution, water scarcity, and heat illness in the metropolitan areas. • Studies have shown that if body temperature exceeds 39°C for a period of time, serious heat stroke may occur.
- 18. Climate change and cities • Some of the other extreme weather conditions caused by climate change include extreme floods, deathly snowstorms, ice storms, heat waves, droughts, and hurricanes, which are often deathly and harmful. • Studies have shown that heat waves are three times more likely to occur and have become more intense since the 1960s. • According to World Health Organization, from 1998-2017, heatwaves cost the lives of over 166,000 people • Moreover, because most cities have been built on rivers or coastal areas, cities are frequently vulnerable to the subsequent effects of sea level rise, which cause flooding and erosion, and those effects are deeply connected with other urban environmental problems, like subsidence and aquifer depletion.
- 19. Climate change and cities • Climate change adaptation and mitigation investments in cities will be important in reducing the impacts of some of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions: for example, increased density allows for redistribution of land use for agriculture and reforestation, improving transportation efficiencies, and greening construction. • In the most recent past, increasing urbanization has also been proposed as a phenomenon that has a reducing effect on the global rate of carbon emission primarily because with urbanization comes technical prowess which can help drive sustainability.
- 20. Climate change and cities • Lists of high impact climate change solutions tend to include city-focused solutions; for example, Project Drawdown recommends several major urban investments, including improved bicycle infrastructure, building retrofitting,district heating,public transit, and walkable cities as important solutions.
- 21. Climate change and cities • Because of this, the international community has formed coalitions of cities (such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ICLEI) and policy goals, such as Sustainable Development Goal 11 ("sustainable cities and communities"), to activate and focus attention on these solutions. • In 2022, there is a deterioration in the progress of the goal. • There is limited progress on making cities and human settlements more appropriate to live in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pacific island countries. • There is fair progress in Central and Southern Asia and Eastern and South-Eastern Asian. However, it has been achieved in Developed countries.
- 22. New Urban Agenda (NUA) • By 2030, 6 out of 10 people in the world are expected to live in urban areas • Cities take up 2% of the land yet consume 60% of energy • They release 70%V of greenhouse gas emissions and produce 70% of global waste • Cities face many challenges from extreme poverty and unemployment to climate change
- 23. New Urban Agenda (NUA) • If cities are unplanned and poorly managed the problems only multiply (eg. Homelessness, slum, growing inequalities, climate crisis etc) • The COVID-19 pandemic has created more vulnerabilities and deepened inequalities • Conflicts and natural disasters displace people and destroy our cities & town • The NUA is a toolkit that helps governments, cities & communities to meet urban challenges
- 24. New Urban Agenda (NUA) • New Urban Agenda – a new framework that lays out how cities should be planned and managed to best promote sustainable urbanization. • NUA- universally applicable • The New Urban Agenda came into existence in 2016 in response to rapid urbanization. • Today it serves as a roadmap that can help manage urban challenges and needs. • It offers the ‘How’ of sustainable urbanization through data analytics, policy advice & practical examples
- 25. New Urban Agenda (NUA) • The New Urban Agenda is an action-oriented document that mobilizes Member States and other key stakeholders to drive sustainable urban development at the local level. • The implementation of the New Urban Agenda contributes to the localization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in an integrated manner, and to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and targets, including Goal 11 of making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
- 26. New Urban Agenda (NUA) Focus on five main areas 1. National Urban Policy ⮚Government-level commitment, division of roles and responsibilities to take action 2. Urban legislation, rules and regulations 3. Urban planning and design 4. Urban economy and municipal finance ⮚Collecting revenue ⮚Finance local infrastructure, basic services, create economic opportunities 5. Local physical implementation
- 27. New Urban Agenda (NUA)
- 48. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 interconnected global goals established by the United Nations in 2015. • These goals are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. • The SDGs are designed to address the world's most pressing challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. • The SDGs are universal, meaning they apply to all countries and all people, and they are interdependent, meaning progress in one goal often facilitates progress in others. • The aim is to create a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous world for everyone by 2030.
- 49. Challenges to meet SDGs • Financial Constraints • Political and Institutional Barriers • Social and Cultural Challenges • Technological and Innovation Gaps • Environmental and Climate Challenges • Economic Challenges • Health Crises • Education and Skill Development • Conflict and Security • Global Coordination and Cooperation
- 50. Strategies to Overcome Challenges • Increased Funding: Mobilizing additional resources through public-private partnerships, innovative financing mechanisms, and international aid. • Strengthening Institutions: Enhancing governance, transparency, and accountability to ensure effective implementation of policies. • Promoting Inclusivity: Focusing on reducing inequalities and ensuring that no one is left behind in the development process. • Investing in Innovation: Promoting research, development, and the adoption of new technologies to drive progress. • Enhancing Global Cooperation: Strengthening international partnerships and collaboration to tackle global challenges collectively. • Building Resilience: Developing strategies to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change and other environmental threats.
- 51. Goal 1: No Poverty Key Targets: 1.Eradicate Extreme Poverty: Eliminate extreme poverty for all people, defined as living on less than $1.25 a day, by 2030. 2.Reduce Poverty by National Standards: Halve the number of people living in poverty according to each country's standards. 3.Social Protection: Implement social protection systems and measures for all, with a focus on the poor and vulnerable. 4.Equal Rights to Economic Resources: Ensure all people, especially the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property. 5.Resilience Building: Build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, reducing their exposure to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters. Mission Statement: “End poverty in all its forms everywhere."
- 52. Key Targets: 1.End Hunger: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food for all people, particularly the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants. 2.End All Forms of Malnutrition: By 2025, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age. 3.Increase Agricultural Productivity 4.Sustainable Food Production Systems 5.Maintain Genetic Diversity 6.Investment in Rural Infrastructure Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger Mission Statement: “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture."
- 53. Key targets: 1.Reducing maternal mortality 2.Ending all preventable deaths under five years of age 3.Fighting communicable diseases 4.Reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases and promoting mental health 5.Preventing and treating substance abuse 6.Reducing road injuries and deaths 7.Granting universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education 8.Achieving universal health coverage 9.Reducing illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being Mission Statement: “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages"
- 54. Key Targets: 1.Free primary and secondary education 2.Early childhood development and universal pre-primary education 3. Equal success to technical/ vocational and higher education 4. Relevant skills for decent work 5.Gender equality and inclusion 6.Universal Youth Literacy 7.Education for sustainable development and global citizenship SDG 4: Quality Education Mission Statement: “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all"
- 55. Key Targets: • Ending all forms of discrimination and violence against women and girls. • Eliminating harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation. • Ensuring full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life. • Ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights. • Undertaking reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, including land and property ownership. • Enhancing the use of enabling technology, particularly information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women. SDG 5: Goal 5: Gender Equality Mission Statement: “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls"
- 56. Key Targets: • Safe and affordable drinking water • End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene • Improve water quality, wastewater treatment, and safe reuse • Increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies • Implement IWRM (Integrated water resource management) • Protect and restore water-related ecosystems • Expand water and sanitation support to developing countries • Support local engagement in water and sanitation management SDG 6: Clean Water & Sanitation Mission Statement: “Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"
- 57. Key Targets: • Universal Access to Modern Energy • Increase Share of Renewable Energy • Double the Global Rate of Improvement in Energy Efficiency • Enhance International Cooperation • Expand Infrastructure and Upgrade Technology SDG 7: Affordable & Clean Energy Mission Statement: “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all"
- 58. Key Targets: • Sustainable Economic Growth • Diversify, Innovate, and Upgrade for Economic Productivity • Promote Policies for Development-Oriented Growth • Improve Resource Efficiency in Consumption and Production • Full Employment and Decent Work with Equal Pay • Promote Youth Employment, Education, and Training • End Modern Slavery, Trafficking, and Child Labor • Protect Labor Rights and Promote Safe Working Environments • Promote Beneficial and Sustainable Tourism • Universal Access to Banking, Insurance, and Financial Services SDG 8: Decent work & economic growth Mission Statement: “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all"
- 59. Key Targets: • Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures • Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization • Increase access to financial services and markets • Upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability • Enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies SDG 9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure Mission Statement: “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation"
- 60. Key Targets: • Reduce income inequalities • Promote universal social, economic and political inclusion • Ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination • Adopt fiscal and social policies that promote equality • Improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions • Enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions • Responsible and well-managed migration policies SDG 10: Reduced inequalities Mission Statement: "Reduce inequality within and among countries"
- 61. Key Targets: • Safe and affordable housing • Affordable and sustainable transport systems • Inclusive and sustainable urbanization • Protect the world's cultural and natural heritage • Reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters • Reduce the environmental impacts of cities • Provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities Mission Statement: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable"
- 62. Key Targets: • Implement the 10-year sustainable consumption and production framework • Sustainable management and use of natural resources • Halve global per capita food waste • Responsible management of chemicals and waste • Substantially reduce waste generation • Encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices and sustainability reporting • Promote sustainable public procurement practices • Promote universal understanding of sustainable lifestyles SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Mission Statement: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns"
- 63. Key Targets: • Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters • Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning • Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change o Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change o Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management SDG 13: Climate Action Mission Statement: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy"
- 64. Key Targets: • Reduce marine pollution • Protect and restore ecosystems • Reduce ocean acidification • Sustainable fishing • Conserve coastal and marine areas • End subsidies contributing to overfishing • Increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources SDG 13: Life Below Water Mission Statement: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development"
- 65. Key Targets: • Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems • End deforestation and restore degraded forests • End desertification and restore degraded land • Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems • Protect biodiversity and natural habitats • Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits • Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species • Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems • Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning SDG 15: Life on Land Mission Statement: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss"
- 66. Key Targets: • Reduce violence everywhere • Protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence • Equal access to justice • Combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows • Substantially reduce corruption and bribery • Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions • Ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making • Strengthen the participation in global governance • Provide universal legal identity • Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms SDG 16: Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions Mission Statement: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels"
- 67. Key Targets: • Mobilize resources to improve domestic revenue collection • Implement all development assistance commitments • Mobilize financial resources for developing countries • Assist developing countries in attaining debt sustainability • Invest in least-developed countries • Knowledge sharing and cooperation for access to science, technology and innovation • Promote sustainable technologies to developing countries • Strengthen the science, technology and innovation capacity for least-developed countries • Enhanced SDG capacity in developing countries • Promote a universal trading system under the WTO SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals Mission Statement: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development" • Increase the exports of developing countries • Remove trade barriers for least-developed countries • Enhance global macroeconomic stability • Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development • Respect national leadership to implement policies for the sustainable development goals • Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development • Encourage effective partnerships • Enhance availability of reliable data • Further develop measurements of progress