Ch6.4 - Building Blocks of Life
Download as PPT, PDF8 likes4,431 views
The document discusses the building blocks of life, focusing on macromolecules, which include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, all essential for cellular structure and function. It explains the roles of these macromolecules, their monomers and polymers, and the significance of carbon in organic chemistry. Additionally, it highlights the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids in storing and transmitting genetic information.
Ch6.4 - Building Blocks of Life
- 1. The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 Lesson 4 p.166-171
- 2. Vocabulary • Macromolecule • Polymer • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Protein • Amino acid • Nucleic Acid • Nucleotide
- 3. Important Greek terms to make life easier • Poly- = many • Mono- = one • Di- = two • Meros- = part
- 4. Why study Carbon? • All of life is built on carbon • Life on Earth is “carbon-based” • Cells – ~72% H2O – ~25% carbon compounds • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids – ~3% salts • Na, Cl, K…
- 5. Each carbon atom can make fourEach carbon atom can make four covalent bonds with other types ofcovalent bonds with other types of atoms or additional carbons.atoms or additional carbons. Question: How manyQuestion: How many electrons does carbon needelectrons does carbon need to fill its outer energy level?to fill its outer energy level? Answer: FourAnswer: Four
- 7. Chemistry of Life • Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, or carbon compounds
- 9. • Carbon occurs so often in organic chemistry we don’t even need to put the atomic symbol.
- 10. MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE • Found in all living things • Building blocks of all cells • There are 4 1. Carbohydrates C, H, & O 2. Lipids C, H, & O 3. Proteins C, H, O, N, & S 4. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, & P
- 11. Macromolecules • Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
- 12. Macromolecules
- 13. Monomers & Polymers • Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer. • The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits. Monomer: one basic unit or subunit Polymer: a chain of many basic units
- 15. Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
- 16. Carbohydrates • (CH2O)n or C1:H2:O1 ratio • n = number of CH2O units in a chain Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
- 17. Monosaccharide • (CH2O)3-7 • Simple sugars • Function: Energy source for organisms – Example: glucose (C6H12O6)
- 18. Disaccharides • 2 monosaccharide units linked together
- 19. Polysaccharides • Long chains of monosaccharides
- 20. Lipids • Mostly made up of carbon and hydrogen • Primary Function: energy storage • Include oils, fats, waxes, and steroids
- 21. Triglycerides • Oils = if liquid at room temperature • Fats = if solid at room temperature
- 22. Triglycerides • Structure: – 3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol
- 23. • If the fatty acid tail only has single bonds between the carbon atoms, it is a saturated fat. – “Saturated” mean filled to maximum capacity.
- 24. • If the fatty acid tail has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms, it is an unsaturated fat. – Because the tail could make room, accommodate, at least one more hydrogen.
- 25. • If the fatty acid tail has more than one double bond, you can call it a polyunsaturated fat.
- 27. Draw
- 28. Phospholipids
- 29. Phospholipids • Special lipids that make up cell membranes. • Like most lipids they are hydrophobic – Repels water – This makes for great barriers in the watery environment of our cells
- 30. Other Lipids • Waxes • Steroids – Cholesterol – not all bad – Hormones – estrogen and testosterone
- 32. PROTEINS • Monomer: amino acids • Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. • Function: enzymes, transport, and cell structure
- 34. Amino Acids • Differ by R- unit or variable group • There are 20 different variable groups • So, there are 20 different amino acids
- 35. • Bonded by peptide bonds. • These form between one amino group and one carboxyl group
- 36. Protein structure • Proteins, amino acid chains, can be any length and any combination. • They have four levels of structure.
- 37. Primary (1°) • Number and order of amino acids in a chain
- 38. Secondary (2°) • Hydrogen bonds between different amino acids cause the chain to fold • They can form shapes like a helix, pleated sheet, or fold
- 39. Tertiary Structure (3°) • The full structure of the protein with can include many 2° structures. • And they look really cool!
- 40. Quaternary Structure (4°) • Not all proteins have a 4° structure. • The combination of proteins that work together as one.
- 44. Protein Function • Proteins are ~15% of your total body mass • Involved in almost every function: – Muscles, skin, hair – Cellular communication – Enzymes – Control cell growth – Protection (immunity) – Storage • Our cells contain over 10,000 different proteins
- 45. Nucleic Acids • Function: store and transmit genetic information • Monomer: nucleotides – Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P, H • There are 5 major nucleotides – The book says 6, because it includes ATP (wrong)
- 47. • The sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phosphate of another nucleotide • The nitrogenous base sticks out to form hydrogen bonds that hold the double helix together.
- 48. Types of nucleic acids
- 49. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) • A modified nucleotide • 3 phosphate groups