Chap 16- Inheritance for High School Class
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This document discusses key concepts in genetics, including chromosome structure, types of cells (haploid vs diploid), and cell division processes (mitosis and meiosis). It explains inheritance patterns like alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and co-dominance, along with examples like blood types and test crosses. Additionally, it covers DNA structure, protein synthesis, and gene linkage related to traits.
Chap 16- Inheritance for High School Class
- 2. Chromosome Chromatin Haploid Diploid Gene Allele Mitosis Meiosis Stem Cell HW: Define in English and your Native Language
- 3. Chromosomes – contains long molecule of DNA Carry Genetic information 46 chromosomes in human Paired Genes Code for 1 protein Determine your traits Over 30, 000 in human body Chromosomes
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- 6. Homologous chromosome ‘Homologous’ Similar in structure and size We have 22 pairs of Homologous chromosomes Cell division
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- 8. Haploid cell vs Diploid cell Mitosis Diploid Diploid Genetically identical Repair or produce new cells Meiosis Diploid Haploid For sex cells Produces genetic variation Stem cells Not yet differentiated Cell Division
- 9. Alleles – alternative forms of a gene Represented by 2 letters Homozygous – same alleles (TT, tt) for a gene Heterozygous – different alleles (Tt) Inheritance
- 10. Genotype – genes (letters) Phenotype – features/ traits (colors, height) Depend on its genotype Dominant allele – expressed when present Recessive allele – expressed only when Dominant is absent Co-dominance – Both will have an effect on the phenotype Ex: Pink flower or mixed Inheritance
- 11. Dominant Allele is always written as ‘CAPITAL’ Recessive Allele is always written as ‘lower case’ Co-dominant alleles are both expressed Inheritance Genotype Phenotype GG Black Hair Gg Black Hair gg Green Hair Genotype Phenotype CW CW White Flower CW CR Pink Flower CR CR Red Flower
- 12. Alleles in gametes Each gamete only 1 kind of chromosome Alleles represented by letters (G, g) Genetic diagrams – Punnett Square Inheritance
- 13. 2 Heterozygous 1 rHomo, 1 hetero
- 14. Blood group A and B are co-dominant A + A A blood type B + B B blood type A + B AB blood type Both A and B are dominant to O A + O A blood type B + O B blood type O + O O blood type ABO Blood Groups
- 15. Test cross To find out the genotype of an individual with dominant phenotype for a gene Pure breeding: breed homozygous Sex determination: XY, XX
- 16. Purpose: To find out the genotype of an individual with dominant phenotype for a gene For e.g. T = Black Hair t = Brown Hair TT (Homozygous Dominant) Black Hair Tt (Heterozygous) Black Hair tt (Homozygous recessive) Brown Hair Test Cross
- 17. How would we know the genotype of a person with Black Hair? Is your genotype TT or Tt? Test Cross : Breed it with individual who is known to be homozygous recessive of that particular gene. Test Cross
- 18. T T t Tt Black Tt Black t Tt Black Tt Black Test Cross T t t Tt Black tt Brown t Tt Black tt Brown Offspring Result from Homozygous Dominant Offspring Result from Heterozygous
- 19. Pure breeding: Breed homozygous dominant and recessive Offspring are called F1 Generation T T t Tt Black Tt Black t Tt Black Tt Black
- 20. Sex Linkage Genes found only on X or Y chromosome Ex. color-blindness (r & g) Inheritance
- 22. What is DNA? Made of 2 strands of Sugar and Phosphate 4 nitrogen bases: A=T , C=G Nucleotide: Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base DNA
- 23. Contains code for the sequence of amino acids Genetic code: In sets of 3= triplets For Ex: CCG =glycine DNA
- 24. Protein synthesis happen in ribosome mRNA Carries messages from DNA to ribosome Transcription – making mRNA Copies the base sequence from DNA mRNA moves out of nucleus Attaches to ribosome Translation Ribosome links amino acids to make protein Protein Synthesis
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Editor's Notes
- #21: Color blind – pink (for blue) and brown, purple and gray