Chap12 scr
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This document discusses cross referencing in LaTeX. It begins by explaining why cross referencing is useful and how LaTeX can automate the process. It describes labeling parts of the document, such as sections or list items, and then referencing those labels elsewhere using \ref or \pageref commands. The document covers referencing sections, floats like tables and figures, equations, and list items. It also introduces the varioref package, which inserts "on the preceding/following page" text for references not on the same page as the target.
![In the classical syllogism
(1) All men are mortal.
(2) Socrates is a man.
(3) So Socrates is a mortal.
Statements (1) and (2) are the premises and statement (3) is the conclusion
Why cross refer . . .
A
Let LTEX do it
You must be a bit careful about references to tables or figures (technically, “floats”). For them,
the label command should be given after the caption command or in its argument, as in the
example below
begin{table}[h]
begin{center}
setlength{extrarowheight}{5pt}
begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
hline
Value of $x$ & 1 & 2 & 3
hline
Value of $y$ & 1 & 8 & 27
hline
end{tabular}
caption{Observed values of $x$ and $y$}label{tabxy}
end{center}
end{table}
Two possible relations betweeen $x$ and $y$ satisfying
the data in Tableref{tabxy} are $y=xˆ3$ and
$y=6xˆ2-11x+6$
Pointing to a . . .
Pointing outside . . .
Lost the keys? . . .
Title Page
Page 5 of 16
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produces the following output
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![Value of x
1
2
3
Value of y
1
8
27
Table 12.6 Observed values of x and y
Two possible relations between x and y satisfying the data in Table 12.6 are
y = x3 and y = 6x2 − 11x + 6
You can think of a caption command within a figure or table environment as a sort of
sectioning command within the environment. Thus you can have several caption and label
pairs within a single figure or table environment.
You can also make forward references in exactly the same way by refing to the key of some
succeeding label such as “see Subsection 12.2.1 for a discussion of cross references in Mathematics.”
12.2.1.
Why cross refer . . .
A
Let LTEX do it
Pointing to a . . .
Pointing outside . . .
Lost the keys? . . .
Title Page
Cross references in Math
Mathematical documents abounds in cross references. There are references to theorems and
equations and figures and whatnot. The method of reference is exactly as before. Thus if
you’ve defined newtheorem{thm}[subsection], then after typing
Page 6 of 16
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begin{thm}label{diffcon}
Every differentiable function is continuous
end{thm}
to get
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Theorem 12.2.1.1 Every differentiable function is continuous
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![in this document produces
see Table 12.6 in page 6
To avoid the tedium of typing
Why cross refer . . .
ref{key} on page˜pageref{key}
A
Let LTEX do it
Pointing to a . . .
Pointing outside . . .
every time, you can define the macro
newcommand{fullref}[1]{ref{#1} on page˜pageref{#1}}
and use fullref for such references. But the trouble is that at times the referred abject and
the reference to it fall on the same page (with TEX you never know this till the end) so that
you get a reference to the page number of the very page you are reading, which looks funny.
This can be avoided by using the package varioref. If you load this package by including
usepackage{varioref} in your preamble, then you can use the command
Lost the keys? . . .
Title Page
Page 9 of 16
vref{key}
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to refer to an object you’ve marked with label{key} elsewhere in the document. The action
of vref varies according to the page(s) where the referred object and the reference are typeset
by TEX in the final output
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(1) If the object and the reference are on the same page, vref produces only a ref suppressing pageref so that only the number pointing to the object is typeset, without any
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![newcommand{reftextbefore}
{on the reftextvario{preceding page}{page before}}
newcommand{reftextafter}
{on the reftextvario{following}{next} page}
newcommand{reftextfacebefore}
{on the reftextvario{facing}{preceding} page}
newcommand{reftextfaceafter}
{on the reftextvario{facing}{next}{page}}
Why cross refer . . .
A
Let LTEX do it
Pointing to a . . .
You can customize the phrases generated in various situations by redefining these with phrases
of your choice in the arguments of reftextvario.
If you want to refer only to a page number using varioref, you can use the command
Pointing outside . . .
Lost the keys? . . .
Title Page
vpageref{key}
to produce the page number of the object marked with label{key}. The phrases used in the
various special cases are the same as described above, except that when the referred object and
the reference fall on the same page, either the phrase “on this page” or “on the current page” is
produced. The command used to generate these is reftextcurrenr whose default definition is
newcommand{reftextcurrent}
{on reftextvario{this}{the current} page}
You can change the phrases “this” and “the current” globally by redefining this command. You
can also make some local changes by using the two optional arguments that vpageref allows.
Thus you can use the command
vpageref[same page phrase][other page phrase]{key}
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![to refer to the page number of the object marked with label{key}. The same page phrase will
be used if the object and the reference fall on the same page and the phrase other page phrase
will be used, if they fall on different pages. Thus for example, the command
see the vpageref[above table][table]{tabxy}
Why cross refer . . .
A
Let LTEX do it
Pointing to a . . .
given in this document will produce
Pointing outside . . .
see the above table
if the reference occurs on the same page as Table 12.6 and
Lost the keys? . . .
Title Page
see the tableon page 6
if they fall on different pages.
12.4.
Pointing outside – the package xr
Page 12 of 16
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Sometimes you may want to refer to something in a document other than the one you are
working on. (This happens, for instance if you keep an article as separate files.) The package xr
allows such external references.
Full Screen
If you want to refer to objects in a file named other.tex in your current document, load the
package xr and set the external document as other.tex using the commands
Close
usepakage{xr}
externaldocument{other}
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![in the preamble of the current document. Then you can use the ref and pageref to refer
to anything that has been marked with the label command in either the current document or
other.tex. Any number of such external documents can be specified.
If same key is used to mark different objects in two such documents, there’ll be a conflict. To
get over this, you can use the optional argument available in externaldocument command. If
you say
Why cross refer . . .
A
Let LTEX do it
externaldocument[a-]{other}
Pointing to a . . .
Pointing outside . . .
Lost the keys? . . .
then a reference to label{key} in other.tex could be made by ref{a-key}. The prefix need
not be a-; it can be any convenient string.
12.5.
Title Page
Lost the keys? Use lablst.tex
One of the conveniences of using keys for cross references is that you need not keep track of
the actual numbers, but then you’ll have to remember the keys. You can produce the list of keys
A
used in a document by running LTEX on the file lablst.tex. In my system, I do this by first
typing
Page 13 of 16
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latex lablst
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Chap12 scr
- 1. Indian TEX Users Group : http://www.river-valley.com/tug Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it 12 Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page A On-line Tutorial on LTEX The Tutorial Team Indian TEX Users Group, Buildings, Cotton Hills Trivandrum 695014, 2000 Prof. (Dr.) K. S. S. Nambooripad, Director, Center for Mathematical Sciences, Trivandrum, (Editor); Dr. E. Krishnan, Reader in Mathematics, University College, Trivandrum; Mohit Agarwal, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; T. Rishi, Focal Image (India) Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; L. A. Ajith, Focal Image (India) Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; A. M. Shan, Focal Image (India) Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; C. V. Radhakrishnan, River Valley Technologies, Software Technology Park, Trivandrum constitute the Tutorial team A A This document is generated from LTEX sources compiled with pdfLTEX v. 14e in an INTEL Pentium III 700 MHz system running Linux kernel version 2.2.14-12. The packages used are hyperref.sty and pdfscreen.sty A c 2000, Indian TEX Users Group. This document may be distributed under the terms of the LTEX A Project Public License, as described in lppl.txt in the base LTEX distribution, either version 1.0 or, at your option, any later version Page 1 of 16 Go Back Full Screen Close Quit
- 2. A 12 Cross References in LTEX Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . 12.1. Why cross references? Cross reference is the technical term for quoting yourself. This is what you do when you say something like, “As I said earlier, . . . ”. More seriously, in a written article, you may often have occasion to refer the reader to something mentioned earlier (or sometimes to something yet to be said) in the same document. Thus you may have explained a new term in the second section of your article and when you use this term again in the fourth section, it is a matter of courtesy to the reader to point to the explanation. Again, in a Mathematics article, you may have to cite an earlier result in the proof of the current result. Such references can be done by hand, but if you revise your document and insert some new sections (or theorems) then changing all cross references manually is no easy task. It is always better to automate such tedious tasks.(After all what’s a computer for, if not to do such mundane jobs?) Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Page 2 of 16 Go Back 12.2. A Let LTEX do it The basic method of using cross references (see Section 12.1 for what we mean by cross referee) A in LTEX is quite simple. Suppose that somewhere in the in the second section of you article, you want to refer to the first section. You assign a key to the first section using the command Full Screen Close Quit
- 3. section{ section name }label{ key } and at the point in the second section where the reference is to be made, you type the command Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it ref{ key } Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Thus the reference “see Section 12.1 . . . ” in the first sentence of this section was produced by including the command label{intro} in the command for the first section as Lost the keys? . . . Title Page section{Why cross references}label{intro} and the command ref{intro} at the place of reference in the second section as . . . (see Sectionref{intro} for . . . Page 3 of 16 Okay, the example is a bit silly, since the actual reference here is not really necessary, but you get the general idea, don’t you? Incidentally, the label{key} for a section need not be given immediately after the section{section name}. It can be given anywhere within the section. A The first time you run LTEX on a file named, say, myfile.tex containing cross references, the A reference information in an auxiliary file named myfile.aux and at the end of the run LTEX prints a warning Go Back Full Screen Close LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. Quit
- 4. LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right. A second run gets the references right. The same thing happens when you’ve changed the reference information in any way, say, by adding a new section. Though the key in label{key} can be any sequence letters, digits or punctuation characters, it is convenient to use some mnemonic (such as label{limcon} for a section entitled “Limits and Continuity” rather than label{sec@#*?!}. Also, when you make a reference, it’s better to type ˜ref{limcon} (notice the tie?) than ref{limcon} to prevent the possibility of the reference number falling off the edge as in “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see Section 12.1 for further details. . . . ” In addition to sectioning commands such as chapter or section, reference can also be made to an item entry in an enumerate environment, by attaching a label. For example the input In the classical emph{syllogism} begin{enumerate} item All men are mortal.label{pre1} item Socrates is a man.label{pre2} item So Socrates is a mortal.label{con} end{enumerate} Statements (ref{pre1}) and (ref{pre2}) are the emph{premises} and statement (ref{con}) is the conclusion. Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Page 4 of 16 Go Back Full Screen gives the following output Close Quit
- 5. In the classical syllogism (1) All men are mortal. (2) Socrates is a man. (3) So Socrates is a mortal. Statements (1) and (2) are the premises and statement (3) is the conclusion Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it You must be a bit careful about references to tables or figures (technically, “floats”). For them, the label command should be given after the caption command or in its argument, as in the example below begin{table}[h] begin{center} setlength{extrarowheight}{5pt} begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|} hline Value of $x$ & 1 & 2 & 3 hline Value of $y$ & 1 & 8 & 27 hline end{tabular} caption{Observed values of $x$ and $y$}label{tabxy} end{center} end{table} Two possible relations betweeen $x$ and $y$ satisfying the data in Tableref{tabxy} are $y=xˆ3$ and $y=6xˆ2-11x+6$ Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Page 5 of 16 Go Back Full Screen Close produces the following output Quit
- 6. Value of x 1 2 3 Value of y 1 8 27 Table 12.6 Observed values of x and y Two possible relations between x and y satisfying the data in Table 12.6 are y = x3 and y = 6x2 − 11x + 6 You can think of a caption command within a figure or table environment as a sort of sectioning command within the environment. Thus you can have several caption and label pairs within a single figure or table environment. You can also make forward references in exactly the same way by refing to the key of some succeeding label such as “see Subsection 12.2.1 for a discussion of cross references in Mathematics.” 12.2.1. Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Cross references in Math Mathematical documents abounds in cross references. There are references to theorems and equations and figures and whatnot. The method of reference is exactly as before. Thus if you’ve defined newtheorem{thm}[subsection], then after typing Page 6 of 16 Go Back begin{thm}label{diffcon} Every differentiable function is continuous end{thm} to get Full Screen Close Theorem 12.2.1.1 Every differentiable function is continuous Quit
- 7. and you can type elsewhere in the document The converse of Theorem˜ref{diffcon} is false. Why cross refer . . . to get A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . The converse of Theorem 12.2.1.1 is false. Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . References can be made to equations as in the following examples. Title Page Input begin{equation}label{sumsq} (x+y)ˆ2=xˆ2+2xy+yˆ2 end{equation} Changing $y$ to $-y$ in Equation˜(ref{sumsq}) gives the following Output (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (12.1) Changing y to −y in Equation (12.1) gives the following Page 7 of 16 If you load the package amsmath, you can use the command eqref instead of ref to make a reference to an equation. This automatically supplies the parantheses around the equation number and provides an italic correction before the closing parenthesis, if necessary. For example, Go Back Full Screen Equation˜eqref{sumsq} gives the following Close produces Quit
- 8. Equation (12.1) gives the following References can be made to individual equations in multiline displays of equations produced by such environments as align or gather (defined in the amsmath package). The label command can be used within such a structure for subnumbering as in the example below Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Input begin{align} (x+y)ˆ2&=xˆ2+2xy+yˆ2 label{sum} (x-y)ˆ2&=xˆ2-2xy+yˆ2 tag{ref{sum}a} end{align} 12.3. Output (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y2 Pointing to a . . . (12.2) (12.2a) Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Pointing to a page – the package varioref In making a reference to a table or an equation, it is more to convenient (for the reader, that is) to give the page number of the reference also. The command Page 8 of 16 Go Back pageref{key} Full Screen typesets the number of the page where the command label{key} was given. Thus for example Close see Table˜ref{tabxy} in page˜pageref{tabxy} Quit
- 9. in this document produces see Table 12.6 in page 6 To avoid the tedium of typing Why cross refer . . . ref{key} on page˜pageref{key} A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . every time, you can define the macro newcommand{fullref}[1]{ref{#1} on page˜pageref{#1}} and use fullref for such references. But the trouble is that at times the referred abject and the reference to it fall on the same page (with TEX you never know this till the end) so that you get a reference to the page number of the very page you are reading, which looks funny. This can be avoided by using the package varioref. If you load this package by including usepackage{varioref} in your preamble, then you can use the command Lost the keys? . . . Title Page Page 9 of 16 vref{key} Go Back to refer to an object you’ve marked with label{key} elsewhere in the document. The action of vref varies according to the page(s) where the referred object and the reference are typeset by TEX in the final output Full Screen Close (1) If the object and the reference are on the same page, vref produces only a ref suppressing pageref so that only the number pointing to the object is typeset, without any Quit
- 10. reference to the page number. (2) If the object and the reference are on different pages whose numbers differ by more than 1, vref produces both ref and pageref. (3) If the object and the reference fall on pages whose numbers differ by one (that is, on successive pages), vref produces ref followed by the phrase “on the preceding page” or “on the following page” depending on whether the object or the reference occurs first. Moreover, in the next occurance of vref in a situation of the same type, the phrases are changed to “on the next page” and the “page before” respectively. Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . This is the default behavior of vref in the article documentclass. If the article class is used with the twoside option or if the documentclass book is used, then the behavior in Case (3)above is a bit different. Lost the keys? . . . Title Page (1) If the object and the reference fall on the two sides of the same leaf, the behavior of vref is as in 3 above. (2) If the object and the reference fall on pages forming a double spread (that is, a page of even number followed by the next page), then vref produces ref followed by the phrase “on the facing page”. Moreover, in the next occurence of vref in a situation of the same type, the phrases are changed to “on the preceding page” and “on the next page” respectively. Page 10 of 16 The phrases used in the various case considered above can be customized by redefining the commands generating them. For the article class without the twoside option, reference to the previous page use the command reftextbefore and reference to the next page uses reftextafter. In the case of the article class with the twoside option or the book class, the commands reftextfaceafter and reftextfacebefore are used in the case of reference to a page in a double spread. The default definitions of these commands are given below. In all these, the two arguments of the command reftextvario are the phrases alternatively used in the repeated use of the reference as mentioned above. Go Back Full Screen Close Quit
- 11. newcommand{reftextbefore} {on the reftextvario{preceding page}{page before}} newcommand{reftextafter} {on the reftextvario{following}{next} page} newcommand{reftextfacebefore} {on the reftextvario{facing}{preceding} page} newcommand{reftextfaceafter} {on the reftextvario{facing}{next}{page}} Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . You can customize the phrases generated in various situations by redefining these with phrases of your choice in the arguments of reftextvario. If you want to refer only to a page number using varioref, you can use the command Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Title Page vpageref{key} to produce the page number of the object marked with label{key}. The phrases used in the various special cases are the same as described above, except that when the referred object and the reference fall on the same page, either the phrase “on this page” or “on the current page” is produced. The command used to generate these is reftextcurrenr whose default definition is newcommand{reftextcurrent} {on reftextvario{this}{the current} page} You can change the phrases “this” and “the current” globally by redefining this command. You can also make some local changes by using the two optional arguments that vpageref allows. Thus you can use the command vpageref[same page phrase][other page phrase]{key} Page 11 of 16 Go Back Full Screen Close Quit
- 12. to refer to the page number of the object marked with label{key}. The same page phrase will be used if the object and the reference fall on the same page and the phrase other page phrase will be used, if they fall on different pages. Thus for example, the command see the vpageref[above table][table]{tabxy} Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . given in this document will produce Pointing outside . . . see the above table if the reference occurs on the same page as Table 12.6 and Lost the keys? . . . Title Page see the tableon page 6 if they fall on different pages. 12.4. Pointing outside – the package xr Page 12 of 16 Go Back Sometimes you may want to refer to something in a document other than the one you are working on. (This happens, for instance if you keep an article as separate files.) The package xr allows such external references. Full Screen If you want to refer to objects in a file named other.tex in your current document, load the package xr and set the external document as other.tex using the commands Close usepakage{xr} externaldocument{other} Quit
- 13. in the preamble of the current document. Then you can use the ref and pageref to refer to anything that has been marked with the label command in either the current document or other.tex. Any number of such external documents can be specified. If same key is used to mark different objects in two such documents, there’ll be a conflict. To get over this, you can use the optional argument available in externaldocument command. If you say Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it externaldocument[a-]{other} Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . then a reference to label{key} in other.tex could be made by ref{a-key}. The prefix need not be a-; it can be any convenient string. 12.5. Title Page Lost the keys? Use lablst.tex One of the conveniences of using keys for cross references is that you need not keep track of the actual numbers, but then you’ll have to remember the keys. You can produce the list of keys A used in a document by running LTEX on the file lablst.tex. In my system, I do this by first typing Page 13 of 16 Go Back latex lablst Full Screen Close Quit
- 14. A LTEXresponds as follows ********************************* * Enter input file name * without the .tex extension: ********************************* Why cross refer . . . A Let LTEX do it lablstfile= Pointing to a . . . Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . I type in the file name as cref which is the source of this document. I’m presented with another query. Title Page ********************************************** * Enter document class used in file cref.tex * with no options or extension: ********************************************** lablstclass= Page 14 of 16 So I type article. I am asked Go Back ******************************************** * Enter packages used in file cref.tex * with no options or extensions: ******************************************** Full Screen Close lablstpackages= Quit
- 15. Here I need give only those packages used in the article which define commands used in section titles etc. need be given. So I type amsmath,array,enumerate Why cross refer . . . This produces a file lablst.dvi which I can view to see a list of keys used in the document. A Let LTEX do it Pointing to a . . . Finally if your text editor is GNU Emacs, then you can use its RefTeX package to automate generation, insertion and location of keys at the editing stage. Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Click here to see lablst output Title Page Page 15 of 16 Go Back Full Screen Close Quit
- 16. Why cross refer . . . File tutor.tex — lablst output () A Let LT X do it E Using document class: ../tugindia Pointing to a . . . and packages: txfonts,varioref,pdfscreen,colortbl,xspace,woodfont,tutorial,longtable,hhline,ifthen,lay 1 Pointing outside . . . Lost the keys? . . . Logical labels within sections A Cross References in LTEX 2 12.1 Why cross references? 2 12.2 A Let LTEX do it 12 intro Page: 2 1 2 3 12.6 12.2.1 12.2.1.1 12.1 12.2 Page: Page: Page: Page: Page: Page: Page: Page: 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 3 Page: Page: Page: 10 12 12 2 pre1 pre2 con tabxy mathref diffcon sumsq sum 12.3 12.1 Title Page Pointing to a page – the package varioref Page 16 of 16 8 diff1 1@xvr 1@vr Go Back 12.4 Pointing outside – the package xr 12 12.5 Lost the keys? Use lablst.tex 13 Bibliography logical labels Full Screen Close Quit