Chapter 01 introduction
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This document provides an overview of engineering drawing standards and techniques. It discusses orthographic projection methods including multiview and axonometric drawings. Key topics covered include line types, lettering standards, scale conventions, and traditional drawing tools. Proper techniques for graphics language, word placement, letter spacing and stroke sequence are explained to ensure effective technical communication through engineering drawings.
Chapter 01 introduction
- 1. Chapter 1 Overview of an Engineering Drawing
- 2. TOPICS Drawing standards Projection methods Orthographic projection Graphics language Engineering drawing
- 3. TOPICS Traditional Drawing Tools Freehand Sketching Lettering
- 5. 1. Try to write a description of this object. 2. Test your written description by having someone attempt to make a sketch from your description. Effectiveness of Graphics Language The word languages are inadequate for describing the sizesize, shapeshape and featuresfeatures completely as well as concisely. You can easily understand that …
- 6. Graphic language in “engineering application” use llinesines to represent the surfacessurfaces, edgesedges and contourscontours of objects. A drawing can be done using freehandfreehand, instrumentsinstruments or computercomputer methods. Composition of Graphic Language The language is known as “drawingdrawing” or “draftingdrafting” .
- 7. Freehand drawingFreehand drawing The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and erasers. Example
- 8. Instrument drawingInstrument drawing Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale. Example
- 9. Computer drawingComputer drawing The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD, solid works etc. Example
- 11. Elements of Engineering Drawing Engineering drawing are made up of graphics languagegraphics language and word languageword language. Graphics language Describe a shape (mainly). Word language Describe size, location and specification of the object.
- 12. Basic Knowledge for Drafting Graphics language Word language Line types Geometric construction Lettering Projection method
- 14. PROJECTION METHOD Perspective Oblique Orthographic Axonometric Multiview Parallel
- 15. PROJECTION THEORY The projection theory is based on two variables: 1) Line of sight 2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane) The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
- 16. Line of sightLine of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an observer’s eye and an object. Line of sight Parallel projectionParallel projection Line of sight Perspective projectionPerspective projection There are 2 types of LOS : parallel convergeand
- 17. Plane of projectionPlane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the image is created. The image is produced by connecting the points where the LOS pierce the projection plane. Parallel projectionParallel projection Perspective projectionPerspective projection Plane of projection Plane of projection
- 18. Disadvantage of Perspective Projection Perspective projection is notnot used by engineer for manu- facturing of parts, because 1) It is difficult to create. 2) It does not reveal exact shape and size. Width is distorted
- 20. 5 Orthographic projectionOrthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane MEANING Object views from top Projection plane 1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4
- 21. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW Orthographic viewOrthographic view depends on relative position of the object to the line of sight. Two dimensions of an object is shown. Three dimensions of an object is shown. Rotate Tilt More than one view is needed to represent the object. Multiview drawingMultiview drawing Axonometric drawingAxonometric drawing
- 22. Orthographic projection technique can produce either 1.1. Multiview drawingMultiview drawing that each view show an object in two dimensions. 2.2. Axonometric drawingAxonometric drawing that show all three dimensions of an object in one view. Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for communication. NOTES ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
- 23. Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing Easy to understand Right angle becomes obtuse angle. Circular hole becomes ellipse. Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing AdvantageAdvantage DisadvantageDisadvantage Shape and angle distortion Example
- 24. Multiview Drawing It represents accurate shape and size.AdvantageAdvantage DisadvantageDisadvantage Require practice in writing and reading. Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)Example
- 25. Drawing Standard
- 26. Introduction StandardsStandards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented. Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
- 27. ISO International Standards Organization Standard Code ANSI American National Standard InstituteUSA JIS Japanese Industrial StandardJapan BS British StandardUK AS Australian StandardAustralia Deutsches Institut für NormungDINGermany Country Code Full name มอก.สำำนักงำนมำตรฐำนผลิตภัณฑ์อุตสำหThailand
- 28. Partial List of Drawing Standards 210 2520 วิธีเขียนแบบทั่วไป : ทำงเครื่องก 440 ล.1 2541 กำรเขียนแบบก่อสร้ำงเล่ม 1 ทั่ว 446 ล.4 2532 ข้อแนะนำำสำำหรับกำรเขียนแผน วงจรไฟฟ้ำ อก. 1473 2540 กำรเขียนแบบเทคนิค กำรติดตั้ง สัญลักษณ์สำำหรับระบบท่อของเหลว ระบบทำำควำมร้อน กำรระบำยอำกำศ และระบบท่ออำกำศ Code number Contents ที่มำ : http://library.tisi.go.th/data/lib_resources/pdf/catalog-online49/tis/02_ICS.pdf
- 29. Partial List of Drawing Standards JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of DrawingsSizes and Format of Drawings JIS Z 8312 Line ConventionsLine Conventions JIS Z 8313 LetteringLettering JIS Z 8314 ScalesScales JIS Z 8315 Projection methods JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning Code number Contents
- 30. Drawing Sheet Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4. Standard sheet size (JIS) A4 210 x 297 A3 297 x 420 A2 420 x 594 A1 594 x 841 A0 841 x 1189 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0(Dimensions in millimeters)
- 31. Drawing space Drawing space Title block d d c c c Border lines 1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only) Orientation of drawing sheet Title block Sheet size c (min) d (min) A4 10 25 A3 10 25 A2 10 25 A1 20 25 A0 20 25
- 32. Drawing Scales ScaleScale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object. Size in drawing Actual size Length, size :
- 33. Drawing Scales Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow SCALE 1:1 for full size SCALE X:1 for enlargementenlargement scales (X > 1) SCALE 1:X for reductionreduction scales (X > 1) Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true size” of the object and they are independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.
- 34. Basic Line Types Types of Lines Appearance Name according to application Continuous thick line Visible line Continuous thin line Dimension line Extension line Leader line Dash thick line Hidden line Chain thin line Center line NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.
- 35. Visible linesVisible lines represent features that can be seen in the current view Meaning of Lines Hidden linesHidden lines represent features that can not be seen in the current view Center lineCenter line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts Dimension and Extension linesDimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and location of features on a drawing
- 36. Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
- 38. DRAWING TOOLS
- 39. 1. T-Square 2. Triangles DRAWING TOOLS
- 40. 3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils 2H or HB for thick line 4H for thin line DRAWING TOOLS
- 41. 5. Sandpaper 6. Compass DRAWING TOOLS
- 42. 7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield DRAWING TOOLS
- 43. 9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper DRAWING TOOLS
- 44. 11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper DRAWING TOOLS
- 46. Text on Drawings Text on engineering drawing is used : To communicate nongraphic information. As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly. UniformityUniformity - size - line thickness LegibilityLegibility - shape - space between letters and words Thus, it must be written with
- 47. Example Placement of the text on drawing Dimension & Notes Notes Title Block
- 48. Lettering Standard ANSI Standard This course Use a Gothic text style, either inclined or vertical. Use all capital letters. Use 3 mm for most text height. Space between lines of text is at least 1/3 of text height. Use only a vertical Gothic text style. Use both capital and lower-case letters. Same. For letters in title block it is recommend to use 5~8 mm text height N/A. Follows ANSI rule.
- 49. Basic Strokes StraightStraight SlantedSlanted CurvedCurvedHorizontalHorizontal 1 1 2 3 Examples : Application of basic stroke “I” letter “A” letter 1 2 3 4 5 6 “B” letter
- 50. Suggested Strokes Sequence Straight line letters Curved line letters Curved line letters & Numerals Upper-case letters & Numerals
- 51. The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital letter. Suggested Strokes SequenceLower-case letters
- 52. Stroke Sequence I L T F E H
- 53. V X W Stroke Sequence
- 54. N M K Z Y A Stroke Sequence 4
- 55. O Q C G Stroke Sequence
- 56. D U P B R J Stroke Sequence 1 2
- 60. Stroke Sequence v w x k z
- 61. Stroke Sequence j y f r t
- 62. Stroke Sequence c o a b d p q e
- 63. Stroke Sequence g n m h u s
- 64. Word Composition Look at the same word having different spacing between letters. JIRAPONG JI GOR NPA Which one is easier to read ? A) Non-uniform spacing B) Uniform spacing
- 65. Word Composition JIRAPONG / | )( )| (| Space between the letters depends on the contour of the letters at an adjacent side. Spacing Contour |||| General conclusions are: Good spacing creates approximately equal background area between letters.
- 66. 1. Straight - Straight 2. Straight - Curve 3. Straight - Slant 4. Curve - Curve Space between Letters
- 67. 6. Slant - Slant5. Curve - Slant 7. The letter “L” and “T” ≡ slant slant ≡ slant straight Space between Letters
- 68. GOOD Not uniform in style. Not uniform in height. Not uniformly vertical or inclined. Not uniform in thickness of stroke. Area between letters not uniform. Area between words not uniform. Example : Good and Poor Lettering
- 69. Leave the space between words equal to the space requires for writing a letter “O”. Example Sentence Composition ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS O O O O UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.O
- 71. Straight Line 1. Hold the pencil naturally. 2. Spot the beginning and end points. 3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely touching the paper until the direction is clearly established. 4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm motion
- 72. Horizontal lineHorizontal line Vertical lineVertical line
- 73. Nearly verticalNearly vertical inclined lineinclined line Nearly horizontalNearly horizontal inclined lineinclined line
- 74. Small Circle Method 1 : Starting with a square 1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points. 2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius. 3. Draw the circle through the eight points. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
- 75. Method 2 : Starting with center line Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 1. Lightly draw a center line. 2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius. 3. Sketch the full circle. Small Circle
- 76. 1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from the center. 2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper. Large Circle
- 77. Arc Method 1 : Starting with a square Method 2 : Starting with a center line
- 78. Steps in Sketching 1. Block in main shape. 2. Locate the features. 3. Sketch arcs and circles. 4. Sketch lines.
- 79. Example