Chapter 1 & 2 Traffic and Highway Engineering

Fayaz Rashid 11/12/2019
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Subject:
Highway Planning and Design
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
&
Chapter 2
Transportation Systems and Organizations
Fayaz Rashid, MSc
Taxila Institute of Transportation Engineering (TITE)
Presentation Contents
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1. Importance of Transportation
2. Transportation History
3. Transportation Employment
4. Specialties within Transportation Infrastructure Engineering
5. Professional Challenges in Transportation Engineering
6. Transportation System
7. Developing a Transportation System
8. Modes of Transportation
9. Transportation Organizations
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Importance of Transportation
1.1
1.1 Importance of Transportation
4University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
• Transportation has played a significant role by facilitating (trade,
commerce, conquest, and social interaction) while consuming a
considerable time and resources.
• It is essential for nation’s development and growth in both public and
private sector.
• The speed, cost and capacity of transportation has a significant impact on
economic vitality or region or area.
• The countries who have advanced transportation system are the leaders
in industries and commerce. ( US, Canada, Asia and Europe)
• It enables us to use the natural resources the most as without this facility
a country is unable to maximize the comparative advantage it gets in the
form of natural or human resources.
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1.1.1 Transportation and Economic Growth
• In order to develop and grow, a society must have strong internal
transportation system which consist of good roads, railway system and
excellent linkages to the world by sea and air. (human interactions and
economic competitiveness)
• Good transportation permits the specialization of industry or commerce,
reduces costs for raw materials or manufactured goods, and increases
competition between regions, thus resulting in reduced prices and
greater choices for the consumer.
• Transportation also plays vital role in government services ( delivering
mail, defense and controlling its territories).
1.1.2 Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation
Positive Impact
• Provision of medical
services
• Less consumption of
time
• Social interaction among
people
• Employment
opportunities
Negative Impact
• Pollution
• Congestion
• Fuel consumption
• Risk of Causalities
• Consumption of
resources (land, material
and energy etc)
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1.1.2 Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation
Role of Transportation Engineer:
To balance societies needs for efficient transportation with costs involved.
In order to create cost effective system the environment should not be
compromised or destroyed.
How to carry out these task?
Transportation engineer must work and socialize closely with the public
and elected officials.
He needs to be aware of modern engineering practices to ensure that
highest qualities transportation systems are build consistent with available
funds and accepted social policy.
1.1.3 Transportation in the United States
Bureau of Transportation Statistics of the U.S. Department of Transportation
formulated extensive data and posted on their website.
• Approximately 18 percent of U.S. household expenditure is related to
transportation.
• Transportation accounts for about 28 percent of total energy consumption.
• Over 50 percent of all petroleum products consumed in the United States are for
transportation purposes.
• Over 80 percent of eligible drivers are licensed to operate a motor vehicle.
• Each person in the Unites States travels an average of 12,000 miles each year.
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• There are almost four million miles of paved roadway, of which 754,000
miles are used for intercity travel and 46,800 miles are interstate highways.
• There are approximately 140,300 miles of freight railroads, 5300 public use
airports and 359,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines.
The Bureau of Transportation Statistics has also provided direct evidence of the economic
importance of transportation services with the following key findings as quoted from its Web site:
• Transportation services contributed about $313 billion (or 5 percent) of the value generated by
the U.S. economy in 1992. This is roughly comparable to the value added by the wholesale/retail
trade industry or the health industry and more than individual shares of the agriculture, mining,
and computer industries.
• Trucking accounts for 65 percent of the total value added by transportation services.
• The biggest contributors are in‐house trucking, accounting for 38 percent, and for‐hire trucking,
accounting for 27 percent. The next largest contributors are air transportation and railroads,
accounting for 13 percent and 11 percent of the total value added of transportation services,
respectively.
• Transportation will continue to play a key role in the economy—even as it shifts from
manufacturing to a focus on services. The provision of services is the largest and fastest growing
sector in the U.S. economy.
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1.2 Illustration of Transportation History
Foot and
horseback
Automobile and
truck travel
Development of
roads and
highways
Building of
canals and
inlands
waterways
Construction of
railroad
Provision of
public
transportation
Development
of air
transportation
1.2.1 An Overview of U.S. Transportation History
During the twentieth century, the urban population continued to
increase such that at present over 75 percent of the U.S. population
lives in urban or suburban areas. Due to decline and increase in
population of US in sub urban and rural areas, changes like these
demanded the need for highway transportation.
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• In 18th century travelling was by horseback and animal drawn vehicles
on dirt roads. The expansion of US boundary towards West world,
roads were built. (Lancastar Turnpike, 1794)
• In 19th century the US boundary further expanded, population also
increased (3 million to 76 million).
Early Road Building
and Planning
• Construction of canal in 1820’s: Erie Canal
• in 1830’s railroad replaced this efficient mean of transportation.
• As railroads were less costly and more efficient, the era of canal
construction come to an end.
The Canal Boom
• In second half of 19th century railway lines were emerged.
• After WW II railroad transportation steadily decline and were replaced
by automobiles.
The Railroad Era
• City transportation began with horse drawn carriages on city
streets which replaced largely by the use of automobile on
Urban Highways.
Transportation in
Cities
• In 20th century US was revolutionized by the invention of
automobiles.
• American life has been changed by this invention: the
automobile changed the way of travelling within and
between cities.
The Automobile and
Interstate Highways
• The need of developing air transportation was realized right after
WWI and WW II. This new industry was started when the
government used to carry mail by air.
• Commercial airline passenger service began to grow in mid 1930’s.
• After WW II expansion of air transportation was increased and
replaced both ocean going steam ships and passenger railroads.
The Birth of
Aviation
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1.3 TRANSPORTATION EMPLOYMENT
Logistics and Supply
Chain Management
Vehicle Design and
Transportation Services
Transportation
Infrastructure Services
Specialties within
Transportation
Infrastructure
Engineering
1.3.1 Logistics and Supply-Chain Management
Logistics
Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the
efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related
information from origination to consumption as required by the customer.
Supply‐chain management
A process that coordinates the product, information, and cash flows to
maximize consumption satisfaction and minimize organization costs.
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1.3.2 Vehicle Design and Transportation Services
• Vehicle design and manufacture is a major industry and involves
the application of mechanical, electrical, and aerospace
engineering skills as well as those of technically trained
mechanics and workers in other trades.
• It also provide career opportunities to lawyers, economists, social
scientists, ecologists etc.
1.3.3 Transportation Infrastructure Services
• A transportation system requires many skills and provides a wide
variety of job opportunities, the primary opportunities for civil
engineers are in the area of transportation infrastructure.
• An engineer is responsible for planning, design, construction,
operation and management of transportation system.
• It is a very challenging task for transportation engineer. How?
• The challenge of the transportation engineering profession is to
assist society in selecting the appropriate transportation system
consistent with its economic development, resources, and goals,
and to construct and manage the system in a safe and efficient
manner.
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1.3.4 Specialties within Transportation Infrastructure Engineering
• Transportation engineers are typically employed by the agency
responsible for building and maintaining a transportation
system.
• federal, state, or local government, a railroad, or a transit authority.
• Emphasis have to be placed on the rehabilitation of the
highway system
• Each of the specialties within the transportation infrastructure
engineering field is described next.
Planning
•Data Analysis
•Forecasting
•Evaluation
Design
•Geometric
• Pavement
• Drainage
• Structural
Construction
•Surface Preparation
•Pavement
•Bridges
Operations and Management
•Traffic
•Maintenance
•Control
Experience
•Field
•Analysis
•Projects
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1. Transportation Planning
• Selection of projects for design and construction
• Defining the problem, gathering and analysing data, and
evaluating various alternative solutions
2. Transportation Infrastructure Design
• For highway design, the process involves the selection of
dimensions for all geometrical features, such as the
longitudinal proﬁle, vertical curves and elevations, the
highway cross section, pavement widths, shoulders, rights‐of‐
way, drainage ditches, and fencing
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3. Highway Construction
• Highway construction involves all aspects of the building
process beginning with clearing of the native soil, preparation
of the surface, placement of the pavement material, and
preparation of the final roadway for use by traffic.
4. Traffic Operations and Management
• Among the elements of concern are traffic accident analyses,
parking, and loading, design of terminal facilities, traffic signs,
markings, signals, speed regulation, and highway lighting.
• The traffic engineer works to improve traffic flow and safety,
using engineering methods and information technology to
make decisions that are supported by enforcement and
education.
• Traffic engineers work directly for municipalities, county
governments, and private consulting firms.
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5. Maintenance Operations and Management
• Maintenance includes pavement patching, repair, and other
actions necessary to ensure that the roadway pavement is at
a desired level of serviceability.
• Maintenance management involves record keeping and data
analysis regarding work activities, project needs, and
maintenance activities to assure that the work is carried out
in the most economical manner.
1.3.5 Professional Challenges in Transportation Engineering
The principal challenge will be to meet the expectation of the public that
transportation will be efﬁcient, effective, long lasting, and safe..
Transportation projects are unique and are “one‐of‐a‐kind” that require many
years to complete‐ for example, 50 years were devoted to the construction of
the Interstate Highway System. A typical highway project requires 5 to 20 years
from start to ﬁnish.
If transportation engineers are to meet the challenges of the twenty first
century, they will require technical knowledge and judgment as well as
emotional intelligence.
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Transportation Systems And
Organizations
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Transportation System
2.1
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2.1 Transportation Systems
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The transportation system purpose => move freight and passengers
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Developing a Transportation
System
2.2
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2.2 Developing a Transportation System
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A transportation plan for the United States was proposed by Secretary of the
Treasury Gallatin in 1808, but this and similar attempts have had little impact
on the overall structure of the U.S. transportation system.
The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), created in 1887 to regulate the
railroads was given additional powers in 1940 to regulate water, highway and
rail modes, to promoting safe, economic and efficient service.
More recently, regulatory reform has been introduced and transportation
carriers are developing new and innovative ways of providing services.
The ICC was abolished in 1996
2.2.1 Comparative Advantages of Transportation Modes
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Each of the modes provides unique advantages for transporting the nation’s
freight and passengers.
A business trip across the country may involve travel by taxi, airplane or rail,
and auto
Each mode has inherent advantages of cost, travel time, convenience, and
flexibility that make it “right for the job” under a certain set of circumstances.
Transportation of freight often requires trucks for pick up and delivery and
railroads or motor carriers for long‐distance hauling.
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When distances are great and time is at a premium, air transportation will be
selected
If cost is important and time is not at a premium or if an auto is not available,
then intercity bus or rail may be used.
The automobile is a reliable, comfortable, flexible, and ubiquitous form of
personal transportation for many people.
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Selecting a mode to haul freight follows a similar approach.
Trucks have the advantages of flexibility and the ability to provide door‐to‐door
service
Waterways can ship heavy commodities at low cost, but only at slow speeds
and between points on a river or canal.
Railroads can haul a wide variety of commodities between any two points, but
usually require truck transportation to deliver the goods to a freight terminal or
to their final destination.
They can carry a variety of parcel sizes and usually can pick up and deliver to
meet the customer’s schedule.
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Example 2.1
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An individual is planning to take a trip between the downtown area of two
cities, A and B, which are 400 miles apart.
There are three options available:
Travel by air. This trip will involve driving to the airport near city A, parking,
waiting at the terminal, flying to airport B, walking to a taxi stand, and taking
a taxi to the final destination.
Travel by auto. This trip will involve driving 400 miles through several
congested areas, parking in the downtown area, and walking to the final
destination.
Travel by rail. This trip will involve taking a cab to the railroad station in city
A, a direct rail connection to the downtown area in city B, and a short walk to
the final destination.
Example 2.1
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An individual is planning to take a trip between the downtown area of two
cities, A and B, which are 400 miles apart.
There are three options available:
Travel by air. This trip will involve driving to the airport near city A, parking,
waiting at the terminal, flying to airport B, walking to a taxi stand, and taking
a taxi to the final destination.
Travel by auto. This trip will involve driving 400 miles through several
congested areas, parking in the downtown area, and walking to the final
destination.
Travel by rail. This trip will involve taking a cab to the railroad station in city
A, a direct rail connection to the downtown area in city B, and a short walk to
the final destination.
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Example 2.1
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Since this is a business trip, the person making the trip is willing to pay up to
$25 for each hour of travel time reduced by a competing mode. (For example,
if one mode is two hours faster than another, the traveler is willing to pay $50
more to use the faster mode.) After examining all direct costs involved in
making the trip by air, auto, or rail (including parking, fuel, fares, tips, and
taxi charges) the traveler concludes that the trip by air will cost $250 with a
total travel time of five hours, the trip by auto will cost $200 with a total travel
time of eight hours and the trip by rail will cost $150 with a total travel time of
12 hours.
Which mode is selected based on travel time and cost factors alone?
What other factors might be considered by the traveler in making a final
selection?
Solution:
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Since travel time is valued at $25/hr, the following costs would be
incurred:
Air: 250 + 25(5) = $375
Auto: 200 + 25(8) = $400
Rail: 150 + 25(12) = $450
In this instance, the air alternate reflects the lowest cost and is the selected
mode.
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Solution:
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However, the traveler may have other reasons to select another alternative. These may
include the following considerations.
Safety: While each of these modes is safe, the traveler may feel “safer” in one mode
than another. For example, rail may be preferred because of concerns regarding air
safety issues.
Reliability: If it is very important to attend the meeting, the traveler may select
the mode that will provide the highest probability of an on-time arrival. If the drive
involves travel through work zones and heavily congested areas, rail or air would be
preferred. If potential air delays are likely due to congestion, flight cancellations, or
inclement weather, another mode may be preferred.
Convenience: The number of departures and arrivals provided by each mode could be
a factor. For example, if the railroad provides only two trains/day and the airline has
six flights/day, the traveler may prefer to go by air.
2.2.2 Interaction of Supply and Demand
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The transportation system that exists at any point in time is the product of two
factors that act on each other.
In periods of high unemployment or rising fuel costs, the demand for
transportation tends to decrease.
If a new transportation mode is introduced that is significantly less costly when
compared with existing modes, the demand for the new mode will increase,
decreasing demand for the existing modes.
1. the state of the economy, which produces the demand for transportation
and
2. the extent and quality of the system that is currently in place, which
constitutes the supply of transportation facilities and services.
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These ideas can be illustrated in graphic terms by considering two curves,
1. Describing the demand for transportation at a particular point in time, and
2. Describing how the available transportation service or supply is affected
by the volume of traffic that uses that system.
The curve in Figure shows how demand in terms of traffic volume could vary with
cost.
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Demand can occur only if transportation services are available between the
desired points.
If a bridge is built, people will use it, but the amount of traffic will depend
on cost.
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Figure illustrates how the cost of using the bridge could increase as the volume
of traffic increases
Figure illustrates how the cost of using the bridge could increase as the
volume of traffic increases
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The two curves determine what volume (V) can be expected to use the bridge.
This value will be found where the demand curve intersects the supply curve
2.2.3 Forces That Change the Transportation System
Increase in fuel prices
• gasoline prices were to increase => shift of long‐haul freight from truck to
rail
Government actions
• national interstate system affected the truck–rail balance in favor of truck
transportation
Technology
• A dramatic example was the introduction of jet aircraft
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Example 2.2
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A toll bridge carries 5000 veh/day. The current toll is 150 cents. When the toll is
increased by 25 cents, traffic volume decreases by 500 veh/day. Determine the
amount of toll that should be charged such that revenue is maximized. How much
additional revenue will be received?
Solution:
V = 5000 – x/25(500)
The toll is
T = 150 + x
Revenue is the product of toll and volume:
R = (V)(T)
R = {(5000-x/25(500)}(150+x)
R = 750,000 + 2000x – 20𝑥2
Solution:
For maximam value of x, complete the first derivative and set equal to zero:
dR/dt = 2000 - 40x = 0
x = 50 cents
The new toll is the current toll plus the toll increase.
Toll for maximum revenue = 150 + 50 = 200 cents or $2.00
The additional revenue, AR, is
AR = (Vmax)(Tmax) – (Vcurrent)(Tcurrent)
AR = {(5000 - (50/25)(500)}{2} – (5000)(1.50)
AR = (4000)(2) – 7500
AR = 8000 – 7500
AR = $500
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Modes of Transportation
2.3
2.3 Modes of Transportation
• Transportation system today is a highly developed.
• Complex network of modes and facilities along with wide range of choices.
• Each mode offers a unique set of service i.e travel time, frequency, comfort,
reliability, convenience, and safety.
• A shipper or traveller can decide to use a public carrier or
to use private (or personal) transportation these decisions involves a
complex set of factors that require trade offs between cost and service.
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Modes of inter city freight transportation
Highways, railroads, water , and pipelines.
(Expressed as ton-miles or passenger-miles considered 70 years.
2.3.1 Freight and Passenger Traffic
 Four principal carriers for freight movement
Rail, truck, pipeline, and water.
 Varying proportions of total number of ton-miles of freight.
 The railroad’s share is highest on a ton-mile basis.
 The railroads have lost traffic due to the advances in truck technology and
pipeline distribution.
 During the past 50 years, the railroad’s share of revenue has decreased while
that of trucking has increased to about 80 percent of the total.
 Increased dominance of trucking and higher ton-mile rates.
 The distribution of passenger transportation is much different from that for
freight.
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 Two major networks or modes of freight transport are operational in Pakistan that is, road and rail (World
Bank, 2013). The sources of government of Pakistan (GoP) indicate that about 96% of the freight is
transported through inadequate, inefficient roads causing a huge set back to the economy.
 The road network in Pakistan carries over 96 percent of inland freight and 92 percent of passenger traffic
and are undoubtedly the backbone of the economy. ... The total road‐network in Pakistan is about 263,415
kms. consists of 9,324 kms. (3.53%) of National Highways and 2,280 kms of Motorways (0.87%)
2.3.2 Public Transportation
 Transit Modes
Mass Transit Characterized by fixed routes, published schedules, designated
networks, and specified stops. (Buses, light rail , rapid transit)
Para Transit Characterized by flexible and personalized service intended to replace
conventional fixed-route, fixed-schedule mass-transit lines.(Taxi, car rental, dial-a-
ride, and specialized services)
Ridesharing Characterized by two or more persons traveling together by
prearrangement, such as carpool, vanpool, or shared-ride taxi.
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2.3.3 Transit Capacity and Level of Service
 “The number of vehicles or persons that pass a given point in a specified time”(usually an
hour) is its Carrying Capacity.
 Capacity dependent on two variables:
1. The number of vehicles that pass a point at a given time.
2. Number of passengers within each vehicle.
For example:‐
 There are 60 buses that pass by in an hour (or one per Minute), and each bus carries 50
seated passengers,
 Capacity=(50)*(60)=3000 passengers/hr
 Capacity is influenced by spacing & comfort factor.
 Capacity can be increased by reducing the headway or increase the number of passengers
per vehicle.
2.3.3 Transit Capacity and Level of Service
For example : the capacity of a single lane of passenger vehicles is approximately 2,000
vehicles/hour most cars have at least five seats but it generally is taken 1.5.
Person capacity=(5)*(2000) =10,000 per/hour.
Travelers usually consider many more factors like in‐vehicle level of service, and they
don’t really consider how they can contribute to increasing “carrying capacity.”
If they consider speed , mode , transit system and rapid‐transit services then it
increases the capacity.
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2.3.4 The Role and Future of Public Transportation
 It provide high‐capacity, energy‐efficient movement in densely
travelled corridors.
 Serves medium‐ and low‐density areas.
 It offers an option for auto owners who do not wish to drive and
an essential service to those without access to automobiles, such
as school children, senior citizens, single‐auto families, and others
who may be economically or physically disadvantaged.
 It is cheaper & Environmental friendly Carbon emission per head
are largely reduced by it.
Factors bad for transit
 Growth of suburbs.
 Industry and employment moving from the central city.
 Increased suburb‐to‐suburb commuting.
 Migration of the population to the south and west.
 Loss of population in “frost‐belt” cities.
 Growth in private vehicle ownership.
 High cost per mile to construct fixed‐rail transit lines
 High labor costs.
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Factors good for transit
 Emphasis by the federal government on air quality.
 Higher prices of gasoline.
 Depletion of energy resources.
 Trends toward higher‐density living.
 Legislation to encourage “livable cities” and “smart growth”
 Location of mega‐centers in suburbs.
 Need for airport access and circulation within airports.
 Increased number of seniors who cannot or choose not to drive.
Factors Neutral for transit
 Increases in telecommuting may require less travel to a work site.
 Internet shopping and e‐commerce could reduce shopping trips.
 Changes in work schedules to accommodate childcare could increase
trip Chaining.
 Staggering work hours, flex‐time, and four‐day work weeks reduce
peak‐hour Congestion.
 Aging population, most of whom are not transit users, may continue
to drive.
 Increased popularity in walking and biking could be a substitute for
transit riding.
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2.3.4 Highway Transportation
 Highway transportation is the dominant mode in passenger travel.
 Ranging from high‐capacity and multilane freeways to urban streets
 And unpaved rural roads.
 Quality of roadway surfaces and their capacity has improved due
 To increased investment in maintenance and construction.
The Highway Project Development Process
 When the project is completed highway operations, management and maintenance are
needed.
 State transportation agency is responsible for public and business involvement, interaction
with local, state, and national agencies and project management.
 Proposed projects require approval from a policy board that is mandated to set the project
agenda typically in terms of a six‐year improvement program.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
(New Ideas/Areas of Investment, Sources of Project Identification,
Plan Documents, Policy Directives)
FEASIBILITY STUDY
(Preparation/Processing of PC‐II, Appointment of Consultants)
PROJECT PREPARATION
(Project Objectives and Targets, Project Scope Cost Estimates, Revised Cost Estimates, Financial Plan Detailed Designing and Tender Documents)
PROJECT APPROVAL
Approval Stage Project Approving Bodies
National Economic Council (NEC)
Executive Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC)
Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet
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Planning
(6 to 24 months)
Design
(15 to 24
months)
Environmental
Aspects (9 to 36
months)
ROW
acquisition
(6 to 21 months)
Construction
(12 to 36
months)
 Total project time can range from 4 to 12 years, depending on the physical
characteristics, scope, and community support for the project.
 The Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB), a citizen panel appointed by the
Governor, updates the SYIP, approves the project location prior to land acquisition
and final design.
 The contract will be awarded to the lowest qualified bidder. (Example included)
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Select Project
Highway projects are selected based on a variety of criteria. These include: public concerns, traffic crash data,
pavement and bridge condition, traffic volume and trends, and forecasts of future growth.
Investigate Alternatives
The Six Year Highway Improvement Program project design alternatives are identified, using citizen input. Each
alternative is analysed and assessed based on cost and its impact on people, businesses, farmlands.
Obtain Final Approvals
Information about acquisitions from farm operations is furnished to the Department of Agriculture, Trade and
Consumer Protection (DATCP)
Develop Project Design
The specific project route and related details are finalized. Affected property owners are contacted to discuss land
purchases and relocation plans
Prepare for Construction
The DOT Bureau of Highway Construction reviews each plan, specification, and estimate package and prepares a
document suitable to be used by a contractor in preparing a bid.
Construct the Project
DOT coordinates meet with the contractors throughout the construction period. Citizens are kept informed of
construction progress through meetings.
2.3.4.1 Sources of Funds for Highways
 Highway users are the primary source of funds to build and
maintain the nation’s roads.
 Collect taxes (local license, registration fees, parking tolls, traffic
fines , fuel tax two third of total)
 Highway taxes have been diverted to support other worthwhile
programs like transit.
 The fuel tax and alternatives for transportation funding.
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The Federal Highway System
 Network of roads totaling approximately 930,000 miles.
 These roads are classified as rural or urban and as arterials or
collectors.
 Urban roads are located in cities of 25,000 or more
 Rural roads are located outside of cities
 Interstate highway system consists of approximately 47,800 miles
 Ninety percent of the funds to build the interstate system
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Interstate. The 47,800‐mile Eisenhower interstate system of highways retains its
separate identity within the NHS.
Other principal arterials. This 92,000‐mile highway network is located in rural
and urban areas which provide access between an arterial and a major port, air‐
port, public transportation facility, or other intermodal transportation facility.
Strategic highway networks.This 15,700‐mile network of high‐ways is important
to the united states’ strategic defense policy and provides defense access
Major strategic highway network connectors. This 1900‐mile highway element
provides access between major military installations and highways which are
part of the strategic highway network.
Intermodal connectors. Highways that provide access between major intermodal
facilities and other subsystems that comprise the national highway system.
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2.3.4.2 Roads Network of Pakistan
The total NHA network of 16,356 km primarily consists of “low capacity”
roads. About 75 percent are 2‐lane (6.1m single carriageway), 20 percent
are 4‐lane divided highways (7.3m dual carriageways) and only 5 percent
6‐lane highways (11m dual carriageways). Approximately 25 percent (or
3000 km) of the NHA network is in need of rehabilitation
Source: Ministry of Communications
Fiscal Year High Type Length( KM) Low Type Length (KM) Total Length (KM)
2007‐08 178,423 86,430 264,853
2.3.5 Intercity Bus Transportation
 Benefited from the interstate highway system
 Connecting as many as 15,000 cities and towns with bus routes.
 Highly energy‐efficient mode
 Very safe.
 Their accident rate of 12 fatalities/100 billion passenger‐miles
 Comfortable seats.
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2.3.6 Truck Transportation
 Very diverse in terms of size, ownership, and use.
 Less than 10,000 lbs in gross weight
 9% are heavy trucks used for over‐the‐road intercity freight.
 20% of trucks are used in agriculture; 10 % are used by utilities and
service industries
 Usually produced to an owner’s specifications.
 Heaviest trucks, weighing over 26,000 lbs.
 Trucks were required to conform to standards depending on the state.
 The law also permits the use of 48‐ft semi trailers and 102‐in. Wide
trucks carrying up to 80,000 lbs.
Transportation Organizations
2.4
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2.4 Transportation Organizations
 The operation of the vast network of transportation services in the
United States is carried out by a variety of organizations while each has
a special function to perform.
1. Private companies that are available for hire to transport people and goods.
2. Regulatory agencies that monitor the behavior of transportation companies in
areas such as pricing of services and safety.
3. Federal agencies such as the Department of Transportation and the Department
of Commerce, which, as part of the executive branch, are responsible for carrying
out legislation dealing with transportation at the national level.
4. State and local agencies and authorities responsible for the planning, design,
construction, and maintenance of transportation facilities such as roads and
airports.
2.4.1 Private Transportation Companies
 Transportation by water, air, rail, highway, or pipeline is furnished
either privately or on a for‐hire basis.
 Private transportation (such as automobiles or company‐owned
trucks) must conform to safety and traffic regulations.
 For‐hire transportation (regulated until recently by the
government) is classified as common carriers (available to any
user), contract carriers (available by contract to particular market
segments), and exempt (for‐hire carriers that are exempt from
regulation).
 Examples of private transportation companies are Greyhound,
Smith Transfer, United Airlines, and Yellow Cab, to name a few.
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2.4.2 Regulatory Agencies
 Common carriers have been regulated by the government since
the late 1800s, when abuses by the railroads created a climate of
distrust toward the railroad “robber barons” that used their
monopoly powers to grant preferential treatment to favored
customers or charged high rates to those who were without
alternative routes or services.
 The ICC was formed to make certain that the public received
dependable service at reasonable rates without discrimination. It
was empowered to control the raising and lowering of rates, to
require that the carriers had adequate equipment and maintained
sufficient routes and schedules.
2.4.3 Federal Agencies
 Transportation pervades our economy, each agency within the
executive branch of the federal government is involved in some
aspect of transportation i.e the Department of Defense, through
the Army Corps of Engineers, constructs and maintains river and
harbor improvements and administers laws protecting navigable
waterways.
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2.4.3 Federal Agencies
2.4.4 State and Local Agencies and Authorities
 Each of the 50 states has its own highway or transportation
department which is responsible for planning, building, operating,
and maintaining its highway system and for administering funds
and programs in other modes such as rail, transit, air, and water.
 These departments also may be responsible for driver licensing,
motor vehicle registration, policing, and inspection. The
organization and functions of these departments vary
considerably from state to state, but since highway programs are
a direct state responsibility and other modes are either privately‐
owned and operated or of greater concern at a local level (such as
public transit), highway matters tend to predominate at the state
level.
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 SECRETERY
(Administrative Head, Chief Advisor to Minister)
 ADD. SECRETERY
(Clerical Duties, Maintain Diaries, Administration)
 DDO
(Drawing & Disbursing Officer)
 F & A
(Financial & Accounts)
 PPO
(Pre‐placement officer, HR, Employment)
 PME CELL
(Priority setting Monitoring & Evaluation Cell)
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2.4.5 Trade Associations
 Nation is joiner, for each occupation or business involved in
transportation, there is likely to be an organization that represents its
interests.
 These associations are an attempt to present an industry‐wide front in
matters of common interest. They also promote and develop new
procedures and techniques to enhance the marketability of their
products and to provide an opportunity for information exchange.
 Examples of modally oriented organizations are the Association of
American Railroads (AAR), the American Road and Transportation
Builders Association (ARTBA), the American Public Transit Association
(APTA), and the American Bus Association (ABA).
2.4.6 Professional Societies
 Professional societies are composed of individuals with common
interests in transportation. Their purposes are to exchange ideas,
to develop recommendations for design and operating
procedures.
 Members of the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) are representatives of state
highway and transportation departments and of the Federal
Highway Administration. AASHTO produces manuals,
specifications standards, and current practices in highway design,
which form the basis for practices throughout the country.
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2.4.7 Users of Transport Services
 The transportation user has a direct role in the process of effecting
change in transportation services and is represented by several
transportation groups or associations.
 The American Automobile Association (AAA) has a wide membership
of highway users and serves its members as a travel advisory service,
lobbying organization, and insurance agency. The American Railway
Passenger Association, the Bicycle Federation of America, and other
similar consumer groups have attempted to influence legislation to
improve transportation services such as requiring passenger
nonsmoking sections or building bike lanes.
 Also, environmental groups have been influential in ensuring that
highway planning includes consideration of air quality, land use, wet‐
lands, and noise. In general, however, the average transportation
consumer plays a minor role in the transportation decision process and
is usually unaware of the way in which transportation services came
about or are supported.
Important Books
 NHA General Specifications
 FIDIC
 Planning Commission Manual
 Contract & Tender Documents
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References
1. Traffic and Highway Engineering FOURTH EDITION Nicholas J.
Garber Lester A. Hoel.
2. https://www.google.com/search
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