Chapter 1 introduction of building construction
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The document discusses the history and evolution of building construction from primitive human shelters like caves to modern buildings. It then categorizes buildings based on occupancy into residential, educational, institutional, assembly, business, mercantile, industrial and storage buildings. Various loads that act on buildings like dead load, live load, snow load, rain load, wind load and earthquake load are explained. Common building materials and their weights are listed. Foundations, doors, windows and other typical building components and their functions are described along with their standard dimensions.
Chapter 1 introduction of building construction
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. 2
- 3. The history of civil construction was began from the period of Primitive human. From the protection against cold, rain, heat, etc they made “cave” as their shelter. But that was not enough, cave didn’t remained safe for long, so huts from the straws and leaves…..evolution goes on…! But for better comfort, civil construction got evolved and still evolving… Today, we have every comfort and facility, but we have to face the future upcoming challenges as the shortage of land, etc 3
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- 9. LOAD Dead Load Live Load Snow Load Rain Load Wind Load Earthquake Load Anything which exerts pressure or thrust on a structure is termed as Load. 9
- 11. Material / Structure Weight Brick Masonry walls : 10 cm thick 192 kg/m3 Roof G.I sheet : 0.50 mm thick 5 kg/m3 Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C) 2300 kg/m3 Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C) 2400 kg/m3 Bricks 1600-1920 kg/m3 Lime stone 2400-2640 kg/m3 Sand Stone 2240-2400 kg/m3 Timber 650-720 kg/m3 Steel 7850 kg/m3 Sand 1760-2000 kg/m3 Cement 1440 kg/m3 Water (Fresh) 1000 kg/m3 Cement Plaster, 25mm thick 52 kg/m2
- 13. No of floors carried by a member under consideration % reduction of total live load on all floors above the member under consideration 1 0 2 10 3 20 4 30 5 to 10 40 Above 10 50
- 15. P = kV2 p kg/M2 V km/hr k 0.0006
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- 22. Types of Foundation Shallow Deep Pile Pier Well or Caissons Spread footing Strap footing Combined footing Mat footing For walls for columns Rectangular Trapezoidal Simple Stepped Grillage Single Stepped Sloped 22
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- 26. Doors and windows • A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free movement in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors and windows provide lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to weather, sound privacy and heat. They provide security and
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- 32. Building Components and their Functions
- 33. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 1. Foundation It transmits the load coming from the superstructure on to the sub-soil below it. 2. Plinth It protects the building from rain water, damp or moisture, insects and transmits the load of superstructure to the foundation. 3. Walls Provided to enclose or to divide the floor space into rooms as per requirement and also provide privacy, security and protection against sun, rain, etc. 4. Column Transmits the load coming from the beams on the sub – soil below it. 5. Sill Supports window frame at bottom.
- 34. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 6. Door Provides access into the room, offers privacy of sight and sound. 7. Window Opening made in wall for providing light and ventilation. 8. Ventilator Small opening made in wall, provided at lintel level for removal of exhaust air or foul smell. 9. Roof/Slab It is the uppermost part of a building to cover the space below and protect it from sun, wind, rain and snow. 10. Beam Means by which all loads of slab are transferred to vertical supports of a building.
- 35. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 11. Lintel Supports the weight of the wall above the openings of doors, windows and ventilator. 12. Stair Means of vertical transportation between the floors. Provides access between various floors. 13. Floor Provides plane surface and supports the occupants, furniture, fixtures and equipments of a building. 14. Watershed/Chajjas Generally combined with lintels to protect doors, windows or ventilators from sun, rain, wind, etc 15. Parapet Acts as a protective solid balustrade for the users.
- 36. Building Components and their Nominal Dimensions
- 37. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 1. Foundation Shallow foundations: Depth≥2T+30 Width=2T+30; T=wall thickness Deep foundations: Depth-10 to30m Width as per design 2. Plinth Height above ground : 30, 45, 60, 75 or 90 3. Walls Load bearing walls : 20, 30, 40 cm Partition wall : 10 cm 4. Column Square : 20 x 20cm, 30 x 30 cm Rectangular : 20 x 30cm Circular : 20 Ø, 30 Ø Footing: 1x1x1 m pit as per design 5. Sill Sill height : 70, 80 or 90 cm above floor
- 38. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 6. Door Width : 0.80(min.), 0.90, 1.0, 1.20 m Height : 1.80 (min), 2.0, 2.10 m 7. Window Width : 0.60, 0.70, 0.90, 1.00, 1.20 m Height : 1.20 m 8. Ventilator Width : 0.60, 0.70, 0.90, 1.00, 1.20 m Height : 0.20 or 0.30 m 9. Roof/Slab R.C.C. slab thickness : 10, 12, 15 or 18 cm 10. Beam Depth:30, 45 or 60 cm Width : wall thickness or 30, 45, 60 cm
- 39. Sr. No. Building Components Functions 11. Lintel Length=width of door/window opening + min. 10 cm bearing on both ends Width = thickness of wall 12. Stair Tread : 25 cm, 30 cm Riser : 115 to 20 cm Width of stair := minimum 1.0 m 13. Floor Ground floor = plinth height Upper floor = slab thickness 14. Watershed/Chajjas Tapered in shape: Front : 7 to 10 cm At lintel side = height of lintel = 10 to 15 cm 15. Parapet Height : 1.0m(min.), 1.10, 1.20 or 1.30 m (approx.) Width : 10, 20 or 30 cm
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