Chapter 1 introduction to analytical chemistry
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The document provides information about analytical chemistry lectures including the lecturer's contact details, lecture times, assessment breakdown, recommended textbooks, class policies, and an overview of topics to be covered in student presentations which include various analytical techniques such as gravimetric analysis, titrimetry, spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
Chapter 1 introduction to analytical chemistry
- 1. Lecturer: Dr Sumaiya Zainal Abidin Room: A3-08 Email: sumaiya@ump.edu.my
- 2. ◦ 4.00 PM – 5.00 PM (Tuesday) ◦ 10.00 AM – 11.00 AM (Wednesday)
- 3. Lectures 4.00 PM – 6.00 PM (Thursday; W-DK-01; 2 hours) 4.00 PM – 5.00 PM (Friday; W-DK-01;1 hour)
- 4. Method of Assessment % Distribution Test 1 20% Test 2 20% Presentation 6% Quizzes 7% Assignments 7% Final Examination 40% Total 100%
- 5. David Harvey – Modern Analytical Chemistry (McGraw Hill) Kealy & Haines – Analytical Chemistry Skoog et al. – Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry
- 6. CLASS POLICY 100% attendance Punctuality Ask questions
- 7. Chemical analysis includes any aspect of the chemical characterization of a sample material. Analytical Chemistry? ◦ “Science of Chemical Measurements”
- 8. Quantitation: ◦ How much of substance X is in the sample? Detection: ◦ Does the sample contain substance X? Identification: ◦ What is the identity of the substance in the sample? Separation: ◦ How can the species of interest be separated from the sample matrix for better quantitation and identification?
- 9. Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material world… for answering four basic questions about a material sample? What? Where? How much? What arrangement, structure or form? (Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 343 (1992):812-813)
- 10. Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands of for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adapt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition. They carry out research to discover completely new principles of measurements and are at the forefront of the utilization of major discoveries such as lasers and microchip devices for practical purposes.
- 11. Classical methods: early years (separation of analytes) via precipitation, extraction or distillation Qualitative: recognized by color, boiling point, solubility, taste Quantitative: gravimetric or titrimetric measurements Instrumental Methods : newer, faster, more efficient Physical properties of analytes: conductivity, electrode potential, light emission absorption, mass to charge ratio and fluorescence, many more…
- 12. Qualitative analysis is what. Qualitative analysis is what. Quantitative analysis is how much. Quantitative analysis is how much. ©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)
- 13. Gravimetric Methods determine the mass of the analyte or some compound chemically related to it. Volumetric Methods measure the volume of a solution containing sufficient reagent to react completely with the analyte Electroanalytical Methods involve the measurement of electrical properties such as voltage, current, resistance, and quantity of electrical charge Spectroscopic Methods are based on the measurement of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms or molecules, or the production of such radiation by analytes Miscellaneous Methods include the measurement of such quantities as mass-to-charge ratio, rate of radioactive decay, heat of reaction, rate of reaction, sample thermal conductivity, optical activity, and refractive index
- 14. An analysis involves several An analysis involves several steps and operations which steps and operations which depend on: depend on: •the particular problem •the particular problem • •your expertise your expertise • •the apparatus or the apparatus or equipment available. equipment available. The analyst should be The analyst should be involved in every step. involved in every step. ©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley) Fig. 1.1. Steps in an analysis
- 16. Different methods provide aarange of precision, sensitivity, selectivity, Different methods provide range of precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and speed capabilities. and speed capabilities. ©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)
- 17. Numbers used in analytical chemistry: Units of measure Significant figures Measurable units used in analytical chemistry: Mass Volume solute) (of Concentration (of solvent) (of solution)
- 18. Units for Expressing Concentration Concentration is a general measurement unit starting the amount of solute present in a known amount of solution/solvent Concentration= amount of solute amount of solution = amount of solute amount of solvent
- 19. Other Concentration Units Molarity, M – Is the concentration of a particular chemical species in solution Formality – is a substance’s total concentration in solution without regard to its specific chemical form Normality, N – the amount of one chemical species reacting stoichiometrically with another chemical species EW = FW / n , n = number of equivalents N=nxM Molality – used in thermodynamic calculation where a temperature independent unit of concentration is needed Weight, volume and weight to volume ratios - %w/w, %v/v and %w/v express concentration as units of solute per 100units of sample Parts per million, billion and trillion are the minute concentration units which also use the compatible metric units as follows: ppm = mg/liter = µg/mL ppb = µg/liter = ng/mL ppt = ng/liter = pg/mL
- 20. Other Concentration Units Name Units Symbol Molarity Moles solute/liters solution M Formality No.FWs solute/liters solution F Normality No.EWs solute/liters solution N Molality Moles solute/kg solvent m Weight % g solute/100g solution %w/w Volume % mL solute/100mL solution %v/v w/v % g solute/100 mL solution %w/v ppm g solute/106 solution ppm ppb g solute/109 g solution ppb ppt g solute/1012 g solution ppt
- 21. List of Presentation Topics ◦ Gravimetric Analysis ◦ Titrimetric Analysis ◦ UV-Vis ◦ Infra-Red ◦ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◦ Flame atomic Emission Spectroscopy ◦ Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry ◦ Gas Chromatography ◦ Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◦ Liquid Chromatography ◦ Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
- 22. Basic/General Principles and Theory Types/Variation Description of instruments (if any) Mechanism of Analysis/Method/Instruments Examples and Applications
Editor's Notes
- #15: An analysis involves several steps and operations which depend on: the particular problem your expertise the apparatus or equipment available. The analyst should be involved in every step.