Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium

Chapter 16
Acid/Base Equilibrium

Sections 16.1 - 16.3
Acid/Base Theories

Read pages 669- 678
HOMEWORK
Pg 712 #1, 2, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21,
25, 27, 29, 31 Acids
and
Bases

Some Definitions

• Arrhenius
Acid: Substance that, when dissolved in
water, increases the concentration of
hydrogen ions.

Acids
and
Bases

Some Definitions

• Arrhenius
Acid: Substance that, when dissolved in
hydrogen ions.
Base: Substance that, when dissolved in
hydroxide ions.

Acids
and
Bases

H+ and OH–

Acids
and
Bases

Some Definitions

• Brønsted–Lowry
Acid: Proton donor
Base: Proton acceptor

Acids
and
Bases

A Brønsted–Lowry acid…

…must have a removable (acidic) proton.

A Brønsted–Lowry base…

…must have a pair of nonbonding electrons.

Acids
and
Bases

If it can be either…

...it is amphiprotic.

HCO3 −

HSO4 −

H 2O
Acids
and
Bases

What Happens When an Acid
Dissolves in Water?
• Water acts as a
Brønsted–Lowry base
and abstracts a proton
(H+) from the acid.

Acids
and
Bases

What Happens When an Acid
Dissolves in Water?
• Water acts as a
Brønsted–Lowry base
and abstracts a proton
(H+) from the acid.
• As a result, the
conjugate base of the
acid and a hydronium
ion are formed.

Acids
and
Bases

NH3(aq)

Acids
and
Bases

Is NH3 an acid, base, or could it be both?

1. Acid
2. Base
3. Both

Acids
and
13 Bases

Is NH3 an acid, base, or could it be both?

1. Acid
2. Base
3. Both
In this chapter we learned that a more
general definition for a base is a
substance that can accept another
proton, which is true for NH3 because of
Acids
and

the lone electron pair on the N atom.
14 Bases

Is H2O an acid, base, or could it
be both?
1. Acid
2. Base
3. Both

Acids
and
15 Bases

Is H2O an acid, base, or could it
be both?
As indicated in the
1. Acid equilibrium below, water is
an amphoteric substance
2. Base that can either accept
3. Both another proton or donate a
proton.
H H
+ H H
+ _
H O H H O H O Acids
+ and
16 Bases

Is the ion PO4 3 an
acid,
base, or could it be both?
- -
O O
1. Acid - + -
- -
O P O
2. Base O P O
-
3. Both O O

Acids
and
17 Bases

Is the ion PO4 3 an
acid,
base, or could it be both?
- -
O O
1. Acid - + -
- -
O P O
2. Base O P O
-
3. Both O O

Phosphate is a proton
acceptor, regardless of
which resonance structure Acids
and

is being considered. 18 Bases

Conjugate Acids and Bases:
• From the Latin word conjugare, meaning
“to join together.”

Acids
and
Bases

Conjugate Acids and Bases:
• From the Latin word conjugare, meaning
“to join together.”
• Reactions between acids and bases
always yield their conjugate bases and
acids.

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.1 Identifying Conjugate Acids and Bases

(a) What is the conjugate base of each of the
following acids: HClO4, H2S, PH4+, HCO3– ?
(b) What is the conjugate acid of each of the
following bases: CN–, SO42–, H2O, HCO3– ?


conjugate base = parent substance minus one proton,
conjugate acid = parent substance plus one proton.



(a)HClO4 less one proton (H+) is ClO4–. The other
conjugate bases are HS–, PH3, and CO32–.



(b) CN– plus one proton (H+) is HCN. The other
conjugate acids are HSO4–, H3O+, and H2CO3.



(b) CN– plus one proton (H+) is HCN. The other
conjugate acids are HSO4–, H3O+, and H2CO3.

Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3–) is amphiprotic: It can
act as either an acid or a base.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.2 Writing Equations for Proton-Transfer Reactions

The hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO3–) is amphiprotic.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of HSO3– with
water, in which the ion acts as an acid.
(b) Write an equation for the reaction of HSO3– with
water, in which the ion acts as a base. In both cases
identify the conjugate acid-base pairs.

Acids
and
Bases


a)

Acids
and
Bases


a)

The conjugate pairs in this equation are HSO3– (acid) and SO32–
(conjugate base); and H2O (base) and H3O+ (conjugate acid).

(b)

Acids
and
Bases


a)

The conjugate pairs in this equation are HSO3– (acid) and SO32–
(conjugate base); and H2O (base) and H3O+ (conjugate acid).

(b)

The conjugate pairs in this equation are H2O (acid) and OH–
(conjugate base), and HSO3– (base) and H2SO3 (conjugateAcids
and
acid). Bases

Acid and Base Strength

• Substances with
negligible acidity
do not dissociate
in water.
Their conjugate
bases are
exceedingly strong.

Acids
and
Bases

Strong acid Weak acid Negligible acidity

Acids
and
Bases

Strong acid Weak acid Negligible acidity

HNO3 is a strong acid, meaning NO3– has
negligible base strength.

Acids
and
Bases

In any acid-base reaction, the
equilibrium will favor the reaction
that moves the proton to the
stronger base.
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

Acids
and
Bases

In any acid-base reaction, the
equilibrium will favor the reaction
that moves the proton to the
stronger base.
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

H2O is a much stronger base than Cl−,
so the equilibrium lies so far to the right Acids
and
K is not measured (K>>1). Bases


C2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)

Acids
and
Bases


C2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)

Acetate is a stronger base than
H2O, so the equilibrium favors the
left side (K<1).
Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.3 Predicting the Position of a Proton-Transfer Equilibrium

For the following proton-transfer reaction, predict whether
the equilibrium lies predominantly to the left (that is, Kc < 1)
or to the right (Kc > 1):

Acids
and
Bases

For the following proton-transfer reaction, predict whether
the equilibrium lies predominantly to the left (that is, Kc < 1)
or to the right (Kc > 1):

This is a proton-transfer reaction, and the position of
equilibrium will favor the proton going to the stronger
of two bases.

Solve: CO32– is a stronger base than SO42–. CO32–
will get the proton preferentially to become HCO3–,
while SO42– will remain mostly unprotonated. The
resulting equilibrium will lie to the right, favoring Acids
and
products (that is, Kc > 1). Bases

Autoionization of Water

• As we have seen, water is amphoteric.

Acids
and
Bases


• In pure water, a few molecules act as
bases and a few act as acids.

Acids
and
Bases



H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Acids
and
Bases



H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)

• This is referred to as autoionization.
Acids
and
Bases

Ion-Product Constant

• The equilibrium expression for this
process is
Kc = [H3O+] [OH−]

Acids
and
Bases


process is
Kc = [H3O+] [OH−]
• This special equilibrium constant is
referred to as the ion-product constant
for water, Kw.

Acids
and
Bases


process is
Kc = [H3O+] [OH−]
• This special equilibrium constant is
referred to as the ion-product constant
for water, Kw.
• At 25°C, Kw = 1.0 × 10−14
Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.4 Calculating [H+] for Pure Water

Calculate the values of [H+] and
[OH–] in a neutral solution at 25°C.

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.4 Calculating [H+] for Pure Water

Calculate the values of [H+] and
[OH–] in a neutral solution at 25°C.
By definition, [H+] = [OH–] in a neutral solution.
We will represent the concentration of [H+] and
[OH–] in neutral solution with x. This gives

In an acid solution [H+] is greater than
1.0 × 10–7 M ; in a basic solution [H+] is Acids
and

less than 1.0 × 10–7 M.
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Indicate whether solutions with each of the
following ion concentrations are neutral, acidic,
or basic:
(a) [H+] = 4 × 10–9 M;
(b) [OH–] = 1 × 10–7 M;
(c) [OH–] = 7 × 10–13M.

Acids
and
38 Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Indicate whether solutions with each of the
following ion concentrations are neutral, acidic,
or basic:
(a) [H+] = 4 × 10–9 M;
(b) [OH–] = 1 × 10–7 M;
(c) [OH–] = 7 × 10–13M.

Answers: (a) basic, (b) neutral, (c) acidic

Acids
and
38 Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.5 Calculating [H+] from [OH–]

Calculate the concentration of H+ (aq) in (a) a
solution in which [OH–] is 0.010 M, (b) a solution
in which [OH–] is 1.8 × 10–9 M.

Acids
and
Bases


in which [OH–] is 1.8 × 10–9 M.
Solve: (a)

Acids
and
Bases


in which [OH–] is 1.8 × 10–9 M.
Solve: (a)

This solution is basic because

Acids
and
Bases


in which [OH–] is 1.8 × 10–9 M.
Solve: (a)


(b) In this instance

Acids
and
Bases


in which [OH–] is 1.8 × 10–9 M.
Solve: (a)


(b) In this instance

This solution is acidic because Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Calculate the concentration of OH–
(aq) in a solution in which
(a) [H+] = 2 × 10–6 M;
(b) [H+] = [OH–];
(c) [H+] = 100 × [OH–].

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Calculate the concentration of OH–
(aq) in a solution in which
(a) [H+] = 2 × 10–6 M;
(b) [H+] = [OH–];
(c) [H+] = 100 × [OH–].

Answers: (a) 5 × 10–9 M, (b) 1.0 × 10–7 M, (c) 1.0 × 10–8 M

Acids
and
Bases

Chapter 16
pH calcs

Read pages 678 - 684
HOMEWORK
Pg 714 #33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47

Acids
and
Bases

Bellwork
Predict the products of the acid-base reactions,
and also predict whether the equilibrium lies to
the left or the right of the equation.

a)HCO3-(aq) + F-(aq) ⇌

b)C2H3O2-(aq) + H3O+(aq) ⇌

c) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌

Acids
and
Bases

pH

pH is defined as the
negative base-10 logarithm
of the hydronium ion
concentration.

pH = −log [H3 O+] Acids
and
Bases

pH
• In pure water,
Kw = [H3O +] [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14

Acids
and
Bases

pH
• In pure water,
Kw = [H3O +] [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14

Because [H3O+] = [OH−] in pure
water,
[H3O+] = (1.0 × 10−14)1/2 = 1.0 × 10−7
Acids
and
Bases

pH
• Therefore, in pure water,
pH = −log (1.0 × 10−7) = 7.00

Acids
and
Bases

pH
pH = −log (1.0 × 10−7) = 7.00
• An acid has a higher [H3O+] than pure
water, so its pH is <7

Acids
and
Bases

pH
pH = −log (1.0 × 10−7) = 7.00
• An acid has a higher [H3O+] than pure
water, so its pH is <7
• A base has a lower [H3O+] than pure
water, so its pH is >7.

Acids
and
Bases

pH

These are
the pH
values for
several
common
substances.

Acids
and
Bases

At pH = 7, [H+] = [OH–]

Acids
and
Bases

At pH = 7, [H+] = [OH–]
The pH increases as [OH–] increases.

Acids
and
Bases

What is [H+] in an aqueous
solution whose pH = 3.72?
1. 1.9 x 10-3 M
2. 5.1 x 10-3 M
3. 1.9 x 10-4 M
4. 5.1 x 10-4 M
5. 5.1 x 10-10 M

Acids
and
51 Bases

What is [H+] in an aqueous
solution whose pH = 3.72?
1. 1.9 x 10-3 M
2. 5.1 x 10-3 M
3. 1.9 x 10-4 M
4. 5.1 x 10-4 M
5. 5.1 x 10-10 M

3.72 = -log[H+]

-3.72 = -log[H +]
Acids

[H +] = 1.9 x 10- 4 M and
52 Bases

What is the pH of an aqueous
solution of [OH-] = 6.0 x 10-3 M?

2.22
1. 3.22
2. 7.00
3. 10.78
4. 11.78

Acids
and
53 Bases

What is the pH of an aqueous
solution of [OH-] = 6.0 x 10-3 M?

2.22
There is more than one method to
1. 3.22 solve this problem. One is presented
2. 7.00 below:
3. 10.78 pOH = -log(6.0 x 10-3)
4. 11.78 = 2.22
pH = 14.00 - pOH
= 14.00 - 2.22 Acids

= 11.78
and
54 Bases

What is the approximate pH of an
aqueous solution of 1x10-12 M HCl?
1. 2
2. 7
3. 12
4. 14
5. None of the above

Acids
and
55 Bases

What is the approximate pH of an
aqueous solution of 1x10-12 M HCl?
1. 2
2. 7
3. 12
4. 14
5. None of the above
This is an aqueous solution, therefore
water will autoionize. The concentration
of protons due to autoionization of water
Acids
and

will dominate that of such a dilute acid.
56 Bases

Other “p” Scales

• The “p” in pH tells us to take the
negative log of the quantity (in this
case, hydrogen ions).

Acids
and
Bases

Other “p” Scales

• The “p” in pH tells us to take the
negative log of the quantity (in this
case, hydrogen ions).
• Some similar examples are
pOH = −log [OH−]
pKw = −log Kw
Acids
and
Bases

Watch This!
Because
[H3O+] [OH−] = Kw = 1.0 × 10−14,
we know that
−log [H3O+] + −log [OH−] = −log Kw = 14.0

Acids
and
Bases

Watch This!
Because
[H3O+] [OH−] = Kw = 1.0 × 10−14,
we know that
−log [H3O+] + −log [OH−] = −log Kw = 14.0

or, in other words,
pH + pOH = pKw = 14.00 Acids
and
Bases

pH = 11.00, basic

Acids
and
Bases

How Do We Measure pH?
• For less accurate
measurements, one
can use
Litmus paper
• “Red” paper turns
blue above ~pH = 8
• “Blue” paper turns
red below ~pH = 5
An indicator

How Do We Measure pH?

For more accurate
measurements,
one uses a pH
meter, which
measures the
voltage in the
solution.
Acids
and
Bases

Strong Acids
• You will recall that the seven strong
acids are HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4,
HClO3, and HClO4.

Acids
and
Bases

Strong Acids
HClO3, and HClO4.
• These are, by definition, strong
electrolytes and exist totally as ions in
aqueous solution.

Acids
and
Bases

Strong Acids
HClO3, and HClO4.
• These are, by definition, strong
electrolytes and exist totally as ions in
aqueous solution.
• For the monoprotic strong acids,
[H3O+] = [acid]. Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.8 Calculating the pH of a Strong Acid

What is the pH of a 0.040 M
solution of HClO4?

Acids
and
Bases


solution of HClO4?
HClO4 is a strong acid, so it is
completely ionized.
[H+] = [ClO4–] = 0.040 M.

Because [H+] lies between 1 × 10–2 and 1 × 10–1 the pH will
be between 2.0 and 1.0.

Acids
and
Bases


solution of HClO4?
HClO4 is a strong acid, so it is
completely ionized.
[H+] = [ClO4–] = 0.040 M.

Because [H+] lies between 1 × 10–2 and 1 × 10–1 the pH will
be between 2.0 and 1.0.

Acids

pH = –log(0.040) = 1.40. and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
An aqueous solution of HNO3
has a pH of 2.34. What is the
concentration of the acid?

Acids
and
71 Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
An aqueous solution of HNO3
has a pH of 2.34. What is the
concentration of the acid?

Answer: 0.0046 M

Acids
and
71 Bases

Strong Bases

• Strong bases are the soluble
hydroxides, which are the alkali metal
and heavier alkaline earth metal
hydroxides (Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+).

Acids
and
Bases

Strong Bases

• Strong bases are the soluble
hydroxides, which are the alkali metal
and heavier alkaline earth metal
hydroxides (Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+).

• Again, these substances dissociate
completely in aqueous solution. Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.9 Calculating the pH of a Strong Base

What is the pH of (a) a 0.028 M
solution of NaOH, (b) a 0.0011 M
solution of Ca(OH)2?

Acids
and
Bases


(a) NaOH dissociates in water to give
Solve:
one OH– ion per formula unit. Therefore, the
OH– concentration is 0.028 M.

Acids
and
Bases



(b) Ca(OH)2
is a strong base that dissociates in water
to give two OH– ions per formula unit. Thus, the
concentration of OH–(aq) is 2 × (0.0011M) = 0.0022 M.

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

What is the concentration of a
solution of (a) KOH for which the
pH is 11.89; (b) Ca(OH)2 for which
the pH is 11.68?

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

What is the concentration of a
solution of (a) KOH for which the
pH is 11.89; (b) Ca(OH)2 for which
the pH is 11.68?

Answers: (a) 7.8 × 10–3 M, (b) 2.4 × 10–13 M

Acids
and
Bases

–
CH3 removes a proton from water
–
to form CH4 and OH

Acids
and
Bases

Chapter 16
Weak acids & bases

Read pages 684-696
HOMEWORK
Pg 712 #3, 4, 6, 53, 55, 57, 63, 65, 71, 75, 77

Acids
and
Bases

Bellwork

Calculate pH, pOH, [H+], and [OH-] for
1. 0.5M HNO3
2. 0.1 M Sr(OH)2

Acids
and
Bases

Dissociation Constants

• For a generalized acid dissociation,
HA(aq) + H2O(l) A−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
the equilibrium expression would be
[H3O+] [A−]
Kc =
[HA]

Acids
and
Bases


• For a generalized acid dissociation,
HA(aq) + H2O(l) A−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
the equilibrium expression would be
[H3O+] [A−]
Kc =
[HA]
• This equilibrium constant is called the
acid-dissociation constant, Ka.
Acids
and
Bases


The greater the value of Ka, the stronger the
acid.

Acids
and
Bases

The [H+] in an 0.020 M solution of
HNO2 is 3.0 x 10 -3 M. What is the
N
Ka of HNO2?
O OH

nitrous acid
1. 4.5 x 10-4
2. 6.0 x 10-5
3. 9.0 x 10-6
4. 1.5 x 10-1
5. None of Acids
and
Bases
the above

The [H+] in an 0.020 M solution of
HNO2 is 3.0 103 M. What is the Ka
N
of HNO2?
O OH

[H + ][A − ]
Ka = nitrous acid
[HA]

[3.0 × 10−3 ]2 9.0 × 10−6 1. 4.5 x 10-4
Ka = =
0.020 0.020 2. 6.0 x 10-5
= 4.5 × 10−4 3. 9.0 x 10-6
Ka
4. 1.5 x 10-1
5. None of Acids
and
Bases
the above

Calculating Ka from the pH

• The pH of a 0.10 M solution of formic acid,
HCOOH, at 25°C is 2.38. Calculate Ka for
formic acid at this temperature.

Acids
and
Bases



• We know that
[H3O+] [COO−]
Ka =
[HCOOH]
Acids
and
Bases



• To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium
concentrations of all three things.

Acids
and
Bases



• To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium
concentrations of all three things.
• We can find [H3O+], which is the same as
[HCOO−], from the pH.
Acids
and
Bases


pH = −log [H3O+]
2.38 = −log [H3O+]
−2.38 = log [H3O+]

10−2.38 = 10log [H3O+] = [H3O+]
4.2 × 10−3 = [H3O+] = [HCOO−]

Acids
and
Bases

Calculating Ka from pH

Now we can set up a table…

[HCOOH], M [H3O+], M [HCOO−], M

Initially 0.10 0 0

Change −4.2 × 10-3 +4.2 × 10-3 +4.2 × 10−3

At 0.10 − 4.2 × 10−3 4.2 × 10−3 4.2 × 10−3
Equilibrium = 0.0958 = 0.10
Acids
and
Bases


[4.2 × 10−3] [4.2 × 10−3]
Ka =
[0.10]

Acids
and
Bases


[4.2 × 10−3] [4.2 × 10−3]
Ka =
[0.10]

= 1.8 × 10−4

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Niacin, one of the B vitamins, has the
following molecular structure:

A 0.020 M solution of niacin has a pH of 3.26.
(a) What percentage of the acid is ionized in
this solution?
(b) What is the acid-dissociation constant, Ka,
for niacin? Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Niacin, one of the B vitamins, has the
following molecular structure:

A 0.020 M solution of niacin has a pH of 3.26.
(a) What percentage of the acid is ionized in
this solution?
(b) What is the acid-dissociation constant, Ka,
for niacin? Acids
and
Bases
Answers: (a) 2.7%, (b) 1.5 × 10–5

Calculating Percent
Ionization
[H3O+]eq
• Percent Ionization = × 100
[HA]initial

Acids
and
Bases

Calculating Percent
Ionization
[H3O+]eq
• Percent Ionization = × 100
[HA]initial

• In this example
[H3O+]eq = 4.2 × 10−3 M
[HCOOH]initial = 0.10 M

Acids
and
Bases

Calculating Percent
Ionization
4.2 × 10−3
Percent Ionization = × 100
0.10

Acids
and
Bases

Calculating Percent
Ionization
4.2 × 10−3
Percent Ionization = × 100
0.10

= 4.2%

Acids
and
Bases

The pH of a 0.050 M weak acid is 3.00.
What is the percentage ionization?

1. 0.10%
2. 0.20%
3. 1.0%
4. 2.0%
5. 3.0%

Acids
and
97 Bases

The pH of a 0.050 M weak acid is 3.00.
What is the percentage ionization?

1. 0.10% Since pH = 3.00,
2. 0.20% [H+] = 1.0 × 10−3 M, so
3. 1.0% +
[H ] eq
% ionization = × 100%
4. 2.0% [HA]o
5. 3.0% % ionization =
[1.0 ×10 -3 ]
×100%
[0.050]
% ionization = 2.0%
Acids
and
98 Bases

Calculating pH from Ka

Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M solution of
acetic acid, HC2H3O2, at 25°C.

HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)

Ka for acetic acid at 25°C is 1.8 × 10−5.

Acids
and
Bases


The equilibrium constant expression
is

Acids
and
Bases


is

[H3O+] [C2H3O2−]
Ka =
[HC2H3O2]

Acids
and
Bases


We next set up a table…

[C2H3O2], M [H3O+], M [C2H3O2−], M

Initially 0.30 0 0
Change −x +x +x

At 0.30 − x ≈ 0.30 x x
Equilibrium

Acids
and
Bases


We next set up a table…

[C2H3O2], M [H3O+], M [C2H3O2−], M

Initially 0.30 0 0
Change −x +x +x

At 0.30 − x ≈ 0.30 x x
Equilibrium

We are assuming that x will be very small
Acids
compared to 0.30 and can, therefore, beBases
and

ignored.


Now,

(x)2
1.8 × 10−5 =
(0.30)

Acids
and
Bases


Now,

(x)2
1.8 × 10−5 =
(0.30)
(1.8 × 10−5) (0.30) = x2
5.4 × 10−6 = x2
2.3 × 10−3 = x
Acids
(Check to ensure that ionization is < 5% or the “simplifying
and
Bases
assumption” is not valid


pH = −log [H3O+]
pH = −log (2.3 × 10−3)
pH = 2.64

Acids
and
Bases

because weak acids typically
undergo very little ionization,
often less than 1% in solution.

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
The Ka for niacin (Practice Exercise 16.10) is
1.5 × 10–5. What is the pH of a 0.010 M
solution of niacin?

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
The Ka for niacin (Practice Exercise 16.10) is
1.5 × 10–5. What is the pH of a 0.010 M
solution of niacin?

Answer: 3.42 Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.12 Using Ka to Calculate Percent Ionization

Calculate the percentage of HF molecules
ionized in (a) a 0.10 M HF solution, (b) a
0.010 M HF solution.

Acids
and
Bases



The equilibrium-constant expression is

Acids
and
Bases



The equilibrium-constant expression is

When we try solving this equation using the
approximation 0.10 – x = 0.10 (that is, by neglecting the
Acids
concentration of acid that ionizes in comparison with the and
initial concentration), we obtain Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.12 continued
Because this value is greater than 5% of 0.10 M, we should work the
problem without the approximation, using an equation-solving calculator or
the quadratic formula. Rearranging our equation and writing it in standard
quadratic form, we have

Acids
and
Bases


This equation can be solved using the standard quadratic
formula.

Acids
and
Bases


formula.

Substituting the appropriate numbers gives

Acids
and
Bases


formula.

Substituting the appropriate numbers gives

Of the two solutions, only the one that gives a positive value for x is Acids
and
chemically reasonable. Thus, Bases


From our result, we can calculate the percent of molecules
ionized:

Acids
and
Bases


ionized:

(b) Proceeding similarly for the 0.010 M solution, we have

Acids
and
Bases


ionized:


Solving the resultant quadratic expression, we obtain

Acids
and
Bases


ionized:



The percentage of molecules ionized is

Acids
and
Bases


ionized:



The percentage of molecules ionized is

Comment: Notice that if we do not use the quadratic formula to solve the problem properly, we
calculate 8.2% ionization for (a) and 26% ionization for (b). Notice also that in diluting the solution by a
factor of 10, the percentage of molecules ionized increases by a factor of 3. This result is in accord
with what we see in Figure 16.9. It is also what we would expect from Le Châtelier’s principle. • Acids
(Section 15.6) There are more “particles” or reaction components on the right side of the equation than and
on the left. Dilution causes the reaction to shift in the direction of the larger number of particles Bases
because this counters the effect of the decreasing concentration of particles.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
In Practice Exercise 16.10, we found that
the percent ionization of niacin (Ka = 1.5 ×
10–5) in a 0.020 M solution is 2.7%.
Calculate the percentage of niacin
molecules ionized in a solution that is
(a) 0.010 M,
(b) 1.0 × 10–3 M.

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
In Practice Exercise 16.10, we found that
the percent ionization of niacin (Ka = 1.5 ×
10–5) in a 0.020 M solution is 2.7%.
Calculate the percentage of niacin
molecules ionized in a solution that is
(a) 0.010 M,
(b) 1.0 × 10–3 M.
Answers: (a) 3.8%, (b) 12%

Acids
and
Bases

Polyprotic Acids
• Have more than one acidic proton.

Acids
and
Bases

Polyprotic Acids
• Have more than one acidic proton.
• If the difference between the Ka for the
first dissociation and subsequent Ka
values is 103 or more, the pH generally
depends only on the first dissociation.

Acids
and
Bases

This is the acid dissociation constant for
the 3rd and final proton from H3PO4.

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.13 Calculating the pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution

The solubility of CO2 in pure water at 25°C and 0.1 atm
pressure is 0.0037 M. The common practice is to
assume that all of the dissolved CO2 is in the form of
carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is produced by reaction
between the CO2 and H2O:

What is the pH of a 0.0037 M solution of H2CO3?

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.13 Calculating the pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution



H2CO3 is a diprotic acid; the two acid-dissociation
constants, Ka1 and Ka2 (Table 16.3), differ by more
than a factor of 103. Consequently, the pH can be
determined by considering only Ka1, thereby Acids
and
treating the acid as if it were a monoprotic acid. Bases



Acids
and
Bases

Solving this equation using an equation-solving calculator,
we get

Acids
and
Bases

we get

Because Ka1 is small, we can make the simplifying
approximation that x is small, so that

Acids
and
Bases

we get

Because Ka1 is small, we can make the simplifying
approximation that x is small, so that

The small value of x indicates that our simplifying
assumption was justified.
Acids
and
Bases

Comment: If we were asked to solve for [CO32–], we would need
to use Ka2. Using the values of [HCO3–] and [H+] calculated
above, and setting [CO32–] = y


Assuming that y is small compared to 4.0 × 10–5, we have


Assuming that y is small compared to 4.0 × 10–5, we have

The value calculated for y is indeed very small compared to 4.0 × 10–5, showing that our assumption
was justified. It also shows that the ionization of HCO3– is negligible compared to that of H2CO3, as far
as production of H+ is concerned. However, it is the only source of CO32–, which has a very low
concentration in the solution. Our calculations thus tell us that in a solution of carbon dioxide in water,
most of the CO2 is in the form of CO2 or H2CO3, a small fraction ionizes to form H+ and HCO3–, and an
even smaller fraction ionizes to give CO32–. Notice also that [CO32–] is numerically equal to Ka2.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
(a) Calculate the pH of a 0.020 M
solution of oxalic acid (H2C2O4).
(See Table 16.3 for Ka1 and Ka2.)
(b) Calculate the concentration of
oxalate ion, [C2O42–], in this
solution.

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE
(a) Calculate the pH of a 0.020 M
solution of oxalic acid (H2C2O4).
(See Table 16.3 for Ka1 and Ka2.)
(b) Calculate the concentration of
oxalate ion, [C2O42–], in this
solution.

Answers: (a) pH = 1.80, (b) [C2O42–] = 6.4 × 10–5 M Acids
and
Bases

Weak Bases
Bases react with water to produce
hydroxide ion.

Acids
and
Bases

Weak Bases

for this reaction is

[HB] [OH−]
Kb =
[B−]

where Kb is the base-dissociation constant.
Acids
and
Bases

Weak Bases

Kb can be used to find [OH−] and, through it, pH.

Acids
and
Bases

pH of Basic Solutions

What is the pH of a 0.15 M solution of
NH3?
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Acids
and
Bases


What is the pH of a 0.15 M solution of
NH3?
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)

[NH4+] [OH−]
Kb = = 1.8 × 10−5
[NH3]

Acids
and
Bases


Tabulate the data.

[NH3], M [NH4+], M [OH−], M

Initially 0.15 0 0
At Equilibrium 0.15 - x ≈ 0.15 x x

Acids
and
Bases


(x)2
1.8 × 10−5 =
(0.15)
(1.8 × 10−5) (0.15) = x2
2.7 × 10−6 = x2
1.6 × 10−3 = x2

Acids
and
Bases

Therefore,
[OH−] = 1.6 × 10−3 M
pOH = −log (1.6 × 10−3)
pOH = 2.80
pH = 14.00 − 2.80
pH = 11.20

The value obtained for x is only about 1% of the
NH3 concentration, 0.15 M. Therefore, neglecting Acids
and
x relative to 0.15 was justified. Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.15 Using pH to Determine the Concentration of a Salt

A solution made by adding solid sodium
hypochlorite (NaClO) to enough water to make
2.00 L of solution has a pH of 10.50. Calculate
the number of moles of NaClO that were added
to the water.

ClO– ion is a weak base with Kb = 3.33 × 10–7

Acids
and
Bases


Acids
and
Bases


This concentration is high enough that we can
neglect any OH– produced by the
autoionization of H2O.

Acids
and
Bases


Acids
and
Bases


We say that the solution is 0.30 M in NaClO,
even though some of the ClO– ions have
reacted with water.
Because the solution is 0.30 M in NaClO and
the total volume of solution is 2.00 L, 0.60 mol
Acids
of NaClO is the amount of the salt that wasBases
and

added to the water.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

A solution of NH3 in water has a
pH of 11.17. What is the molarity
of the solution?

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

A solution of NH3 in water has a
pH of 11.17. What is the molarity
of the solution?

Answer: 0.12 M

Acids
and
Bases

Chapter 16
Ka from Kb
pH of Salt solutions

Read pages 696-702
HOMEWORK
Pg 712 #5, 7, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89
Acids
and
Bases

Ka and Kb

Acids
and
Bases

Ka and Kb

Ka and Kb are related in this way:
Ka × Kb = Kw
Therefore, if you know one of them, you can
calculate the other. Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.16 Calculating Ka or Kb for a Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Calculate (a) the base-dissociation constant, Kb, for the
fluoride ion (F–); (b) the acid-dissociation constant, Ka, for
the ammonium ion (NH4+).

Acids
and
Bases


(a) Ka for the weak acid, HF, is given in Table 16.2 and
Solve:

Appendix D as Ka = 6.8 × 10–4 . We can use Equation
16.40 to calculate Kb for the conjugate base, F–:

Acids
and
Bases


(a) Ka for the weak acid, HF, is given in Table 16.2 and
Solve:

Appendix D as Ka = 6.8 × 10–4 . We can use Equation
16.40 to calculate Kb for the conjugate base, F–:

Kb for NH3 is listed in Table 16.4 and in Appendix D as
(b)

Kb = 1.8 × 10–5. Using Equation 16.40, we can calculate Ka
for the conjugate acid, NH4+:
Acids
and
Bases


PRACTICE EXERCISE
(a)Which of the following anions has the largest base-
dissociation constant: NO2–, PO43– , or N3– ?
(b) The base quinoline has the following structure:

Acids
and
Bases


PRACTICE EXERCISE

Its conjugate acid is listed in handbooks as having a pKa of
4.90. What is the base-dissociation constant for quinoline?

Acids
and
Bases


PRACTICE EXERCISE

Its conjugate acid is listed in handbooks as having a pKa of
4.90. What is the base-dissociation constant for quinoline?

Answers: (a) PO43–(Kb = 2.4 × 10–2), (b) 7.9 × 10–10 Acids
and
Bases

Reactions of Anions with Water

Acids
and
Bases

• Anions are bases.

Acids
and
Bases

• Anions are bases.
• As such, they can react with water in a
hydrolysis reaction to form OH− and the
conjugate acid:

X−(aq) + H2O(l) HX(aq) + OH−(aq)

Acids
and
Bases

Reactions of Cations with Water

Acids
and
Bases


• Cations with acidic protons
(like NH4+) will lower the pH
of a solution.

Acids
and
Bases


• Cations with acidic protons
(like NH4+) will lower the pH
of a solution.
• Most metal cations that are
hydrated in solution also
lower the pH of the solution.

Acids
and
Bases

Effect of Cations and Anions

Acids
and
Bases


1. An anion that is the
conjugate base of a strong
acid will not affect the pH.

Acids
and
Bases


conjugate base of a weak
acid will increase the pH.

Acids
and
Bases


conjugate base of a weak
acid will increase the pH.
3. A cation that is the
conjugate acid of a weak
base will decrease the pH.

Acids
and
Bases


4. Cations of the strong
Arrhenius bases will not
affect the pH.

Acids
and
Bases


affect the pH.
5. Other metal ions will
cause a decrease in pH.

Acids
and
Bases


affect the pH.
5. Other metal ions will
cause a decrease in pH.
6. When a solution contains
both the conjugate base
of a weak acid and the
conjugate acid of a weak
base, the affect on pH
depends on the Ka and Kb
values. Acids
and
Bases

NO3– does not change the pH.

Acids
and
Bases

NO3– does not change the pH.
CO32– raises the pH.

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.17 Predicting the Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions

List the following solutions in order of increasing
pH: (i) 0.1 M Ba(C2H3O2)2, (ii) 0.1 M NH4Cl,
(iii) 0.1 M NH3CH3Br, (iv) 0.1 M KNO3.

Acids
and
Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.17 Predicting the Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions

List the following solutions in order of increasing
pH: (i) 0.1 M Ba(C2H3O2)2, (ii) 0.1 M NH4Cl,
(iii) 0.1 M NH3CH3Br, (iv) 0.1 M KNO3.
Solve: Solution (i) contains barium ions and acetate ions. Ba2+ is an ion of one of
the heavy alkaline earth metals and will therefore not affect the pH (summary
point 4). The anion, C2H3O2–, is the conjugate base of the weak acid HC2H3O2
and will hydrolyze to produce OH– ions, thereby making the solution basic
(summary point 2). Solutions (ii) and (iii) both contain cations that are conjugate
acids of weak bases and anions that are conjugate bases of strong acids. Both
solutions will therefore be acidic. Solution (i) contains NH4+, which is the
conjugate acid of NH3 (Kb = 1.8 × 10–5). Solution (iii) contains NH3CH3+, which
is the conjugate acid of NH2CH3 (Kb = 4.4 × 10–4). Because NH3 has the smaller
Kb and is the weaker of the two bases, NH4+ will be the stronger of the two
conjugate acids. Solution (ii) will therefore be the more acidic of the two.
Solution (iv) contains the K+ ion, which is the cation of the strong base KOH,
and the NO3– ion, which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HNO3. Neither Acids
and
of the ions in solution (iv) will react with water to any appreciable extent, making
Bases
the solution neutral. Thus, the order of pH is 0.1 M NH4Cl < 0.1 M NH3CH3Br <

PRACTICE EXERCISE

In each of the following, indicate which salt
will form the more acidic (or less basic)
0.010 M solution:
(a) NaNO3, Fe(NO3)3; (b) KBr, KBrO; (c)
CH3NH3Cl, BaCl2, (d) NH4NO2, NH4NO3.

Acids
and
Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE

In each of the following, indicate which salt
will form the more acidic (or less basic)
0.010 M solution:
(a) NaNO3, Fe(NO3)3; (b) KBr, KBrO; (c)
CH3NH3Cl, BaCl2, (d) NH4NO2, NH4NO3.

Acids
and
Answers: (a) Fe(NO3)3, (b) KBr, (c) CH3NH3Cl, (d) NH4NO3 Bases

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.18 Predicting Whether the Solution of an Amphiprotic Anion is Acidic or Basic

Predict whether the salt Na2HPO4 will form an acidic
solution or a basic solution on dissolving in water.

Acids
and
Bases


Na+ ion will not affect pH, what will HPO4- do?

Acids
and
Bases



The reaction with the larger equilibrium constant will dominate
and determine whether the solution is acidic or basic.

Acids
and
Bases



From appendix, the value of Ka for the first equation is 4.2 × 10–13.
Calculate the value of Kb for Equation #2 from the value of Ka for
its conjugate acid, H2PO4– , using Ka × Kb = Kw

Acids
and
Bases



From appendix, the value of Ka for the first equation is 4.2 × 10–13.
Calculate the value of Kb for Equation #2 from the value of Ka for
its conjugate acid, H2PO4– , using Ka × Kb = Kw
Ka for H2PO4– is 6.2 × 10–8, so Kb = 1.6x10-7.

The second equation has a bigger K so it will dominate and
Acids
and
solution is basic. Bases

Chapter 16
Sections 16.10 - 16.11
Acid/Base structure vs. properties
Lewis acids and bases

Read pages 702-712
HOMEWORK
Pg 716 # 8, 9, 10, 91, 93, 95, 99, 101,103
Acids
and
Bases

Bellwork
Predict whether the dipotassium salt of citric
acid (K2HC6H5O7) will form an acidic or basic
solution in water

Bellwork
Predict whether the dipotassium salt of citric
acid (K2HC6H5O7) will form an acidic or basic
solution in water
Answer: acidic

Acid-Base Behavior &
Chemical Structure
FOR ANY H-X BOND
• Polar bonds where H has a ∂+ are
acidic. (X= non-metal)
• Polar bonds where H has a ∂- are basic.
(X= metal)
• Non-polar bonds with H have no acid-
base properties. (C-H bond)
Acids
and
144 Bases

Factors Affecting Acid Strength

Acids
and
Bases


• The weaker the H-X bond, the more acidic
the compound.

Acids
and
Bases


• The weaker the H-X bond, the more acidic
the compound.
• Acidity increases from left to right across a
row (↑ polarity) and from top to bottom down
Acids
and
a group (↑atom size =↓ bond strength). Bases


Acids
and
146 Bases


• The stability of the conjugate base will also
affect the strength of an acid.

Acids
and
146 Bases


• Strong acids have very stable conjugate
bases.

Acids
and
146 Bases


• Strong acids have very stable conjugate
bases.

• Acid strength is determined by all three
factors: bond polarity, bond strength, and
conjugate stability. Acids
and
146 Bases

Moving down a column, H-X
bond strength decreases;

Acids
and
Bases

Moving down a column, H-X
bond strength decreases;
Moving left-to-right across a
period, electronegativity
increases.

Acids
and
Bases

Compound that have -OH bound to an
atom of low electronegativity (a metal)
are bases that produce OH-.
Other compounds have -OH groups
where only the H+ comes off. They are
oxyacids and they involve non-metals.

Acids
Sulfuric acid and
148 Bases

In oxyacids, in
which an OH is
bonded to
another atom,
Y, the more
electronegative
Y is, the more
acidic the acid. Acids
and
Bases


For a series of oxyacids, acidity
increases with the number of
oxygens. More EN means more polar Acids
and
Bases
HX bond and more stable anion.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.19 Predicting Relative Acidities from Composition
and Structure

Arrange the compounds in each of the following
series in order of increasing acid strength: (a)
AsH3, HI, NaH, H2O; (b) H2SeO3, H2SeO4, H2O.

and Structure

Solve: (a) The elements from the left side of the periodic table form the most basic
binary hydrogen compounds because the hydrogen in these compounds carries a
negative charge. Thus NaH should be the most basic compound on the list.
Because arsenic is less electronegative than oxygen, we might expect that AsH3
would be a weak base toward water. That is also what we would predict by an
extension of the trends shown in Figure 16.13. Further, we expect that the binary
hydrogen compounds of the halogens, as the most electronegative element in
each period, will be acidic relative to water. In fact, HI is one of the strong acids in
water. Thus the order of increasing acidity is NaH < AsH3 < H2O < HI.

and Structure

Solve: (a) The elements from the left side of the periodic table form the most basic
binary hydrogen compounds because the hydrogen in these compounds carries a
negative charge. Thus NaH should be the most basic compound on the list.
Because arsenic is less electronegative than oxygen, we might expect that AsH3
would be a weak base toward water. That is also what we would predict by an
extension of the trends shown in Figure 16.13. Further, we expect that the binary
hydrogen compounds of the halogens, as the most electronegative element in
each period, will be acidic relative to water. In fact, HI is one of the strong acids in
water. Thus the order of increasing acidity is NaH < AsH3 < H2O < HI.
(b) The acidity of oxyacids increases as the number of oxygen atoms bonded
to the central atom increases. Thus, H2SeO4 will be a stronger acid than H2SeO3;
in fact, the Se atom in H2SeO4 is in its maximum positive oxidation state, and so
we expect it to be a comparatively strong acid, much like H2SO4. H2SeO3 is an
oxyacid of a nonmetal that is similar to H2SO3. As such, we expect that H2SeO3 is
able to donate a proton to H2O, indicating that H2SeO3 is a stronger acid than H2O.
Thus, the order of increasing acidity is H2O < H2SeO3 < H2SeO4.

Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE

In each of the following pairs choose the compound
that leads to the more acidic (or less basic) solution:
(a) HBr, HF; (b) PH3, H2S; (c) HNO2, HNO3; (d)
H2SO3, H2SeO3.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

In each of the following pairs choose the compound
that leads to the more acidic (or less basic) solution:
(a) HBr, HF; (b) PH3, H2S; (c) HNO2, HNO3; (d)
H2SO3, H2SeO3.

Answers: (a) HBr, (b) H2S, (c) HNO3, (d) H2SO3

Resonance in the conjugate bases of
carboxylic acids stabilizes the base
and makes the conjugate acid more
acidic. -COOH = carboxyl group

Acids
and
Bases

–COOH

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Acids

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Acids

• Lewis acids are defined as electron-pair
acceptors.

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Acids

• Lewis acids are defined as electron-pair
acceptors.
• Atoms with an empty valence orbital can be Lewis
acids.
Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Bases

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Bases

• Lewis bases are defined as electron-pair donors.

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Bases

• Anything that could be a Brønsted–Lowry base is
a Lewis base.

Acids
and
Bases

Lewis Bases

• Anything that could be a Brønsted–Lowry base is
a Lewis base.
• Lewis bases can interact with things other than
protons, however. Acids
and
Bases

• Except for the alkalis, Ca2+,
Sr2+, and Ba2+ metal ions are
acidic.

Acids
and
Bases

acidic.
• Attraction between nonbonding
electrons on oxygen and the
metal causes a shift of the
electron density in water.

Acids
and
Bases

acidic.
• This makes the O-H bond more
polar and the water more acidic.

Acids
and
Bases

acidic.
• This makes the O-H bond more
polar and the water more acidic.
• Greater charge and
smaller size make a cation
Acids
and
more acidic. Bases

one or more unshared pairs
of electrons

Acids
and
Bases

Fe3+ because it has the most
positive charge.

Acids
and
161 Bases

Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium

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Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium