CHAPTER 2 in HUMANITIES (PRELIM)

CHAPTER 2
PAINTING
Prepared by:
Roger B. Trajano
Instructor

Definition
Painting is the art of applying
pigments to a surface in order to
present a picture of the subject.
The painter must have chosen
his methods: realism, surrealism,
abstractionism, etc.

Medium
1. Oil and fresco used to be the favorite mediums of
great painters in the second half of the last
millennium.
2. Acrylic and poster colors, which are readily
available in book stores and department stores.
3. Watercolor, tempera, pastel, acrylic, and
encaustic.

Oil
Oil painting is done with the use of
ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar,
vegetable matter, etc.) Oil paintings are
long-lasting, slow in drying, easy to
handle. Oil paints are applied in either of
two ways:
1. The direct method, in which the paints
are opaque and once they are applied
on the surface; and
2. The indirect method, in which the
paints are transparent and they are
applied in many thin layers or coatings.

Fernando Amorsolo’s Oil Paintings
“Farmer” “Angelus”
“Countryside Scene”
“Barrio Fiesta” “Tinikling Dance”

Vicente Manansala’s Oil Paintings
“Prayer Before Meals”“Fruit Vendor with Twin Sons”

Tam Austria’s Oil Painting Lito Balagtas Oil Painting
“Philippine Madonna and Child”“Fisherman’s Family”

Fresco
Fresco (Italian for Fresh) painting is done with the use of earth
pigments mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster or glue
which attaches the color to the surface like a wall.
1. When the plaster is wet, the painting is described as buon fresco
or true fresco.
2. On the other hand, when the plaster is dry the painting is described
as fresco secco or dry fresco.
Note:
The Fresco paintings are durable. It is quick to dry. Fresco
paintings are not movable because they are permanently attached
to the walls; and fresco paintings are subject to loss in the event
that the walls are destroyed.

Michelangelo Buonarroti
“The Creation of Man” “The Fall of Man”
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel showing Michelangelo's ceiling fresco, The Vatican, Rome

Leonardo da Vinci
“The Last Supper”

Water Color
Water color is done with the use of pigments
mixed with water and applied to fine white paper.
Tempera
Tempera paintings is done with the use of
ground pigments mixed with an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle (egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein).

Watercolor Painting of Vicente Manansala
“Balut Vendors”

Tempera Painting
"World Bird" -Jen Delyth

Pastel
Pastel painting is done with the use of pastel colors
closely resembling dry pigments bound to form crayons,
which are directly applied to the surface
Acrylic
Acrylic painting is done with the use synthetic paints
called acrylics mixed with a vehicle capable of being
thinned with water.
Encaustic
Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as
a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall.

Pastel Painting
“Autumn Lake”
Pastel Painting Encaustic Painting
"Water Fountain Acrylic
Painting"
“The Fayum Mummy
Portraits"

Subjects
There are so many subjects that can be presented in
painting.
1. The Prehistoric men painted animals. on walls of caves.
2. The Early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the
pharaohs.
3. The Greeks and Romans were so fond of their male and
female deities.
4. The Renaissance painters did portraits of Mary and Jesus
and depicted biblical stories.

Portraiture
Portraits are pictures of men and
women singly or collectively. Thus,
paintings of men’s faces, if not their
entire bodies, became a hit. Sad to say,
it was the elite, particularly the kings and
the noblemen, who could afford the
services of good painters.

Portraiture
Vincent van Gogh Self-Portrait Photograph of a Two Children
Princess Anne and Prince Charles

Animals and Plants
In the early stages of men’s development (hunting and
food-gathering), his first encounters were with animals and
plants. Because of this constant contact with and their
interest in these living organisms, The earliest paintings
discovered in several caves in Europe were those of animals.

Still Life
Still life is a painting of an
inanimate object or a non-living thing
placed on a table or another setting. A
basket of fruits, a bag of groceries, a
pack of cigarettes, a bunch of flowers
and a bucket of chicken are examples
of still life.

Animals and Plants Still Life
A bone fragment at least 13,000
years, with an engraved image of a
mammoth or mastodon were
discovered in Florida
“Fruit Basket”

Country Life
Local events such as a barrio
fiesta, a fluvial parade, a bountiful
rice harvest, a big catch of fishes,
and a natural calamity are
exciting painting subjects.

Landscape
Any of the water form can be the subject
of a seascape painting. These water forms
include the ocean, the sea, the river, the lake,
the brook, the pond, the falls, and the like.

Cityscape
An aerial view of a city or a portion
of it can be the subject of a cityscape
painting.

Country Life
“Barrio Fiesta”“Farmer” “Tinikling Dance”
“Countryside Scene” “The Bathers” “Mother and Child”

Seascape Painting Cityscape Painting
"Coastal Magic II" A Cool Day at the Shops

Event
Events are among the favorite subjects of
painters. The “Spoliarium” and the “Blood
Compact” of Juan Luna and the “Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Populace” of Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo are examples of such subjects. “Moses
Commanding the Red Sea to Divide” is another
illustration.

Religious Items
Religious objects are as commonly
used subjects today as they were
during the Medieval and Renaissance
Periods.

Other
Mythological, Fictional, and cartoon
characters are also favorite subjects
for painting, and objects dear to the
painters are common subjects.

Event Painting
Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” Juan Luna’s “Blood
Compact”
“Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace”
“Moses Commanding the Red Sea to
Divide”

Tools
1. The brush or the brushes- assorted
brushes are used to have variety of
strokes.
2. The palette, the palette knife or
spatula- is the one that contains or
holds the painting medium. The palette
knife is used to mix colors on the
palette and sometimes to add colors to
and to scrape or remove colors from
the painting surface
3. The easel -is the frame that supports
the painting; it usually has three legs.

Tools use in Painting
Brushes Palette Knife for used Small Painting
Spatula used Large PaintingPalette Easel

History
Prehistoric Period
All cultures and dates back to the time of the prehistoric
men who produced their own artifacts. Egyptians created
paintings to make the burials site for example the pyramid.
The oldest known paintings believed to be about 32, 000
years old are found in the France and depict animals. There
are also cave paintings of antelopes in Altamira, Spain.

Greek Period
Ancient Greece had great painters
who were then regarded as manual
laborers. Paintings found in pottery and
ceramics give a glimpse of the way of
life of ancients Greeks.

Roman Period
Roman painting exhibits important
characteristics of its own. These qualities
are evident in the only surviving Roman
paintings, that is, the wall paintings from
villas in Campania, Southern Italy.

Prehistoric Period
The pyramid for the dead pharaoh oldest known paintings believed to be
about 32, 000 years old
Paleolithic Cave Art was found in Altamira Cave (Spain)
dating 18,500 years ago.
Altamira was the first cave discovered to have prehistoric
paintings
In the late 1800's an amateur archaeologist was led by his
9 yr old daughter to find this cave Naturally, this was a
very popular place for visitors, however, the carbon
dioxide from breathing in the close confines of the cave
began to deteriorate the paintings between 1960's and
70's and the cave was closed to the public for its
preservation and historic value.
A replica cave was constructed nearby for viewing and
completed in 2001.
The "Time Line" is as follows (courtesy

Greek Period
Zeuxis and Parrhasius Apelles

Medieval Period
The middle ages saw the rise of
Christianity, which brought about a
different spirit and aim to painting
styles. Placing great emphasis on
retaining traditional iconography and
style.

Renaissance Period
Considered the golden age of painting,
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti,
and Raphael are among the great Italian
artists who reflected the revolution of ideas
and science during this period through their
paintings.

Baroque Period
The Baroque period produced
paintings with dramatic light and shade,
violent composition, and exaggerated
emotion.

Byzantine Period
Renaissance
Period
Baroque Period
Caravaggi
o
Rembrand
t
Rubens
Velazquez Poussin Vermeer,
Le Nain La Tour
Renaissance
Period Painters
Byzantine
Painting
Baroque Period
Painters

Classical Period
The “Classical” refers to “the art of
ancient Greece and Rome”; it can also
mean “an art that is based on a carefully
organized arrangement of parts, with
special emphasis on balance and
proportion” (Russell, 1984).

Rococo Period
The painting during this period is
characterized as lighter than that of the
Baroque, often frivolous, and erotic.

Romantic Period
The fall of the Rococo style gave rise to a
new movement which shifted its attention
toward landscape and nature, as well as the
human figure and the supremacy of natural
order above mankind’s will.

Classical Period
The material remains of the
ancient Greek and Roman worlds

Rococo Period
Antoine Watteau
“Embarkation for Cythera”

Francois Boucher
“Toilette of Venus”
Francois Boucher
“The Triumph of Venus”

Fragonard
“The Stolen Kiss”
Fragonard
“The Swing”

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
(March 5, 1696 – March 27,
1770), also known as
Gianbattista or Giambattista
Tiepolo, was an Italian painter
and printmaker from the
Republic of Venice. He was
prolific, and worked not only in
Italy, but also in Germany and
Spain.
Thomas Gainsborough
English painter, one of the greatest
masters of the English school in
portraiture, and only less so in
landscape, was born at Sudbury,
Suffolk, in the spring of 1727. His
father, who carried on the business
of a woollen crape-maker in that
town, was of a respectable
character and family, and was
noted for his skill in fencing; his
mother excelled in flower-painting,
and encouraged her son in the use
of the pencil. There were nine
children of the marriage, two of the
Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin
(2 November 1699 – 6
December 1779) was an 18th-
century French painter. He is
considered a master of still
life, and is also noted for his
genre paintings which depict
kitchen maids, children, and
domestic activities. Carefully
balanced composition, soft
diffusion of light, and granular
impasto characterize his work.

Romantic Period
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January
1867) was a French Neoclassical
painter. Although he considered himself
to be a painter of history in the tradition
of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis
David, by the end of his life it was
Ingres's portraits, both painted and
drawn, that were recognized as his
greatest legacy.
Jacques-Louis David
(30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
was an influential French painter in the
Neoclassical style, considered to be the
preeminent painter of the era. In the
1780s his cerebral brand of history
painting marked a change in taste away
from Rococo frivolity toward a classical
austerity and severity, heightened feeling
chiming with the moral climate of the
final years of the Ancien Régime.

Jacques-Louis David
Equestrian portrait of Stanisław
Kostka Potocki (1781)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
The Envoys of Agammemnon, 1801,
oil on canvas, École des Beaux Arts,
Paris

Realist and Naturalist Period
The realists and naturalists, headed by
Gustave Courbet, who used light, shade,
color, and perspective to reproduce as
closely as possible the appearance of
objects in nature (Russell, 1984).

Impressionist Period
A painting style that tried to capture the
quality of light as it plays across landscapes
and figures.

Realist and Naturalist Period
THE EXPRESSIONIST AND THEIR MASTERPIECE
Vincent Willem van Gogh
(30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist
painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty,
and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.
After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness,
he died at the age of 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted
to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found). His work was
then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer
still.
The Potato Eaters, 1885,
Van Gogh Museum

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin
(7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French Post-
Impressionist artist who was not well appreciated until after his
death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of
colors and synthetist style that were distinguishably different
from Impressionism. His work was influential to the French
avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso
and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death
and many of his paintings were in the possession of Russian
collector Sergei Shchukin. He was also an influential proponent
of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.
I Raro te Oviri, 1891, Dallas
Museum of Art

THE FORMALIST AND THEIR MASTERPIECE
Paul Cézanne
(1839–1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist
painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from
the 19th century conception of artistic endeavour to a new
and radically different world of art in the 20th century.
Cézanne can be said to form the bridge between late 19th
century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line
of artistic enquiry, Cubism. The line attributed to both Matisse
and Picasso that Cézanne "is the father of us all" cannot be
easily dismissed.
The Card Players, an
iconic work by Cézanne

THE REALIST AND NATURALIST WITH THEIR MASTER PIECE
Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet
(10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the
Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. The Realist
movement bridged the Romantic movement (characterized by the
paintings of Théodor Géricault and Eugène Delacroix) with the
Barbizon School and the Impressionists. Courbet occupies an
important place in 19th century French painting as an innovator and as
an artist willing to make bold social commentary in his work.
“ I am fifty years old and I have always lived in freedom; let me end my
life free; when I am dead let this be said of me: 'He belonged to no
school, to no church, to no institution, to no academy, least of all to any
régime except the régime of liberty.' ”
Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans, 1849-1850, oil on canvas, 314 x 663
cm.(123.6 x 261 inches), Musee d'Orsay, Paris. Exhibition at the 1850–1851
Paris Salon created an "explosive reaction" and brought Courbet instant fame.

Modern Period
In the early 20th century, avante-
garde artists experimented on new styles
of formalist painting and such
experimentation led to the birth of
Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, and
Supremantism.

Modern Period
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan
Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la
Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso, known as Pablo
Picasso
(25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter,
sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer who
spent most of his adult life in France. One of the greatest
and most influential artists of the 20th century.
“Les Demoiselles
d’Avignon” (1907, Analytical
Cubism)
“Girl Before a Mirror”
(1932, Synthetic Cubism)
“Guernica”
(1937, Synthetic Cubism)
CUBIST PAINTER

Robert Delaunay
(12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French
artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and
others, cofounded the Orphism art movement,
noted for its use of strong colours and geometric
shapes. His later works were more abstract
reminiscent of Paul Klee. His key influence related
to bold use of colour, and a clear love of
experimentation of both depth and tone.
FUTURIST PAINTERS
Simultaneous Windows on
the City, 1912, by Robert
Delaunay, Hamburger
Kunsthalle
Robert Delaunay, Paysage au
disque, 1906-1907, oil on canvas, 55
x 46 cm, Musée national d'art
moderne (MNAM), Centre Georges
Pompidou, Paris
Champs de Mars. La Tour
rouge. 1911. Art Institute of
Chicago.

Sonia Terk-Delaunay
(nėe Terk, November 14, 1885 – December 5, 1979) was a
Jewish-French artist who, with her husband Robert
Delaunay and others, cofounded the Orphism art movement,
noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes.
Her work extends to painting, textile design and stage set
design. She was the first living female artist to have a
retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964, and in 1975
was named an officer of the French Legion of Honor.
Her work in modern design included the concepts of
geometric abstraction, the integration of furniture, fabrics,
wall coverings, and clothing.
Rythme 1938 The last section of La prose du
Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne
de France, 1913

Joseph Fernand Henri Léger
(February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955)
was a French painter, sculptor, and
filmmaker. In his early works he created a
personal form of Cubism which he
gradually modified into a more figurative,
populist style. His boldly simplified
treatment of modern subject matter has
caused him to be regarded as a
forerunner of Pop art.
Fernand Léger, La
Femme en Bleu (Woman
in Blue), 1912, oil on
canvas
The City, 1919, oil on
canvas, The Museum of
Modern Art, New York
Still Life with a Beer
Mug, 1921, oil on
canvas, the Tate

Marcel Duchamp
(28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968; French pronunciation) was a
French artist whose work is most often associated with the
Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Considered by some to
be one of the most important artists of the 20th century,
Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World
War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as
Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby
helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period.
Marcel Duchamp. Nude
Descending a Staircase, No. 2
The Large Glass (1915–23)
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Collection

Gerrit Thomas Rietveld (24 June 1888–
25 June 1964) was a Dutch furniture
designer and architect. One of the
principal members of the Dutch artistic
movement called De Stijl, Rietveld is
famous for his Red and Blue Chair and for
the Rietveld Schröder House, which is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
De Stijl (“The Style”) Painters
Red and Blue Chair
(1917)
Rietveld Schröder House
in Utrecht (1924)

Theo van Doesburg
(Dutch pronunciation: [ˈteɪɔ vɑn
ˈdusbʏrx], 30 August 1883 – 7 March
1931) was a Dutch artist, who practised
painting, writing, poetry and
architecture. He is best known as the
founder and leader of De Stijl.
Neo-Plasticism:
Composition VII (the
three graces). 1917.
Elementarism: Counter-
Composition XVI in
dissonances. 1925.
A reconstruction of the dance
hall/cinema designed by Theo
van Doesburg: “Cinébal” at the
Aubette in Strasbourg.

Pieter Cornelis "Piet" Mondriaan
(March 7, 1872 – February 1, 1944), was a Dutch painter.
He was an important contributor to the De Stijl art movement and
group, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. He evolved a
non-representational form which he termed Neo-Plasticism. This
consisted of white ground, upon which was painted a grid of
vertical and horizontal black lines and the three primary colors.
Between his 1905 painting, The River Amstel, and his 1907
Amaryllis, Mondrian changed the spelling of his signature from
Mondriaan to Mondrian.
Piet Mondrian, View from
the Dunes with Beach and
Piers, Domburg, oil and
pencil on cardboard, 1909
Piet Mondrian, Gray
Tree, 1912, an early
experimentation with
cubism
The River Amstel

Notable Artists
Local Painters
Amorsolo, Fernando C.
(May 30, 1892 – April 26, 1972)
Amorsolo was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes.
Popularly known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light, he was
regarded as the Father of Philippine Realism for his numerous realistic paintings.
After his graduation from the University of the Philippines, he worked as a UP
part-time instructor and a commercial artist. His works include “Bombing of the
Intendencia” (1942), “The Burning of Manila” (1946), “Dalagang Bukid” (1936),
“The First Baptism in the Philippines,” “The First Mass in the Philippines,”
“Planting Rice” (1946), “Princess Urduja,” and “Sikatuna.” He was the first
recipient of the National Artist Award among the Filipino painters.

Fernando C. Amorsolo’s
Masterpieces
“Bombing of the Intendencia”
(1942)
“The Burning of Manila”
(1946)

“Dalagang
Bukid”
(1936)
“The First Baptism in the
Philippines”
(1946)

“The First Mass in the Philippines”
(1946)
“Planting Rice”
(1946)

Cabrera, Benedicto R.
(Born April 10, 1942)
A master of contemporary Philippine art, Cabrera is a painter
and printmaker who has exhibited widely in the Philippines and in
Asia, Europe, and the United States and has won several major art
awards in a career spanning four decades. Conferred the Order of
National Artist for Visual Artists by Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in
Malacañang Palace in 2006, he produced outstanding works such
as “Bali,” “Cordillera,” “Edo,” “Familia,” “Larawan,” and “Sabel.” He is
more popularly known as Bencab.

Benedicto R. Cabrera
Masterpieces
“Cordillera” “Sabel”

Domingo Damian
(1796 - 1834)
Domingo was the first Filipino painter who specialized in
secular painting. He portrayed non-religious themes on canvas and
excelled in miniature painting. He was considered a forerunner of
the Filipino movement for racial equality and the foremost Filipino
painter of the early 19th century. Among a few of his works which
survive to prove his mettle in the visual arts are “Nuestra Senora del
Rosario,” “Catedra de San Pedro Roma” (The Seat of Saint Peter”),
“La Sagrada Familia” (“The Holy Family”), and “La Immaculada
Concepcion” (“The Immaculate Conception”).

Domingo Damian
Masterpieces
“Nuestra Senora del Rosario” “La Sagrada Familia”
(“The Holy Family”)

Edades, Victorio C.
(December 13, 1895 – March 7, 1985)
Because Edades pioneered modernism in the Philippine art scene, he
became known as the Father of Modern Philippine Painting. Most of his paintings
portrayed the hardships of the working class. He received the degree of Doctor in
Fine Arts, Honoris Causa from the University of Santo Tomas where he worked
until he etired at the age of 70. Named the National Artist in Visual Arts in 1976,
he created the following works: “The Sketch,” National Museum Collection (1928);
“The Builders,” Cultural Center of the Philippines Collection (1928); “Interaction”
(1935), in collaboration with Carlos Francisco and Galo Ocampo; “Demoiselles
D’avao” (1976); and “Kasaysayan” (1979), a mural for a Manila bank.

Victorio C. Edades
Masterpieces
“The Sketch”
National Museum Collection (1928)
“The Builders”
Cultural Center of the Philippines
Collection (1928)

“Interaction” (1935)
In collaboration with Carlos
Francisco and Galo Ocampo

“Demoiselles D’avao” (1976); and “Kasaysayan” (1979), a mural for a
Manila bank.

Francisco, Carlos V.
(November 4, 1914 – March 31, 1969)
Francisco was among the most distinguished practitioners of mural painting
for many decades and was best known for his historical pieces. Popularly known
as Botong, he was one of the first Filipino modernists, together with Galo Ocampo
and Victorio Edades, who broke away from Amorsolo’s romanticism. His works
are “Kaingin” (1945), “Fiesta” (1948), “Life and Miracles of St. Dominic ,” Sto.
Domingo Church (1954), “Stations of the Cross,” Far Eastern University (1956),
“The Invasion of Limahong” (1956), “Mangingisda” (1957), “Muslim Wedding”
(1958), and “Bayanihan” (1962). He was pothumously recognized as the National
Artists in Visual Arts in 1973.

Carlos V. Francisco
Masterpieces
“Kaingin”
(1945)
“Fiesta”
(1948)

“Mangingisda”
(1957)
“Bayanihan”
(1962)

“The Invasion of Limahong”
(1956)
“Muslim Wedding”
(1958)

Hidalgo, Felix Resurrection
(February 21, 1853 – March 13, 1913)
Hidalgo was a contemporary of Juan Luna who placed second in an
international art exposition in Madrid, winning a silver medal for his painting, “Las
Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho” (“The Christian Virgins Exposed to
the Populace”). Schooled in the Ateneo de Manila and the Unversity of Santo
Tomas, he won a gold medal for “La Barca de Aqueronte” (“The Boat of Charon”)
and another silver for “Adios al Sol” (“Farewell to the Sun”). His other works are
“La Banca” (“The Native Boat”), “Vendadora de Lanzones” (“Lanzones Vendor”),
“Los Mendigos” (“The Beggars”), “Laguna Estigia” (“The Styx”), “El Crepusculo”
(“The Dawn”), and “El Violinista” (“The Violinist”).

Felix R. Hidalgo
Masterpieces
Hidalgo was a contemporary of Juan
Luna who placed second in an
international art exposition in Madrid,
winning a silver medal for his painting,
“Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al
Populacho” (“The Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Populace”).
Schooled in the Ateneo de Manila
and the Unversity of Santo Tomas,
he won a gold medal for “La
Barca de Aqueronte” (“The Boat
of Charon”)

Joya, Jose T.
(1931 – 1995)
Joya was a paiinter, multi-media artist, and dean of the UP
College of Fine Arts (1970 to 1978). Considered the foremost
proponent of abstract expressionism, he adopted the values of
kinetic energy and spontaneity in painting and master the art of
gestured paintings. Named National Artist in Visual Arts in 2003, he
produced the following works: “Barter of Panay” (1948), “Christ
Stripped of His Clothes” (1954), “Grandean Arabesque” (1958),
“Dimensions of Fear” (1965), “Vista Beyond Vision” (1981),
“Torogan” (1985), and “Playground of the Mind” (1998).

Jose T. Joya
Masterpieces
“Christ Stripped of His Clothes”
(1954)
“Torogan”
(1985)

Luna, Juan
(October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899)
A native Badoc, Ilocos Norte, Luna studied in Manila, at the Ateneo de
Manila and then at the Academia de Dibujoy y Pintura, and later in Madrid,
Spain, at the Escuela de Bellas Artes. He won the gold medal for “The Death
of Cleopatra;” however, his best known work was the “Spoliarium,” now a
treasure of the National Museum. He also did “The Blood Compact,” “Ang
Espanya sa Pilipinas,” “Ang Aliping Bulag,” “Ang Tagumpay ni Lapu-Lapu,”
“Ang Laban sa Lepanto,” and “Ang Mestiza.” He died in Hong Kong due to a
severe heart attack and was buried there, but his remains were exhumed in
1920 and transferred later to a niche at the Crypt Chapel of San Agustin.

Juan Luna
Masterpieces
Juan Luna “Spoliarium”
400 cm × 700 cm (160 in × 280 in)
National Museum of the Philippines

Juan Luna won the gold medal
for “The Death of Cleopatra”
“Blood Compact”

“Ang Mestiza” “The Parisian Life ”

Magsaysay-Ho, Anita C.
(Born May 25, 1914)
Magsaysay-Ho was a student of the UP School of Fine Arts
under Fernando and Pablo Amorsolo, later at the School of Design
with Victorio Edades, and then at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in
Michigan under Zoltan Sepeshy, under whom she specialized in
egg-tempera painting. The Art Association of the Philippines
awarded her first prize for her works, “The Cooks” in 1952 and “Two
Women” in 1960. She won the people’s admiration for her Neo-
Realist pieces rendered in egg tempera: “Fish Vendors,” “Fruit
Vendors,” “Mending the Nets,” and “Trio.”

Anita C. Magsaysay-Ho
Masterpieces
“Fish Vendors” “Market Scene”

Malang-Santos, Mauro
Malang was a multifaceted and prolific artist who worked
as a graphic designer and an illustrator and a cartoonist for
the Manila Chronicle, for which he created the two comic strip
characters, Kosme the Cop (Retired) and Chain Gang
Charlie. His acclaimed paintings celebrate the Philippine
landscape, its people and their traditions with rapturous,
fiesta colors. His sunny outlook in life is reflected in his
works; among them are the “Pastoral” and “Tres Marias.”

Mauro Malang-Santos
Masterpieces
“Tres Marias” “Barrio-Fiesta”

Manansala, Vicente S.
(January 22, 1910 – August 22, 1981)
Manansala was a Philippine cubist painter and illustrator born
in Macabebe, Pampanga. Like Amorsolo, he graduated from the UP
School of Fine Arts and received in 1949 a six-month UNESCO
grant study at the Ecole de Beaux Arts in Banff and Montreal,
Canada. His masterpieces include “Madonna of the Slums,”
“Jeepneys,” “Kalabaw” or “Carabao” (1965), “Bangkusay Seascape”
(1940), “Banaklaot” (1948), and “Reclining Mother and Child”
(1967). He also did the murals of “Stations of the Cross” in the
Parish Church of the Holy Sacrifice.

Vicente S. Manansala
Masterpieces
“Madonna of the Slums”
(1965)
“Jeepneys”
(1965)

“Bangkusay Seascape”
(1940)
“Banaklaot”
(1948),

Ocampo, Galo B.
(1913 – 1985)
Ocampo, together with Edades and Francisco, formed a
triumvirate painting murals for theaters and residences. Influenced
by surrealism, he expressed his concern for humanity in his
“allegories-in-paint.” In his “Brown Madonna,” he Filipinized the
Virgin Mary by presenting her in baro and tapis with a nipa hut,
Phlippine plants, and rice fields in the background. Now exhibited in
the UST Museum, the “Brown Madonna” was criticized by Alice
Guillermo as “the first attempt to create a new Filipino icons with
which the people could identify…” (Espina et al., 2004)

“Brown Madonna”
He Filipinized the Virgin Mary by presenting her in baro and
tapis with a nipa hut, Phlippine plants, and rice fields in the
background.
Now exhibited in the UST Museum

Foreign Painters
Buonarroti, Michelangelo Di Lodovico
(March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564)
Buonarroti was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect,
poet, and engineer. Considered a contender for the title of the archetypal
“Renaissance Man,” along with his rival and fellow Italian, Leonardo da Vinci,
he was known for his Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes. He was commissioned
by Pope Julius II to do those frescoes, which include “The Creation of Man,”
“The Fall of Man,” “The Story of Noah,” and “The Last Judgment.” His other
paintings are “The Holy Family with the Infant St. John the Baptist” (c. 1506),
“The Doni Tondo” (c. 1506), “Entombment” (c. 1510), “The Conversion of
Saul” (1542 – 45), and “Martydom of St. Peter” (1546 – 50).

Michelangelo Di Lodovico Buonarroti
Masterpieces
“The Creation of Man”“The Fall of Man”

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel showing Michelangelo's ceiling fresco, The Vatican, Rome

Da Vinci, Leonardo
(April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519)
Da Vinci was an Italian polymath, a scientist, mathematician, engineer,
inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, and
writer. He was born in Florence and was described as the archetype of the
“Renaissance man” due to his inventive powers. One of the greatest painting
of all time and the most diversely talented persons to have lived, he was
known for the following works: “The Annunciation” (c. 1472 -75), “The
Adoration of the Magi” (1481 – 82), “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1483 – 86),
“The Last Supper” (1498) in a Milan monastery, “The Virgin and Child with
St. Anne and the Young St. John the Baptist” (c. 1501), “Mona Lisa” (c. 1503
– 04), “Self-Portrait” (c. 1512), etc.

Leonardo Da Vinci
Masterpieces
“The Annunciation”
(c. 1472 -75)
“The Last Supper”

“Mona Lisa” The Madonna with the Yarnwinder

Degas, Edgar
(July 19, 1834 – September 27, 1917)
Degas was a French impressionistic painter who used
photography as an aid in studying figures in motion. In doing
his paintings, he used pastel to combine drawing and color.
He applied his studies of the figures in motion and came up
with such works as “The Ballet Girl Fixing Her Slipper” and
“Race Horses.” The drawing of his painting entitled
“Danseuse” (“Dancer”) was done in 1885.

Edgar Degas
Masterpieces
“Danseuse” “Race Horses”

Goya, Francisco Jose De
(March 30, 1746 – April 16, 1828)
Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, printmaker,
and chronicler of history. Born in Aragon, he has been regarded both
as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns. His
works influenced later generations of artists, notably Manet and
Picasso. This include “Blind Guitarist” (1778), “Crucified Christ”
(1780), “Self-portrait” (c. 1790 – 95), “Duchess of Alba” (1797), “The
Nude Maja” (1800), “The Clothed Maja” (1801 – 03), “The Colossus”
(1808 – 12), “Time” (c. 1810 – 12), “The Dog” (1820 – 23), and “Two
Old Men” (c. 1821 – 23).

Francisco Jose De Goya
Masterpieces
“Blind Guitarist”
(1778)
“Crucified Christ”
(1780)

Kandinsky, Wassily
(December 4, 1866 – December 13, 1944)
Kandinsky was a Russian painter, printmaker, and art theorist. Because his
parents were pianists, he learned how to play the piano, as well as the cello, at a
young age. However, his passion was painting so he became a renowned painter,
not a musician. He was considered one of the most famous 20th-century artists
and was credited with painting the first modern abstract works such as “A
Conglomerate” (1943), “At Rest” (1908), “Circle and Square” (1943), “Colorful
Life” (1907), “Horses” (1909), “Landscape with Rain,” “Moscow I” (1916), “Night”
(1907), “Saint George” (1911), “The Flood” (1921), “Women in Moscow” (1912),
and “Evenement Doux.”

Kandinsky, Wassily
Masterpieces
“A Conglomerate”
(1943)
“Circle and Square”
(1943)

Manet, Edouard
(1832 – 1883)
Considered among the impressionists, Manet was a realist.
Inspired by the work of Giorgione entitled “Open-air Concert,” he
experimented on his work, “Luncheon on the Grass,” by combining
clothed and nude figures with landscape and still life. He was terribly
criticized fro this work and another one, “Olympia,” because of their
frankness. His subjects ranged from portraits and landscape to still
life, horse races, and boating scenes. His figures wee related to
suggest momentary groups (Espina et al., 2004).

Edouard Manet
Masterpieces
“Luncheon on the Grass” “Olympia”

Matisse, Henri
(December 31, 1869 – November 3, 1954)
Matisse was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, and draftsman known
for his use of color and his fluid, brilliant, and original draftsmanship. Considered
as one of the best-known 20th-century artists, he was initially labeled as a Fauve
(wild beast), and by the 1920s. He was hailed as an upholder of the classical
tradition in French painting. Among his works are “Woman Reading” (1894),
“Notre-Dame” (1902), “The Open Window” (1905), “Woman with a Hat” (1905),
“La Danse” (1909), “Jazz” (1947), “The Plum Blossoms” (1948), “Blue Nudes”
(1952), “The Snail” (1953), and “Le Bateau” (1954).

Henri Matisse
Masterpieces
“Woman Reading”
(1894)
“Notre-Dame”
(1902)

Monet, Claude
(November 14, 1840 – December 5, 1926)
Monet was a founder of French impressionist painting. He was
considered the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the
movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perceptions before
nature, especially as applied to plain-air landscape painting. His
works include “The Seine at Port-Villez” (1894), “Bathers at La
Grenouillere” (1869), “Poplars” (1891), “The Grand Canal, Venice”
(1908), “The Japanese Bridge” (1919 – 24), and “The Thames
below Westminster” (1871).

Claude Monet
Masterpieces
“The Seine at Port-Villez”
(1894)
“Bathers at La Grenouillere”
(1869)

Munch, Edward
(December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944)
Munch was a Norwegian symbolist painter, printmaker, and as important
forerunner of expressionistic art. He explored the themes of life, love, fear, death,
and melancholy in many of his works. His painting series titled “The Frieze of Life”
include his best-known painting, “The Scream” or “The Cry” (1893), “Despair,”
“Anxiety” (1894), and “The Sick Child.” he also painted “By the Deathbed” (1895),
“Death in the Sickroom” (1895), “Madonna” (1894 – 95), “The Dance of Life”
(1899 – 1900), and “The Dead Mother” (1899 – 1900).

Edward Munch
Masterpieces
“The Scream” “The Sick child”

Picasso, Pablo
Picasso founded cubism in collaboration with Georges Braque and Juan
Gris in 1906 in a Montmartre café. Born in Malaga, Spain, he had a long painting
career (more than 60 years), which was divided into six periods by Van de Bogart
(1970), as follows: Blue Period (1901 – 04), Harlequin or Rose Period (1905 –
06), Iberian-African Negro Period (1907 – 08), Cubism (1909 – 14), Classic
Period (1918 – 24), and Double-Image Period (1932). During the last period, he
painted “The Girl Before a Mirror,” one of his popular works, which include “The
Old Guitarist,” “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,” “Three Musicians,” “The Poet,” “The
Lovers,” and “Women in White.”

Pablo Picasso
Masterpieces
“The Girl Before a Mirror” “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,

Sanzio, Raphael
(April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520)
Sanzio was the master painter and architect of the Italian High
Renaissance. Born in Urbino, Italy, he is best known for his Madonnas and for his
large figure compositions in the Vatican, Rome, Italy. He was admired for his
works possessing clarity of form and ease of composition. This works include
“The Small Cowper Madonna” (1505), “The Nymph Galatea” (1512 – 14),
“Madonna dell Granduca” (1505), “St. George Fighting the Dragon” (1504 –
1506), and “Maddalena.” He died in Rome at the age of 37; he lived to be one of
those geniuses who continually evolve and develop.

Raphael Sanzio
Masterpieces
“The Nymph Galatea”
(1505)
“The Small Cowper Madonna”
(1505)

Van Gogh, Vincent
(March 30, 1853 – July 29, 1890)
Van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist artist whose paintings and
drawings include some of the world’s best known, most popular, and most
expensive pieces. He was a lunatic confined in an asylum in St. Remy where he
produced some of his world-renowned works, among which is “The Starry Night”
(1889), that served to inspire the composer of the song, “Vincent.” His other works
include “Still Life with Beer Mug and Fruit” (1881), “Fisherman on the Beach”
(1882), “Cottages” (1883), “Two Rats” (1884), “Two Hands” (1885), “A Pair of
Shoes” (1886), “Self-Portrait” (1887), “Orchard in Blossom” (1888), “The
Bedroom” (1889), and “Field with Poppies” (1890).

Vincent Van Gogh
Masterpieces
“The Starry Night”
(1889),
“Still Life with Beer Mug and Fruit”
(1881)

Van Rijn, Rembrandt
(July 15, 1606 – October 4, 1669)
Van Rijn is generally considered one of the greatest painters in European
art history and the most important 17th-century painter of United Provinces,
Netherlands. He learned chiaroscuro (a painting technique in which the artist
stresses the contrast between light areas and shadows) from Pieter Lastman in
Amsterdam. A proficient etcher and engraver, he made many drawings and
contributed to art the following works: “The Raising of Lazarus” (c. 1630), “A
Scholar” (1631), “Artemis” (1634); “Descent from the Cross” (1634), “Self-Portrait”
(1640), “Holy Family” (1640), and “The Return of the Prodigal Son” (c. 1662).

Rembrandt Van Rijn
Masterpieces
“The Raising of Lazarus”
(c. 1630)
“A Scholar”
(1631)

CHAPTER 2 in HUMANITIES (PRELIM)

CHAPTER 2 in HUMANITIES (PRELIM)

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