painting in architecture
- 1. Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration , abstraction , among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolist (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in nature ) as in Activism . A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes rendered on the interior walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of Eastern religious origin.
- 2. Architectural painting is a form of genre painting where the predominant focus lies on architecture, both outdoors views and interiors. While architecture was present in many of the earliest paintings and illuminations, it was mainly used as background or to provide rhythm to a painting. In the Renaissance, architecture was used to emphasize the perspective and create a sense of depth. In Western art, architectural painting as an independent genre developed in the 16th century in Flanders and the Netherlands, and reached its peak in 16th and 17th century Dutch painting.
- 3. Prehistoric cave paintings have been discovered in many parts of the world, from Europe and Africa to Australia. Africa has some of the earliest paintings and rock engravings to have been securely dated. Nearly 30,000 years old, they are discovered in 1969 on the rock face in a cave in Namibia. But the most numerous and the most sophisticated of prehistoric paintings are on the walls of caves in southwest France and northern Spain. It is said that the oldest paint in America was found in a cave in Baja California (6 to 12 thousand years old) among many other caves with Great Murals; images of men and women, and wildlife are the most common paintings on this Mexican rock-shelters. Land animals depicted include rabbits, mountain sheeps, and deers, as well as marine mammals, fish, and shorebirds.
- 4. BAJA CALIFORNIACAVE ART AT LASCAUX, FRANCE •These paintings were made using pigments inherent in variously coloured earths and powdered rock applied directly to the cave walls
- 5. General Features During the Renaissance, painters embraced classicism (simplicity, balance, clarity; see Western Aesthetics) and physical realism. The Early Renaissance (led by Florence) was the formative period of this approach; in other words, it was Early Renaissance artists who initially developed and refined techniques of classicism and physical realism. Once this foundation had been established, the pinnacle of classicism was achieved in the High Renaissance (led by Rome). During the Late Renaissance (which had no particular leader, though both Florence and Rome remained primary forces), the severe balance and simplicity of the High Renaissance was relaxed, presaging the Baroque era. A major strain of Late Renaissance art was mannerism: the deliberate pursuit of novelty and complexity. In painting, mannerism entailed distortion of physical forms (e.g. elongated human anatomy), unnatural colouring and lighting, the arrangement of figures in complex poses, and somewhat imbalanced, restless composition (as opposed to the balanced, stable composition of pure classicism).23 Mannerism, which was led jointly by Florence and Rome, was therefore quite contrived and artificial (i.e. "mannered"), hence its name. Though only a portion of Late Renaissance artists belonged to this movement, the features of mannerism (and its sheer willingness to "break the rules") were widely influential
- 6. Painters in the Renaissance employed several different techniques to create works. Here are a few of the most important techniques and materials that were available to them Fresco A fresco is a done when pigments are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster. The pigments are absorbed into the wall as it dries, making the painting and the wall become one. The benefit of a fresco is durability; since the painting has become part of the wall, it does not wear in the same way that a painting does if pigments are applied topically. A major disadvantage is that because the artist works with wet plaster, he needs to work quickly before it dries. Also, colors tend to be opaque, and the finish has a matte appearance. The type of fresco on wet plaster (as described above) is sometimes called buon fresco. Another type of fresco, called fresco secco, involves the application of pigment to a dry wall. This, of course, lacks the durability of buon fresco
- 7. Tempera Tempera is created when pigment is mixed with egg to produce a durable paint. The types of colors that painters could achieve with tempera was limited, but it was the medium of choice for most artists working in Italy until the late fifteenth century, when oil paints were adopted Oil Oil paints were widely adopted in Northern Europe in the first half of the fifteenth century, and they did not become popular in Italy until late in the century. Oil is slow drying, making it easy to make modifications while it dries. Unlike fresco painting, oil painting allowed artists to create translucent effects because oil could be applied lightly as a glaze. Oil paints also offered artists the ability to paint with a greater variety of colors that they could with other paint types, which allowed them to depict the human figure, architecture, and the natural environment in more and more realistic visual terms
- 8. The most common and respected form of art, according to authors like Pliny or Pausanias, were panel paintings, individual, portable paintings on wood boards. The techniques used were encaustic (wax) painting and tempera. Greek wall painting tradition is also reflected in contemporary grave decorations in the Greek colonies in Italy, e.g. the famous Tomb of the Diver at Paestum Macedonian tomb fresco from Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki, Greece, 4th century BC Symposium scene in the Tomb of the Diver at Paestum, c. 480 BCMural in the Tomb of the Diver
- 9. Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos panel paintings Manuscript illumination stained glass. Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux, by Jean Pucelle, ParisFrench late Gothic frescos
- 10. Many ancient Egyptian paintings have survived in tombs, and sometimes temples, due to Egypt's extremely dry climate. The paintings were often made with the intent of making a pleasant afterlife for the deceased. The themes included journey through the afterworld or protective deities introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld (such as Osiris). Some tomb paintings show activities that the deceased were involved in when they were alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity
- 11. Tomb Paintings show activities that the deceased were involved in when they were alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity Depiction of craftworkers in ancient Egypt
- 12. Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far- reaching changes to Western societyin the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self- consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction). Impressionism The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself
- 13. Other modernist styles include: Color Field Lyrical Abstraction Hard-edge painting Expressionism Cubism Pop art