Chapter 2 - Part 2

Editor's Notes

• #4: 지식발견 과정은 쉬운 과정이 아니며, 거기서 사용되는 메타포들의 특성, 정보들간의 유사성과 차이성, 상호관계, 행동등 다양한 면을 검토해야 한다.Our aim is to describe a GKDD process using ontological tiers that will provide the common base for the organisation of different nature and sources of knowledge of the movement metaphors used by experts of application domains. The tiers also establish the movement metaphors for the integration of different reasoning tasks in a unified system. This section describes the multi-tier ontological framework that has been developed from two previous fundamental research works: First, the work on a set of tiers of ontology previously proposed by Frank [15] for defining consistency constraints, data interoperability and more recently data quality in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) [33] Second, our multi-tier framework largely based on the three ‘spaces’ paradigm that has been proposed by Ernst Cassirer(1874–1945)
• #5: which are named sampling, relating to a geographic context, discovering patterns, generating new insights and confronting them with previous background knowledge. From a privacy perspective, the multi-tier framework allows a number of legal frameworks, often specific to application domains, to be adhered to throughout the GKDD process. Often such frameworks require the sensor carriers and domain experts to get the consent of those whose data is being collected to the primary or secondary use of that data. This is particularly challenging in a GKDD process, since the metaphors and the context of their use may not yet be determined during the tier 1 when the collection of data is carried out. Furthermore, the other tiers may also have privacy constraints on the results of the GKDD process that are unknown by the data miner as well as the expert of an application domain.
• #6: The process of geographic knowledge discovery may use this type of knowledge for generating a priori knowledge as pre-determined hypothesis, training examples or rules.
• #7: In the case of applications for transportation management, the sensor carriers might be those traveling from home to work, and the experts might be the company managers who have privacy goals towards the collected data. Company managers may not want it to be known where their employees travel during work hours, since this could point out to information about the activities of that company and those who are interested in using the data, for example, the supermarkets in the area may be interested in the trajectories relevant for better advertising. 예를 들어 수송관리 업무 관점에서 보면, 회사 관리자(회사 직원의 이동 정보를 수집하는) 입장에서는 회사 직원들의 이동 정보가 외부에 알려지는 것이 회사의 활동이나 관심분야에 관한 정보를 노출시킬 위험이 있다고 판단할 수 있는 반면, 그 범주에 포함된 판매업자들은 회사 직원의 이동 정보를 이용하여 보다 효과적인 광고를 할 수 있을 것이다.
• #9: In this tier, the movement metaphors can be used to infer some empirical knowledge from the discovered patterns, such as density clusters of points in space.
• #11: In the Real-Time Graz experiment in Austria, observations of cellphone usage have been collected through the city based on a location system where the movement of the cellphones was recorded and tracked with the agreement of the customers [42].In this example, it is possible to visually identify (4) the circular concentric patterns representing possibly a concentric poly-nuclear city, with some (3)linear poly-nuclear patterns as well. It is also important to point out that in this example, the trajectory representation does not exist yet.
• #12: granularity of data collection 은 데이터 수집에 대한 상대적 조건? 즉, 센서 케리어의 프라이버시 요구사항에 따라 데이터 수집이 이뤄져야 한다는 말.
• #13: The deductive reasoning task is characterized by inferring descriptive knowledge such as, the trajectory characteristics (e.g. space and time), the geographic environment where the trajectory occurs (i.e. landscape), the topological relations between the trajectories and the association between the trajectories and specific features of a landscape. The overall goal is to help the experts to deduce the consequences for the existence of linear patterns of the movement of the trajectories. A set of movement metaphors is necessary to be defined by using some kind of classification scheme, set of association rules or clustering.
• #15: Depending on the size of zones, the actual trajectory distance may be significantly different to the distance calculated using average centroid distances [4, 50, 53]. The calculations also do not account for the configuration of the transport network in order to establish the actual route distances. In fact, they are only based on straight line distances between origin and destination zones [51]. Accessibility is constrained by urban forms such as the transportation network. the tree street patterns usually impede the movement of people on reaching a destination. grid street patterns facilitate the fast reaching to a particular destination.
• #16: A GKDD process might provide the data mining query mechanism necessary to discover an anomaly in the trajectories corresponding to different types of local streets, the similarities and dissimilarities among the trajectories according to the different characteristics of street types and finally discover point clusters of non-movement among trajectories and their association with the type of local street.
• #17: Traditional spatial planning theory usually considers the geographic environment.the national government : the cities, main infrastructure, population densities, nature areas, etc., flows of people and goods. Municipalities : need detailed, high level information about the individual functions of the buildings, detail infrastructure and social compositions of different neighbourhoods.
• #18: the planners use various metaphors for the geographic environment, depending on the context of the spatial planning. currently based on mostly static models of activities.the same geographic environment should also be considered as the result of movement patterns of people represented by their invisible footprints of trajectories on the landscape. Pulselli [39] has already pointed out that although positioning data sets of mobile entities are becoming increasingly available, surprisingly enough, they have not been used to describe the social and spatial systems.
• #20: The tier 3 is where the ‘classification anonymity’ or the ‘categorization anonymity’ requirements of the sensor carriers need to be guaranteed.
• #21: Searle [46] argues that cognitive tacit knowledge is not a form of knowledge (such as beliefs, theories and empirical hypothesis) but rather the preconditions of forming an individual’s background knowledge. This raises the possibility that at least some metaphors of background knowledge can be confronted with the ones of cognitive tacit knowledge, which implicates that the features of the world are not independent of the mind.
• #25: for example a business in a remote area, the traffic in and out of the building may be identifiable. If this information is made public, it may allow competing businesses to analyse the traffic of the remotely located business, allowing them to make inferences about their activities. A related example actually is in the US, where Bill of Lading and Ship Manifests collected in a system called ‘US Customs Automated Manifest Systems’ that include information about the trajectories of ships, the origin and the target organisations are made public in adherence to the ‘Freedom of Information Act.’ As a result, competing companies in the US are able to profile the import/export activities of many European companies with the Americas [45].