Chapter 3 Final
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Language shapes attitudes in powerful ways. The rules that govern language, including phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic rules, influence how people view themselves, others, and the world. Language can both reflect and shape values, beliefs, and social hierarchies. It is important to use language carefully to avoid creating misunderstandings or disrupting relationships.
Chapter 3 Final
- 1. LANGUAGEChapter 3EPS 116/100Sept 28, 2009
- 2. Important CharacteristicsSymbolicResides in the minds of people, not in wordsGoverned by rules – understanding rules helps us understand one another
- 3. Language is Symbolic10,000 language varietiesCollection of symbols governed by rules to convey messagesArbitrary constructions representing thoughts
- 4. Ogden and Richard’s Triangle of MeaningUserWord (Symbol)Thing (Referent)
- 5. Phonological RulesHe could lead if he would get the lead out.A farm can produce produce.I did not object to the object.The bandage was wound around the wound.I shed a tear when I saw a tear in my clothes.
- 6. Syntactic RulesThe way symbols can be arranged to construct language, i.e. subject, verb, and object.Geek speak:HeyR u at home?Yup yupOk I’m getting offline now
- 7. Semantic RulesHelp us make meaning of words, and provide contextSemantic misunderstanding:Panda Mating Fails; Veterinarian Takes OverAstronaut Takes Blame for Gas in Spacecraft
- 8. Pragmatic RulesCultural idiomsDon’t involve semanticsInvolve connotations (the extended meanings of those words)
- 9. Powerful, beyond expressing ideasShapes our attitudesReflects the way we feel about things and people
- 10. Language Shapes AttitudesShapes others’ values, attitudes and beliefs in many waysNames shape the way others think about us, the way we view ourselves, the way we act.
- 11. CredibilityDr. Fox hypothesis – speaking style influences perceptionImpressive sounding language, jargon and gobbledygook is judged as importantComplexity rather than content
- 12. StatusAccentChoice of wordsSpeech rateApparent age of a speaker
- 13. Sexism and RacismPreferred use of masculine pronoun suggesting that women are lower status than menBased on superiority and hierarchySexist language Dehumanizing language
- 14. Affects AttitudesPowerAffiliationAttraction and interestResponsibility
- 15. Can Create ProblemsUnnecessarily disrupting relationshipsConfusing othersAvoiding important information
- 16. Language of MisunderstandingsEquivocal LanguageRelative WordsSlang and JargonOverly Abstract Language
- 17. Disruptive LanguageConfusing facts and opinionsConfusing facts and inferencesEmotive language
- 19. Influenced by GenderMale and female speech variesMales and females have different reasons for communicatingMale and female conversational styles varyNot always the most important factor shaping language use
- 20. Shaped by Cultural FactorsDifferent cultures have different notions about language styles and appropriatenessOur language shapes the way we see the world
- 22. Language and World ViewLinguistic determinismWhorf-Sapir hypothesisLinguistic relativismLanguage use in Anglo North American Culture