Chapter 3 reference & inference
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This document provides an overview of a presentation on reference and inference. It will cover four layers: 1. Setting the background - This layer provides context on micropragmatics and how reference and inference relate. 2. Reference - This layer defines reference, discusses the different types of referring expressions, and how context influences reference. 3. Inference - This layer defines inference, provides examples of inferring, and how it relates to and completes the purpose of reference. 4. Differences between reference and inference - This final layer will outline the differences between reference and inference. The presentation will include activities to demonstrate concepts and allow questions. It aims to build understanding of reference and inference in language
Chapter 3 reference & inference
- 2. PRESENTED TO: PROF. KASHIF PRESENTED BY: SHUMAILA JAN TAHIRA MUNIR NOREEN AKHTAR 2 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 3. TOPICS TO BE COVERED LAYER 1: SETTING THE BACKGROUND NOREEN AKHTAR LAYER 2: REFERENCE SHUMAILA JAN LAYER 3: INFERENCE TAHIRA MUNIR LAYER 4: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO NOREEN AKHTAR
- 4. • MICROPRAGMATICS • RELATION WITH REFERENCE • RELATION WITH INFERENCE LAYER 1: Setting The Background
- 5. MICROPRAGMATICS The term 'micropragmatics' is used by some pragmaticians to refer to the pragmatics of lesser units of human language use, such as questions of deixis, REFERENCE, anaphora, speech acts, in other words micropragmatic contexts. 5 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 6. REFERENCE & INFERENCE REFERENCE COMES UNDER MICROPRAGMATICS THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF REFERENCES: DIRECT REFERENCE Eg. : “Who is it?” “it‟s George” INDIRECT REFERENCE Eg. : “Who is it?” “It‟s me.” INFERENCE COMPLETES THE PURPOSE OF REFERENCE Eg: “If I had a yatch.” George me Reference: Yatch (direct) Inference: the speaker has no yatch/ The speaker wishes to have a yatch.
- 9. REFERENCE According to dictionary .com , Reference is a noun which means an act or instance of referring. something for which a name or designation stands; denotation. 9 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 10. There was an assumption that the use of words to refer to people and things was a relatively straightforward matter. 10 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 11. Words themselves don’t refer to anything. People refer. Clearly tied to the speaker’s goal. 11 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 12. What is reference then? Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. 12 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 13. Linguistics forms = Referring expressions 13 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 14. Categories of referring expressions are: 14 REFERENCE & INFERENCE Proper Nouns Definite Nouns Indefinite Nouns Pronouns
- 15. EXAMPLES: Proper nouns; example: Shakespeare, Lahore, Nawaz Sharif Definite nouns; example: the author, the city, the prime minister Indefinite nouns; example: a place, a man Pronoun; example: it , he, she 15 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 17. The choice of one type of referring expression rather than another seems to be based, to a large extent, on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows. 17 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 18. It is important to recognize that not all referring expressions have identifiable physical referents. 1. Indefinite noun phrases can be used to identify a physically present entity, 2. they can also be used to describe entities that are assumed to exist, but are unknown, 3. or entities that, as far as we know, do not exist. 18 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 19. EXAMPLES a) There’s a man waiting for you. b) He wants to marry a woman with lots of money. c) We would love to find a nine- foot-tall basket ball player. 19 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 20. Attributive Use / Referential Use A man waiting for you A woman with lots of money This is sometimes called an attributive use, meaning 'whoever/whatever fits the description'. It would be distinct from a referential use: a specific person is referred to, although his/her name or some other description is not used. 20 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 21. Kinds of Reference Anaphoric reference Antecedent Cataphora Zero anaphora or Ellipsis
- 22. Anaphoric Reference and Antecedent Example In the film ,a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man was holding the cat while the woman poured the water on it . He said something to her and they started laughing . A man a woman and a cat/initial expression =antecedent Subsequent expression =anaphor
- 23. Cataphora Example I truned the corner and almost stepped on it.there was a large snake in the middle of the path . A cataphoric reference unit refers to another unit that is introduced later on in the text/speech.
- 24. ZERO ANAPHORA EXAMPLE: Cook for three minutes. No linguistic expression like noun pronoun etc
- 25. POINT TO PONDER… For successful reference to occur, we must also recognize the role of ??? 25 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 26. • DEFINITION LAYER 3: INFERENCE
- 28. Elkhart Community Schools28 “Art is so much more interesting if everything isn’t in the picture. And so it is with inferring.” From: I Read It But I Don’t Get It ~ Cris Tovani
- 29. Elkhart Community Schools29 Inference Background Knowledge Making Connections Questioning Predictions Imagination/ Visualization Analysis of Text/speech: Interpretation/ Judgment Drawing Conclusions
- 30. INFERENCE Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgment. You make inferences everyday. Most of the time you do so without thinking about it. Suppose you are sitting in your car stopped at a red signal light. You hear screeching tires, then a loud crash and breaking glass. You see nothing, but you infer that there has been a car accident. We all know the sounds of screeching tires and a crash. We know that these sounds almost always mean a car accident. But there could be some other reason, and therefore another explanation, for the sounds. Making inferences means choosing the most likely explanation from the facts that reference provides.
- 31. ACTIVITY TASK: DRAW INFERENCES FROM THE TV COMMERCIAL.
- 32. SOCIAL DIMENSION The social dimension of reference may also be tied to the effect of collaboration. The immediate recognition of an intended referent, even when a minimal referring expression like a pronoun, represents something shared, something in common and hence, social closeness. Successful reference means that an intention was recognized, via inference, indicating a kind of shared knowledge and hence, social connection.
- 34. SOCIAL DIMENSION INTENTION TO IDENTIFY follows RECOGNITION OF THE INTENTION Eg. : Q. Can I borrow your Shakespeare? A. Yeah, it‟s there on the table. Here, thing and person are being identified on the base of recognition of the intention.
- 35. Social Dimension Referents are cultural and situation specific Eg. : Q. Where is the cheese sandwich sitting? A. He‟s is over there by the window. (waiters‟ conversation in a restaurant)
- 36. SOCIAL DIMENSION Works by artists and writers are referred to by their names. Eg. 1. Shakespeare takes the whole bottom shelf. 2. Picasso‟s on the far wall. 3. My Rolling Stone is missing.
- 37. THE ANAPHORIC CONNECTION Anaphoric connection requires inference to make sense Eg. : I just rented a house. The kitchen is really big. Here, inference is: if x has a house, then x has a kitchen. Inference depends on assumed knowledge Eg. : We had Chardonnay last night. The wine was the best part. Here, inference is that Chardonnay is a kind of
- 38. THE ANAPHORIC CONNECTION ----------------------------------------( CONTINUED) Anaphor and antecedent need not be in grammatical agreement if the inference is logically made. Eg. : The bus came on time, but he didn‟t stop. Here, „he‟ stands for the bus driver in connection to the word „bus‟.
- 39. DRAW INFERENCE FROM THE FOLLOWING FUNNY HEADLINES: MINERS REFUSE TO WORK AFTER DEATH BLIND BISHOP APPOINTED TO SEE MARCH PLANNED FOR NEXT AUGUST POLICE CAN’T STOP GAMBLING SQUAD HELPS DOG BITE VICTIM 39 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 41. Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. Inferring is connecting prior knowledge to text based information to create meaning beyond what is directly stated. 41 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 42. Reference: It is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object or abstraction it represent. Inference: It is the conclusion you draw from what you have observed. 42 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 43. EXAMPLE 43 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 44. The choice of one type of referring expression rather than another seems to be based, to a large extent, on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows. Inferring is to conclude / to guess and to understand the situation after observation. 44 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 45. “It is important to recognize that not all referring expressions have identifiable physical referents. Indefinite noun phrases can be used to identify a physically present entity, but they can also be used to describe entities that are assumed to exist, but are unknown, or entities that, as far as we know, do not exist". In inference, we must have the object / situation so that we are able to draw conclusion and understanding. 45 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 46. Examples of Reference: a) There's a child calling his mom. b) He wants to get a job with a flat and car. c) She wishes to meet the tooth fairy her mother keeps talking about. 46 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
- 47. Example of Inference: a)You may observe that a person is running from a shop that may cause you to infer that he robbed it and is trying to get away. It is easy to infer incorrectly so we need to get all the facts.
- 50. ANY QUESTIONS?
- 51. PLEASE DRAW SOME INFERENCES Bill was reading about the sun, the moon, and Mars. It was a book about . . . At recess the students got their gloves, bats and balls. What were they likely to do? During a very severe storm, the electricity went off. Dad lit a match. What did he probably want to find. Maria had a day off school. She looked in the newspaper to find the best sales. Then she left the house. Where did she probably go? Jess and his father went walking on a warm spring day. There was a nice breeze in the air. What might Jesse and his father do to have fun? Rake leaves, fly a kit or watch TV? 51 REFERENCE & INFERENCE
Editor's Notes
- #51: An opportunity for questions and discussions.