Referential and attributive uses chapter 3, George Yule
- 1. Reference and inference Reference *People refer *Words Referring expressions * Poper nouns *Noun phrases (definite/indefinite) *Pronouns Inference * Entities = words Vague expressions *Invent names *”Mister aftershave is late today”
- 2. Referential and attributive uses Indefinite noun phrases a. There´s a man waiting for you b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money c. We´d love to find a nine- foott- tall basketball player
- 3. Example b “ (…)a woman with lots of money.” Attributive use Referential use
- 4. “There was no sign of the killer” Attributive use Referential use
- 5. “Expressions themselves cannot be treated as having reference but they are “invested” with referential function in the context by the speaker or writer” (Yule, 1996)
- 6. Names and Referents The version of reference being presented here is one in which there is a basic ‘ intention -to-identify ‘ and a ‘recognition - of – intention’ collaboration at work .This process need not only work between one speaker and one listener , it appears to work , in terms of convention ,between all members of a community who share a common language culture.
- 7. THE ROLE OF CO-TEXT THE CHEESE SANDWICH LEFT WITHOUT PAYING.
- 8. 1. WHERE DOES THE SENTENCE TAKE PLACE? HOW DO YOU KNOW IT? 2. WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE? 3. DOES IT REFER TO A REAL SANDWICH? 4. IS IT SYNTAXLY CORRECT? 5. IS IT SEMANTICALLY CORRECT? 6. IS IT PRAGMATICALLY CORRECT? 7. HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT IT REFERS TO A PERSON? CAN A SANDWICH PAY A BILL?
- 9. SHAKESPEARE IS ON THE SECOND SHELF.
- 10. 1. WHERE DOES THE SENTENCE TAKE PLACE? HOW DO YOU KNOW IT? 2. WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE? 3. DOES IT REFER TO THE WRITER OR WHAT? 4. IS IT SYNTAXLY CORRECT? 5. IS IT SEMANTICALLY CORRECT? 6. IS IT PRAGMATICALLY CORRECT?
- 11. ALL THE WORDS WHICH SURROUND THE REFERRING EXPRESSION HELP US TO INFERER THE MEANING. THIS IS CALLED CO-TEXT. IT ACCOMPANIES THE REFERRING EXPRESSION AS IN “BRAZIL WINS WORLD CUP”, WHERE BRAZIL IS A REFERRING EXPRESSION AND WINS WORLD CUP IS PART OF THE CO-TEXT. THE REFERRING EXPRESSION PROVIDES A RANGE OF REFERENCE BUT THE CO-TEXT LIMITS IT. IT HELPS US TO REDUCE ONLY ONE POSSIBILITY. CO-TEXT IS JUST A LINGUISTIC PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH A REFERRING EXPRESSION IS USED BUT THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED CONTEXT. SO, THE WORLD AROUND US, THE SITUATION IN WHICH A PIECE OF DISCURSE HAPPENS IS THE CONTEXT
- 12. CAN WE ANALYSE THIS EXAMPLE? THE HEART- ATTACK MUSTN´T BE MOVED. 1. WHICH IS THE CONTEXT HERE? 2. WHICH IS THE REFERRING EXPRESSION IN THE SENTENCE? 3. WHICH IS THE CO-TEXT HERE?
- 13. * REFERENCE DEPENDS ON LOCAL CONTEXT AND THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE PARTICIPANTS. * REFERENCE IS A SOCIAL ACT IN WHICH THE SPEAKER ASSUMES THAT THE WORD OR PHRASE CHOSEN TO IDENTIFY AND OBJECT OR PERSON WILL BE INTERPRETED AS THE SPEAKER INTENDED.
- 14. ANAPHORIC REFERENCE INITIAL REFERENCE INTRODUCTORY MENTION (INDEFINITE) “A man ……”
- 15. SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE, ANAPHORIC REFERENCE or ANAPHORA (DEFINITE) “There was a man …..Then the man….”
- 16. ZERO ANAPHORA or ELLIPSIS “Peel an onion and slice it. Cook for three minutes”