Chapter 3 Using Unix Commands

Chapter 3
Using Unix Commands
Meenal K Jabde
Modern College of Arts, Science & Commerce
Ganeshkhind, Pune 16

Contents
1. What is Command.
2. Meaning of Internal and external commands.
3. The type command: knowing the type of a command and locating it.
4. The man command knowing more about Unix commands and using Unix
online manual pages. The man with keyword option and whatis.
5. Knowing the user terminal, displaying its characteristics and setting
characteristics.
6. The root login. Becoming the super user: su command. The /etc/passwd
and /etc/shadow files.
7. Commands to add, modify and delete users.

What is command?
 In computing, a command is a
directive to a computer program to
perform a specific task.
 A command is a word or phrase that,
when typed or spoken, causes the
computer to perform a certain
operation.

Internal and
External
Commands
 The UNIX system is command-based i.e things happen because of the
commands that you key in. All UNIX commands are seldom more than
four characters long.
 They are grouped into two categories:
 Internal Commands : Commands which are built into the shell. For all the
shell built-in commands, execution of the same is fast in the sense that the
shell doesn’t have to search the given path for them in the PATH variable,
and also no process needs to be spawned for executing it.
Examples: source, cd, fg, etc.
 External Commands : Commands which aren’t built into the shell. When
an external command has to be executed, the shell looks for its path given
in the PATH variable, and also a new process has to be spawned and the
command gets executed. They are usually located in /bin or /usr/bin. For
example, when you execute the “cat” command, which usually is at
/usr/bin, the executable /usr/bin/cat gets executed.
Examples: ls, cat etc.

How to find out whether a command is internal or
external?
 whether it is internal or external with the help of type command :
 $type cat
 cat is /bin/cat
 //specifying that cat is
 external type//
 $type cd
 cd is a shell builtin
 //specifying that cd is
 internal type//

man
command
 man, command in Linux is used to display the user
manual of any command that we can run on the
terminal.
 It provides a detailed view of the command which
includes NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION,
OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUES,
ERRORS, FILES, VERSIONS, EXAMPLES,
AUTHORS
 $man [OPTION]... [COMMAND NAME]...
 1. No Option: It displays the whole manual of the
command.

 2. Section-num: Since a manual is divided
into multiple sections so this option is used
to display only a specific section of a
manual.
 Syntax :
 $ man [SECTION-NUM] [COMMAND
NAME]
 $ man 2 intro
 In this example, the manual pages of
command ‘intro‘ are returned which lies in
the section 2.

 3. -f option: One may not be able to
remember the sections in which a
command is present. So this option
gives the section in which the given
command is present.
 Syntax:
 $ man -f [COMMAND NAME]
 Example:
 $ man -f ls
 In this example, the command ‘ls‘ is
returned with its section number.

 4. -a option: This option helps us to display all
the available intro manual pages in succession.
 Syntax:
 $ man -a [COMMAND NAME]
 Example:
 $ man -a intro
 In this example you can move through the
manual pages(sections) i.e either reading(by
pressing Enter) or skipping(by pressing ctrl+D)
or exiting(by pressing ctrl+C).

 5. -k option: This option searches the
given command as a regular
expression in all the manuals and it
returns the manual pages with the
section number in which it is found.
 Syntax:
 $ man -k [COMMAND NAME]
 Example:
 $ man -k cd
 The command ‘cd‘ is searched in all
the manual pages by considering it as
a regular expression.

 6. -w option: This option returns the location in which
the manual page of a given command is present.
 Syntax:
 $ man -w [COMMAND NAME]
 Example:
 $ man -w ls
 The location of command ‘ls‘ is returned.

 7. -I option: It considers the
command as case sensitive.
 Syntax:
 $ man -I [COMMAND NAME]
 Example:
 $ man -I printf
 The command ‘printf‘ is taken as
case-sensitive i.e ‘printf‘ returns the
manual pages but ‘Printf‘ gives error.

whatis command
 whatis command in Linux is used to get a one-line manual page descriptions. In Linux, each
manual page has some sort of description within it. So this command search for the manual pages
names and show the manual page description of the specified filename or argument.
 Syntax:
 whatis [-dlv?V] [-r|-w] [-s list] [-m system[, …]] [-M path] [-L locale] [-C file] name …
 whatis command with help option: The whatis command throws an error if no options, filename or
arguments are passed. So, when we use the -h option, it gives the general syntax along with the
various options that can be used.

1) whatis -d: This option prints the debugging information.
Example:
whatis -d ls
2) whatis -v: This option will prints verbose warning messages.
Example:
whatis -v ls
3) whatis -r : This option interprets each of the name as a regular expression. If any of
the names match any part of a page name, a match will be made. This option causes
the whatis command to be somewhat slower due to the nature of database searches.
Example:
whatis -r ls

4) whatis -w : This option interprets each name as a pattern containing shell style
wildcards. For a match about to make, an expanded name needs to match the entire
page name. This option causes the whatis command to be somewhat slower due to the
nature of database searches.
Example:
whatis -w ls
5) whatis -l: This option does not trim output to the terminal width. Normally, the
output will be truncated to the terminal width just to avoid ugly results from poorly-
written NAME sections.
Example:
whatis -l cat
6) whatis -s: This option will going to search only the given manual sections. The list
is a colon or a comma-separated list of sections. If an entry in list is just a simple
section, for example, “3”, then all the displayed list of descriptions will include pages
in sections “3”, “3perl”, “3x”, and so on; while if any of the entry in list has an
extension, for example “3perl”, then only the list will include pages in that exact part
of the manual section.
Example:
whatis -s 3 cat

Knowing the user terminal
 1. Get the running processes of logged-in user using w
 w command is used to show logged-in usernames and what they are doing. The
information will be read from /var/run/utmp file. The output of the w command
contains the following columns:
 Name of the user
 User’s machine number or tty number
 Remote machine address
 User’s Login time
 Idle time (not usable time)
 Time used by all processes attached to the tty (JCPU time)
 Time used by the current process (PCPU time)
 Command currently getting executed by the users

 Following options can be used for the w command:
 -h Ignore the header information
 -u Display the load average (uptime output)
 -s Remove the JCPU, PCPU, and login time.

$ w
 23:04:27 up 29 days, 7:51, 3 users, load average: 0.04, 0.06, 0.02
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
ramesh pts/0 dev-db-server 22:57 8.00s 0.05s 0.01s sshd: ramesh
[priv]
jason pts/1 dev-db-server 23:01 2:53 0.01s 0.01s -bash
john pts/2 dev-db-server 23:04 0.00s 0.00s 0.00s w
$ w -h
ramesh pts/0 dev-db-server 22:57 17:43 2.52s 0.01s sshd: ramesh
[priv]
jason pts/1 dev-db-server 23:01 20:28 0.01s 0.01s -bash
john pts/2 dev-db-server 23:04 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w -h

 $ w -u
 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
 ramesh pts/0 dev-db-server 22:57 17:47 2.52s 2.49s top
 jason pts/1 dev-db-server 23:01 20:32 0.01s 0.01s -bash
 john pts/2 dev-db-server 23:04 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w -u
 $ w -s
 USER TTY FROM IDLE WHAT
 ramesh pts/0 dev-db-server 17:51 sshd: ramesh [priv]
 jason pts/1 dev-db-server 20:36 -bash
 john pts/2 dev-db-server 1.00s w -s

2. Get the username and process of logged in user using who and
users command
who command is used to get the list of the usernames who are
currently logged in. Output of the who command contains the
following columns: user name, tty number, date and time,
machine address.
$ who
ramesh pts/0 2009-03-28 22:57 (dev-db-server)
jason pts/1 2009-03-28 23:01 (dev-db-server)
john pts/2 2009-03-28 23:04 (dev-db-server)

 To get a list of all usernames that are currently logged in, use the
following:
 $ who | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq
 john
 jason
 Ramesh
 Users Command
 users command is used to print the user name who are all currently logged
in the current host. It is one of the command don’t have any option other
than help and version. If the user using, ‘n’ number of terminals, the user
name will shown in ‘n’ number of time in the output.
 $ users
 john jason ramesh

3. Get the username you are currently logged in using
whoami
 whoami command is used to print the loggedin user name.
 $ whoami
 john

 whoami command gives the same output as id -un as shown below:
 $ id -un
 john

4. Get the user login history at any time
 last command will give login history
for a specific username. If we don’t
give any argument for this command,
it will list login history for all users.
By default this information will read
from /var/log/wtmp file. The output
of this command contains the
following columns:
 User name
 Tty device number
 Login date and time
 Logout time
 Total working time
$ last jason
jason pts/0 dev-db-server Fri Mar 27 22:57 still
logged in
jason pts/0 dev-db-server Fri Mar 27 22:09 - 22:54
(00:45)
jason pts/0 dev-db-server Wed Mar 25 19:58 -
22:26 (02:28)
jason pts/1 dev-db-server Mon Mar 16 20:10 -
21:44 (01:33)
jason pts/0 192.168.201.11 Fri Mar 13 08:35 - 16:46
(08:11)
jason pts/1 192.168.201.12 Thu Mar 12 09:03 -
09:19 (00:15)
jason pts/0 dev-db-server Wed Mar 11 20:11 -
20:50 (00:39

displaying its characteristics and setting
characteristics.
 stty command in Linux is used to change and print terminal
line settings. Basically, this command shows or changes
terminal characteristics.
 Syntax:
 stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]...
 stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all]
 stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save]
 Example: It will display the characteristics of the terminal

stty –all: This option print all
current settings in human-
readable form.
stty --all

 stty -g: This option will print all current settings in a stty-readable form.
 stty –g

 stty -F : This option will open and
use the specified DEVICE instead of
stdin.
 Example:
 stty -F D/
 stty –help : This option will display
this help and exit.
 stty –help

 stty –version: This option will show the version information and
exit.
 stty --version

 Terminal Characteristics
 You can specify your terminal type to Unix if the default is not
suitable. To do so in the C shell, enter the command:
 set term= (termtype)
 where termtype is the name of a terminal type supported on the
system. VT100 and VT220 are acceptable terminal types for
example. If you always use the same kind of terminal, you may want
to put this command in your .login.

Root login & su command
 root is the username or account that by default has access to all commands and files on a
Linux or other Unix-like operating system. It is also referred to as the root account, root
user and the superuser
su command
The su command is use to change user ID or become super-user
during a login session i.e. it allows you to become a super user or
substitute user, spoof user, set user or switch user.
Note: su only works if you know the target or root user’s password.
su command syntax
The syntax is:
su - {user-name}

 If invoked without a user-name, su defaults to becoming the super
user. The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate.
 To log in as root user type the following command (you need to
supply root user account password when prompted):
 $ su –
 su Command Options
 To display a list of commands, enter the following:
 su –h

 Here are some common options to use with the su command:
 Username – Replace username with the actual username you want to log in
with. This can be any user, not just root.
 –c or –command [command] – Runs a specific command as the specified
user.
 – or –l or –login [username] – Runs a login script to change to a specific
username. You’ll need to enter a password for that user.
 –s or –shell [shell] – Allows you to specify a different shell environment to
run in.
 –h or –help – Show the help file for the su command.
 –p or ––preserve–environment – Preserve the shell environment (HOME,
SHELL, USER, LOGNAME).

 Switch to a Different User
 To switch the logged-in user in this terminal window, enter the following:
 su –l [other_user]
 You’ll be asked for a password. Enter it, and the login will change to that
user.
 If you omit a username, it will default to the root account. Now, the
logged-in user can run all system commands. This will also change the
home directory and path to executable files.
 Use the whoami command to verify you switched to a different user.

The
/etc/passwd
and
/etc/shadow
files.
 Users are accounts that can be used to login into a system.
 Each user is identified by a unique identification number or UID by the
system.
 All the information of users in a system are stored in /etc/passwd file.
 The hashed passwords for users are stored in /etc/shadow file.
 When a new user is created, by default system takes following actions:
1. Assigns UID to the user.
2.Creates a home directory /home/.
3.Sets the default shell of the user to be /bin/sh.
4.Creates a private user group, named after the username itself.
5.Contents of /etc/skel are copied to the home directory of the new user.
6..bashrc, .bash_profile and .bash_logout are copied to the home directory of
new user.These files provide environment variables for this user’s session.

contents of
/etc/passwd
File
 This file is readable by any user but only root as read and write
permissions for it. This file consists of the following colon separated
information about users in a system:
 Username field
 Password field
 An `x` in this field denotes that the encrypted password is stored in the
/etc/shadow file.
 The user ID number (UID)
 User’s group ID number (GID)
 Additional information field such as the full name of the user or comment
(GECOS)
 Absolute path of user’s home directory
 Login shell of the user

 [username]:[password]:[UID]:[GID]:[GECOS]:[home_dir]:[shell_path]

contents of
the
/etc/shadow
File
 This file is readable and writable by only by root user. This file
consists of the following colon separated information about
password of users in a system:
 User name field
 Password field
 Contains an encrypted password.
 A blank entry, {:: }, indicates that a password is not required to
login into that user’s account.
 An asterisk, {:*:}, indicates the account has been disabled.
 Last Password Change
 This field denotes the number of days since the date of last
password change counted since UNIX time (1-Jan-1970).
 The minimum number of days after which the user can change his
password.
 Password validity

 Denotes the number of days after which the password will expire.
 Warning period
 Denotes the number of days before the password expiry date, from which the user
will start receiving warning notification for password change.
 Account validity
 Denotes the number of days after which the account will be disabled, once the
password is expired.
 Account disability
 This field denotes the number of days since which the account had been disabled
counted from UNIX time (1-Jan-1970).

 Syntax:
 [username]:[enc_pwd]:[last_pwd_change]:[pwd_validity]:[warn_date]:[acc_validi
ty]:[acc_disablity]

Commands to
add, modify
and delete
users
 Add a user
 To add users, run the useradd command, like so:
 sudo useradd -m <name of the user>
 sudo useradd -m john
 By default, useradd creates a user without creating a
home directory. So, to make useradd create a home
folder, we’ve used the -m switch.

 Change Password of a User
 Previously, when we created a new user, we’ve used the passwd
command to assign a password to the new user. You can also use
this to change passwords. If you want to change your own password,
simply run:
 Passwd
 When you change your own password, it’ll ask you for your current
password. Once you enter it correctly, you will be asked to enter
your new password twice.

 You can also use it to change a different by providing the username,
although you need to be root to change passwords for others. The
syntax for changing another user’s password is:
 sudo passwd <username>
 When you are the root user, passwd doesn’t ask you for your current
password — it’ll just ask you for the new password.

 Delete a User in Linux
 To delete a user in Linux, you can use userdel command, like so:
 sudo userdel <username>
 By default, this command preserves the home directory and some
other special files, such as the user’s list of cron jobs. If you want to
delete these files as well, you should use the --remove-all-files flag.
 For example, if you want to delete the user john along with the
home directory of john, use the following command:
 sudo userdel -r john

References
1) https://www.d.umn.edu/~gshute/unix/unix.html
2) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/unix_commands/refer.htm
3) https://www.guru99.com/must-know-linux-commands.html
4) http://mally.stanford.edu/~sr/computing/basic-unix.html
5) https://www.unixtutorial.org/basic-unix-commands

Chapter 3 Using Unix Commands

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