Chapter 4 - Cells
- 1. Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
- 2. Section 1: The History of Cell Biology
- 3. The Discovery of Cells • All living things are made up of one or more cells. • A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life.
- 4. Robert Hooke • In 1665, Robert Hooke used an early light microscope to look at a thin slice of cork from the bark of a cork oak tree.
- 5. Robert Hooke • Hooke looked at cork as well as tree stems, roots, and ferns. • He found that each had similar little boxes. • He named the little boxes cells, because they reminded him of the cubicles that monks lived in. • These little boxes were the remains of dead plant cells.
- 6. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells. • In 1673, he was able to observe microorganisms in pond water. • He called these organisms animalcules. We now call them protists.
- 7. The Cell Theory • Although Hooke and Leeuwenhoek were the first to report observing cells, the importance of this observation was not realized until about 150 years later. • At this time, biologists began to organize information about cells into a unified understanding.
- 8. The Cell Theory • In 1838, the German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were composed of cells. • In 1839, the German zoologist Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals were composed of cells. • Finally, in 1855, the German physician Rudolph Virchow noted that all cells come from other cells. • These three observations were combined to form the cell theory.
- 9. The Cell Theory • The cell theory has three essential parts: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=dscY_2QQbKU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2ezDdKyRUc
- 10. Developments in Cell Biology
- 11. The Cellular Basis of Life • All living things share several basic characteristics: – Consist of organized parts – Obtain energy from their surroundings – Perform chemical reactions – Change with time – Respond to their environments – Reproduce – Maintain homeostasis
- 12. Section 2: Introduction to Cells
- 13. Cell Diversity • Cells are very diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. • A cell’s function influences its physical features.
- 14. Cell Shape • The diversity in cell shapes reflects the different functions of cells. • A cell’s shape can be simple or complex depending on the function of the cell. • Each cell has a shape that has evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively.
- 15. Cell Shape
- 16. Cell Size • Cells differ greatly in their sizes: – Nerve cells in a giraffe’s spinal cord can be 2 m (about 6.5 ft) long. – A human egg cell is about the size of a period at the end of a sentence. – Most cells are only about 1/500 the size of a period at the end of a sentence. – http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin /cells/scale/
- 17. Cell Size • The size of a cell is limited by the cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio. • As a cell grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area. • This is important because materials needed by a cell (such as nutrients and oxygen) and wastes produced by a cell (such as carbon dioxide) must pass into and out of the cell through its surface.
- 18. Cell Size • If a cell became very large, there would not be enough surface area to allow materials to enter or leave the cell quickly enough to meet the cell’s needs. • Therefore, most cells are microscopic in size.
- 19. Cell Size
- 20. Cell Size
- 21. Basic Parts of a Cell • Despite the diversity among cells, three basic features are common to all cell types – an outer boundary, an interior substance, and a control region.
- 22. Plasma Membrane (or Cell Membrane) • Plasma Membrane – the cell’s outer boundary which covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell. • All materials enter or exit through the plasma membrane.
- 23. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm – the region of the cell inside the plasma membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except for the nucleus. Cytosol – the fluid part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles but not membrane-bound organelles.
- 24. Control Center • Cells carry DNA for regulating their functions and reproducing themselves. – The DNA in some types of cells floats freely inside the cell. – Other cells keep the DNA in a membrane-bound organelle called the nucleus. • Most of the functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the nucleus.
- 25. Nucleus • Often the most prominent structure in a eukaryotic cell. • It maintains its shape with a protein skeleton called the nuclear matrix.
- 26. Two Basic Types of Cells • Fossil evidence suggests that the earliest cells on Earth were simple cells similar to some present-day bacteria. • As cells evolved, they differentiated into two major types – prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 27. Prokaryotes • Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. • Genetic information (DNA) is often located in a part of the cell called the nucleoid. • Usually smaller and less complex than eukaryotes.
- 28. Eukaryotes • Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. • Eukaryotic cells have a variety of organelles, which are well-defined, intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for the cell. • Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
- 29. Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes C:ProjectsHolt-Rinehart- WinstonHRWScienceHRWScienceMo dern_BiologyCh0460052.html
- 30. Cellular Organization • Over time, cells began to form groups that functioned together. • Some cells retained the ability to live outside a group. • Others became dependent on each other for survival.
- 31. Colonies • A colonial organism is a collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a connected group. • Not truly multicellular because few cell activities are coordinated.
- 32. True Multicellularity • As organisms evolved, their cells became more specialized and eventually were unable to survive independently. Tissue – a group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function Organs – groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism Organ System – group of organs that accomplish related tasks Organism – several organ systems combined