Chapter 4 logical reasoning
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This document discusses different types of logical reasoning that can be used to develop theories: deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and retroduction (abductive) reasoning. It provides examples of deductive and inductive arguments and their components. Several nursing theories developed using different logical reasoning approaches are also listed, including theories by Nightingale, Roy, Johnson, Neuman, and others. The document encourages the reader to choose a nursing theory and explain the logical form used by its theorist.
Chapter 4 logical reasoning
- 2. Logical Reasoning LOGIC It is a branch of philosophy that concerns analysis of inferences and arguments. It is the use and study of valid reasoning. A proper or reasonable way of thinking about understanding something. An inference involves forming a conclusion that is based on some evidence. An argument consists of a conclusion and its supportive evidenced.
- 3. Logical Reasoning A theory may be developed through: Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Retroduction Reasoning
- 4. Logical Reasoning A theory may be developed through: DEDUCTION It happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific. “top-down” approach A process of gaining knowledge Considered to reserve truth.
- 5. Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument Premise 1: All men are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a man. Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight o’clock. Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work takes 45 minutes. I arrive to work on time. . VALID and SOUND Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal. Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time. No new information provides. It only rearranges information what is already known into a new statement or conclusion. An important point to consider is that for a deductive argument to be sound, its premises should be true and the whole argument should be valid.
- 6. Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball. Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball. Premise 1: All men are mortal. Premise 2: Birds are men VALID and UNSOUND Premise 1: All cat have six legs. Premise 2: A tiger is a cat. For it to be unsound, at least one of its premises should be false. Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball. Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal. Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.
- 7. Logical Reasoning Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem. Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem. INVALID and UNSOUND Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians. Premise 2: All instructors are teachers. An invalid deductive argument can never be sound. Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse. Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.
- 8. Logical Reasoning MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE The Conservation Theory MARTHA E. ROGERS Unitary Human Beings
- 9. Logical Reasoning SISTER CALLISTA ROY Adaptation Model DOROTHEA OREM Self Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
- 10. Logical Reasoning BETTY NEUMAN Systems Model DOROTHY JOHNSON Behavioral System Model
- 11. A theory may be developed through: INDUCTION A form of logical reasoning in which a generalized is induced from a number of specific, observed instances. It is also called hypothesis construction because any conclusions made are based on current knowledge and predictions. “bottom-up” approach Logical Reasoning
- 12. Logical Reasoning Inductive Form Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low self esteem. Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time. Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels. Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem. Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at 7:00am. Conclusion: All women must wear heels. Allows conclusion to be false. The conclusion states a generalization that extends beyond the observations. Is viewed in terms of degrees of strength and the probability that the premises lead to a given conclusion.
- 13. Logical Reasoning FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Environmental Theory AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS Transition Theory
- 14. Logical Reasoning NOLA J. PENDER Health Promotion Theory
- 15. Logical Reasoning A theory may be developed through: RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning Is a mode of inference in which events are explained by postulating (and identifying) mec hanisms which are capable of producing them. It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.
- 16. Logical Reasoning HELEN C. ERICKSON Modeling and Role-Modeling MARYANN P. SWAIN EVELYN T. TOMLIN
- 17. Logical Reasoning GLADYS L. HUSTED Symphonological Bioethical Theory JAMES H. HUSTED
- 18. QUIZ! Choose one (1) Nursing Theory and explain the logical form that the Theorist used.