Chapter 5 part i
- 1. Introduction to Electric and Electronics Chapter 5
- 2. Contents Introduction Computer Circuit Basics Integrated Circuit An IC as a CPU Logic Gates
- 3. Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students should be able to: Define an IC Explain the stages of manufacturing a CPU Identify the types basic types of gates and their symbols
- 4. Introduction
- 5. Introduction What is material? Elements, constituents, or substances of which something is composed or can be made Structure of material Material Matter Atoms
- 6. Introduction What is matter? Something that has mass which can exist in the form of a solid, liquid, gas or plasma An atom is the smallest indivisible unit of matter
- 9. Introduction Atom All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller particles. The three main particles making up an atom are the proton, the neutron and the electron. Electrons contain a negative charge, protons a positive charge. Neutrons are neutral; they have neither a positive nor a negative charge.
- 10. Introduction Atoms The number of electrons usually needs to be the same as the number of protons. If the numbers are the same, the atom is called balanced, and it is very stable.
- 12. Material can be divided into 3 types: Insulator Conductors Semi-conductors Computer Circuit Basics
- 13. Insulator Material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass, ceramics or rubber. Conductor A material that allows an electric current to pass through it such as metals. Semi-conductor A material that is neither a good conductor of electricity nor a good insulator. A material whose electrical resistance can be switched between insulating and conducting such as silicon. Computer Circuit Basics
- 14. Insulator The electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus and do not move as freely Conductor The electrons in conductors can move around somewhat freely Semi-Conductor Only a few electrons that can freely move around Computer Circuit Basics
- 15. Circuit Electrons with a negative charge are unable to move through the air to a positively charged atom. They have to wait until there is a link or bridge between the negative area and the positive area. We usually call this bridge a "circuit." Computer Circuit Basics
- 16. Circuit When a bridge is created, the electrons begin moving quickly. Depending on the resistance of the material making up the bridge, they try to get across as fast as they can. We can limit the number of electrons crossing over the "circuit," by letting only a certain number through at a time. Computer Circuit Basics
- 17. Circuit The number of electrons permitted to flow on the circuit at one time is called "current". Current is measured using amperes, or "Amps". The amount of charge between the sides of the circuit is called "voltage." It is measure in volt. Computer Circuit Basics
- 20. Integrated Circuit Integrated Circuit An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors.
- 24. An IC as a CPU
- 26. An IC as a CPU What are transistors? Transistors are tiny electrical devices that controls current flow There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).
- 27. What are gates? Also known as logic gates. All gates are composed of at least one transistor, so a modern CPU consists of millions of logic gates. These are the components of electronic devices that perform the Boolean process, such as AND, OR and NOT. An IC as a CPU
- 28. An IC as a CPU What is digital circuit? It is an electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. In most cases there are two voltage levels: one near to zero volts and one at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use. These two levels are often represented as L and H.
- 29. An IC as a CPU IC as a CPU IC No. of gates Speed Use Small Scale IC (SSI) 1-10 40K/s IBM 360 Medium Scale IC (MSI) 10-100 200K/s IBM370 Large Scale IC (LSI) 100-100K 1M/s Intel 4004 Very LSI (VLSI) 100K-1M 10M/s Intel 386 Ultra LSI (ULSI) >1M 100M/s Pentium Categories of Integrated Circuit (IC) used as CPU
- 30. Logic Gates
- 31. Logic Gates The basic building blocks of computer processing circuits are electronic gates (composed of one or more electrical switches). Basic processing functions of gates on binary digits are performed with the logical functions AND, OR, Exclusive OR (XOR), and NOT.
- 32. Logic Gates Gates are sometimes called logic gates. Each gate has one or more digital inputs (signals representing 0 and 1) and computes as output. Typically, a signal between 0~1 Volt represents one value (binary 0) and a signal between 2~5 Volts represents the other value (binary 1). The 1-bit memories can be combined in groups of 16, 32 or 64 to form registers.
- 33. Logic Gates Symbol Operator + . ’ or OR AND NOT XOR Symbol And Operator for Basic Gates
- 34. Logic Gates Formula Meaning A + B = C A . B = C A’ = B = A A B = C A OR B producing C A AND B producing C NOT A producing B A XOR B producing C Formula And Meaning for Basic Gates
- 35. Logic Gates AND NAND NOT OR NOR XOR Special Symbol Representing Operators
- 36. End of Part I