Chapter 7 photosynthesis [compatibility mode]
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Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose, which is the main food source for most living things. It occurs in two stages in the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the light-independent Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose from carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere. Photosynthesis moderates global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere.
Chapter 7 photosynthesis [compatibility mode]
- 1. Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
- 2. Introduction: Plant Power Plants use water and atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce a simple sugar and liberate oxygen – Earth’s plants produce 160 billion metric tons of sugar each year through pppphhhhoooottttoooossssyyyynnnntttthhhheeeessssiiiissss, a process that converts solar energy to chemical energy – Sugar is food for humans and for animals that we ccoonnssuummee CO2 H2O O2 Carbon dioxide ون ر د ا ا
- 4. و ء ا ا 6 + 6 Light energy Oxygen gas ن ز ا Glucose وز و + 6 ط ا و ا
- 5. AN OVERVIEW OOFF PPHHOOTTOOSSYYNNTTHHEESSIISS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. 7.1 Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere tAAAAhuuuuettttioooor ttttorrrroooowppppnhhhh fssssoaorde w liivthinogu tth uinsginsg t hoargt aanreic ambolele tcou mleask e derived from any other living thing – Autotrophs that use the energy of light to produce organic molecules are called pppphhhhoooottttooooaaaauuuuttttoooottttrrrroooopppphhhhssss – Most plants, algae and other protists, and some prokaryotes are pppphhhhoooottttooooaaaauuuuttttoooottttrrrroooopppphhhhssss Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Kelp, a large algae ر ب ب ط ا
- 7. 7.1 Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere The ability is directly r etola ptehdo ttoos ythneth esize structure of chloroplasts – oCCCCrhhhhgllllaoooonrrrrooooepppplllllleaaaasssss ttttcssssoanrseis ting of oppeeeerhhnnnngoozzzzayyyyttoonmmmmsseeeeeyyllnnsssse,tts hha ceenottdiincc soppitsiihggteimmnrg ee nnottfss ,, tmogoeletchuelre isn gmroeumpberda nes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Micrograph of cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) (
- 8. 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells pCCCChhhhhollllooootorrrroooosppppynllllaaaatsssshttttesssssaisr ein t hgere mena jpolra snittess of – aCCCCbhhhhsllllooooorrrrroooobppppinhhhhgyyyy llllpllll,i gamn eimntp ionr tcahnlot lriogphlta sts, is rrpeelassnpptoosnnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee ggrreeeenn ccoolloorr ooff – cCCCCohhhhnlllloooovrrrreoooorpppptinhhhhgyyyyllll lllls pollaayr se an ecregnyt rtoa l crhoelem inic al energy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells Mesophyll Vein Leaf Cross Section CO2 O2 Stoma Mesophyll Cell The location and structure Chloroplast of chloroplasts
- 10. 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells cCCCCehhhhllllllsoooo rrrrooooofpppp tllllhaaaaessss ttttmmmmssss aeeeersssseoooo ppppcohhhhnyyyyllllcllll,e tnhtera gterede inn ttihses ue in the interior of the leaf SSSSSSSSttttttttoooooooommmmmmmmaaaaaaaattttttttaaaaaaaa aarree ttiinnyy ppoorreess iinn tthhee lleeaaff tthhaatt aolxloygwe cna trob oenx idt ioxide to enter and bVVVVyeeee iiiirnnnnosssso itns the leaf deliver water absorbed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Chloroplast Outer and inner membranes Intermembrane space Thylakoid Stroma Granum Thylakoid Space
- 12. 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells An envelope of two membranes ssssttttrrrroooommmmaaaa, the dense fluid within the e nchclloosroepsl athset cAa sllyesdt etttthhhhmyyyy lllloaaaafkkkk iooooniiiitddddessssrcsoengnreegctaetde sm theem sbtrraonmoau sfr soamc s aannootthheerr ccoommppaarrttmmeenntt,, tthhee tttttttthhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyllllllllaaaaaaaakkkkkkkkooooooooiiiiiiiidddddddd ssssssssppppppppaaaaaaaacccccccceeeeeeee –ggggTTTTrrrrhhhhaaaayyyynnnnllllaaaaaaaakkkkmmmmooooiiiiddddssss are concentrated in stacks called Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. 7.3 Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water Scientists have known for a long time that plants produce O2, but early on they assumed it was extracted from CO2 taken into the plant –Using a heavy isotope of oxygen, 18O, they showed with tracer experiments that O O2 actually comes from H O H2O Oxygen bubbles on the leaves of an aquatic plant Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Experiment 1 6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 Not labeled Experiment 2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 Labeled Experiments tracking the oxygen atoms in photosynthesis
- 15. Fates of all the atoms in photosynthesis Reactants: 6 CO2 12 H2O Products: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2
- 16. 7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration Photosynthesis, like respiration, is a redox (oxidation-reduction) process – Water molecules are split apart by oxidation, which means tthhaatt tthheeyy lloossee electrons along with hydrogen ions (H+) – Then CO2 is reduced to sugar as electrons and hydrogen ions are added to it Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. Photosynthesis (uses light energy) Reduction 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Oxidation Cellular respiration (releases chemical energy) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E Reduction Oxidation
- 18. 7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration rrRRrrRReeeeeeeeaaaaccccccccaaaattttiiiilllloooollll nnnntttthhhhssssaaaa ttttttttoooo cccc hhhheeeeaaaalllllllluuuurrrrvvvvllllaaaaeeeerrrrssss rrrrtttt eeeetttthhhhsssseeeepppp iiiirrrrccccaaaahhhhtttteeeeiiiioooommmmnnnniiii ccccuuuuaaaasssslllleeee eeeessssnnnn rrrreeeeeeeerrrrddddggggooooyyyyxxxx ssss ttttoooorrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn aaaa gggglllluuuuccccoooosssseeee mmmmoooolllleeeeccccuuuulllleeee – rTehdisu cisin agc Ocomplished by oxidizing the sugar and reducing O22 ttoo HH22OO – aTnh ee neelercgtyro hnilsl, ltohsee epleoctetrnotnia lt raasn sthpeoyrt tsrayvsetel mdown – Ionf cpohnottroassytn, tthhees fioso rde-vperrosdeu tchineg f lorewd oaxn dre iancvtoiolvnes an uphill climb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. H2O NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS Light Chloroplast (in thylakoids) An overview of the two stages of photosynthesis that take place in a chloroplast
- 20. H2O NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS Light وء Chloroplast راء دة ! (in thylakoids) ATP NADPH O2 An overview of the two stages of photosynthesis that take place in a chloroplast راء دة ا ! ا
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- 25. 7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH Actually, photosynthesis occurs in ttttwwwwoooo metabolic stages FFFFiiiirrrrsssstttt ssssttttaaaaggggeeee – One stage involves the light reactions – iInn tthhee tllllhiiiiggggyhhhhlatttt krrrreeeeoaaaaidcccc ttttmiiiiooooennnnmssss,b lrigahnte esn teor gchy eism cicoanlv eenrteerdg y and O2 – eWleactetrro inss split to provide the O2 as well as Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 26. 7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH H+ ions reduce NADP+ to NADPH, which is an electron carrier similar to NADH – NADPH is temporarily ssttoorreedd aanndd tthheenn shuttled into the CCCCaaaallllvvvviiiinnnn ccccyyyycccclllleeee where it is used to make sugar – Finally, the light reactions generate ATP Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. 7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnndddd ssssttttaaaaggggeeee The second stage occurs in the strom isa tohfe t hCCCCeaaaa cllllvvvvhiiiilnnnno rccccoyyyypcccclllllaeeees, twhich – It is a cyclic series of reactions that builds Istu isg aar cmyoclleicc suelersie fsr oomf r eCaOctions products of the light reacti2oannsd the – iDnucorirnpgo trhaete CCCCd aaaainllllvvvvtoiiiinnnn occccryyyygccccalllleeeen,ic C cOo2mips ounds, a process called ccccaaaarrrrbbbboooonnnn ffffiiiixxxxaaaattttiiiioooonnnn Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. 7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH NADH و ATP ـ
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- 31. H2O NADP+ ADP P Light وء Chloroplast راء دة ! CO2 CALVIN CYCLE ن ( دورة LIGHT REACTIONS وء ت ا !*( ATP NADPH (in thylakoids) O2 (in stroma) وة) % ا
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- 38. PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED AND EXTENDED Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 39. 7.11 Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO2, and H2O to make food molecules The chloroplast, which integrates TTThhheee ccchhhlllooorrroooppplllaaasssttt,,, wwwhhhiiiccchhh iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeesss tttthhhheeee ttttwwwwoooo ssssttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff pppphhhhoooottttoooossssyyyynnnntttthhhheeeessssiiiissss,,,, mmmmaaaakkkkeeeessss ssssuuuuggggaaaarrrr ffffrrrroooommmm CCCCOOOO2 – All but a few microscopic organisms depend on tthhee ffoooodd--mmaakkiinngg mmaacchhiinneerryy ooff pphhoottoossyynntthheessiiss – Plants make more food than they actually need and stockpile it aaaassss ssssttttaaaarrrrcccchhhh iiiinnnn rrrroooooooottttssss, ttttuuuubbbbeeeerrrrssss, and fruits Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 40. NADP+ CO2 + H2O ADP P Electron transport chains Light Chloroplast CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma) Photosystem II RuBP Summary of the chemical processes of photosynthesis 3-PGA ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membranes O2 Sugars Photosystem I LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE Stroma G3P Cellular respiration Cellulose Starch Other organic compounds
- 41. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, SOLAR RADIATION, AND EEAARRTTHH’’SS AATTMMOOSSPPHHEERREE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 42. 7.13 CONNECTION: Photosynthesis moderates global warming The ggggrrrreeeeeeeennnnhhhhoooouuuusssseeee eeeeffffffffeeeecccctttt results from solar energy warming our planet – Gases in the atmosphere (often called greenhouse gases), including CO2, reflect heat back to Earth, keeping the planet warm and supporting life – However, as we increase the level of greenhouse gases, Earth’s temperature rises above normal, initiating problems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 43. 7.13 CONNECTION: Photosynthesis moderates global warming Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases lead to gggglllloooobbbbaaaallll wwwwaaaarrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg, a slow but steady rise in Earth’s surface temperature – The extraordinary rise in CO2 is mostly due to the ccoommbbuussttiioonn ooff ccaarrbboonn--bbaasseedd ffoossssiill ffuueellss – The consequences of continued rise will be melting of polar ice, changing weather patterns, and spread of tropical disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 44. 7.13 CONNECTION: Photosynthesis moderates global warming Perhaps photosynthesis can mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 – However, there is increasing widespread deforestation, which aggravates the global warming problem Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 45. Plants growing in a greenhouse
- 46. Atmosphere Sunlight Some heat energy escapes into space Radiant heat trapped by CO2 and other gases CO2 in the atmosphere and global warming
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