1 introduction 2015 [compatibility mode]
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1. In life's hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level as atoms are organized into molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. 2. The middle tier is characterized by the organism, which is composed of organ systems that have specific functions and are composed of organs. Organs provide specific functions for the organism. 3. Life emerges at the cellular level, which is composed of molecules, organelles, and cells, the living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane. 4. Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy through interactions between living and non-living components. The non
1 introduction 2015 [compatibility mode]
- 1. Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen
- 2. Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology Biology is the science of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man The term “Biology” derived from bios = life and logos = science Living organisms have many attributes that distinguish them from nnoonn--lliivviinngg oobbjjeeccttss It comes in the first place the characteristic of adaptation: the innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment
- 3. Introduction: Adaptation – It survives because of adaptations to its environment – Examples are coat camouflage and hunting and climbing ability –– AAAAddddaaaappppttttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss aarree tthhee rreessuulltt ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn – EEvvoolluuttiioonn is the process of change that transforms life – BBiioollooggyy is the scientific study of life Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. THEMES IN TTHHEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF BBIIOOLLOOGGYY OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiizzzzzzzzaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn iiiissss aaaannnnooootttthhhheeeerrrr iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt aaaattttttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeemmmmeeeessss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ssssttttuuuuddddyyyy ooooffff bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy CCCCoooonnnnssssttttiiiittttuuuueeeennnnttttssss ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnn sssseeeevvvveeeerrrraaaallll lllleeeevvvveeeellllssss ooooffff iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxxiiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeesssstttt ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeeedddd aaaassss aaaa hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee AAAAAAAAttttttttoooooooommmmmmmmssssssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo mmmmmmmmoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ cccccccceeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ttttttttiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss ⇒ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssmmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ppppppppooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy ⇒⇒⇒⇒ eeeeeeeeccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ bbbbiiiioooosssspppphhhheeeerrrreeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Biosphere وي ط ا ا ر رة ا ا ا ظ ل ا Life’s hierarchy of organization Ecosystem م ا ظ ا ط ا ر ا ا ! ط # خ و ر ء وھواء و ن ( Florida coast دا ور # ل * ل + Community, All organisms on the Florida coast ر و ت ا ل ا : ! ا دا ور # ل * ل + ط # ا Population, Group of brown pelicans ت ن ا و ! رة: ا زاوج وع س ا ن ا ا ! ل ا + ( # Organism ن ا ة ب ا را
- 6. ظو TTTThhhheeee uuuuppppppppeeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr Nucleus واة ا Nerve ب2 Spinal cord و ل ا ا Tissue 3* Nervous tissue 2 ا 3* ا Cell ا Nerve cell 2 Organ و ا Brain غ د ا Organelle Nucleus واة Molecule 5 ز! DNA د Atom ذرة Brown pelican ا ! ا Organ system وي ز ا (! ا Nervous system 2 ز ا (! ا Brain غ د ا TTTThhhheeee mmmmiiiiddddddddlllleeee ttttiiiieeeerrrr TTTThhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr
- 7. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level The upper tier is a global TTThhheee uuuppppppeeerrr tttiiieeerrr iiisss aaa ggglllooobbbaaalll ppppeeeerrrrssssppppeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee • BBBBBBBBiiiiiiiioooooooosssssssspppppppphhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeee - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss ((((eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss)))) oooonnnn EEEEaaaarrrrtttthhhh tttthhhhaaaatttt ssssuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttt lllliiiiffffeeee • EEEEEEEEccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ccccoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttiiiieeeessss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppppppaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrttttttttiiiiiiiiccccccccuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaarrrrrrrr aaaaaaaarrrrrrrreeeeeeeeaaaaaaaa • CCCCCCCCoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy - tttthhhheeee aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnntttt ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm • PPPPPPPPooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallllssss ooooffff aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss oooonnnnllllyyyy iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrbbbbrrrreeeeaaaadddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh eeeeaaaacccchhhh ooootttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc aaaarrrreeeeaaaa
- 8. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level The middle tier is characterized TTThhheee mmmiiiddddddllleee tttiiieeerrr iiisss ccchhhaaarrraaacccttteeerrriiizzzeeeddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm,,,, aaaannnn iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnngggg,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnn ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss - hhhhaaaavvvveeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss;;;; aaaarrrreeee ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmppppppppoooooooosssssssseeeeeeeedddddddd ooooooooffffffff oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss - pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm • TTTTTTTTiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmaaaaddddeeee ooooffff ggggrrrroooouuuuppppssss ooooffff ssssiiiimmmmiiiillllaaaarrrr cccceeeellllllllssss Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Life emerges at the level of the LLLiiifffeee eeemmmeeerrrgggeeesss aaattt ttthhheee llleeevvveeelll ooofff ttthhheee cccceeeellllllll,,,, tttthhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff • MMMMMMMMoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - cccclllluuuusssstttteeeerrrrssss ooooffff aaaattttoooommmmssss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeelllllllllllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee-bbbboooouuuunnnndddd ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss • CCCCCCCCeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss - lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg eeeennnnttttiiiittttiiiieeeessss ddddiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhheeeedddd ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt bbbbyyyy aaaa mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒ organells ⇒ cells ⇒ tissues ⇒ organs ⇒ systems ⇒ organism ⇒ population ⇒ community ⇒ ecosystem ⇒ biosphere Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. 1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy Life requires interactions LLLniiiofffeeen lrrriveeeiqqqnuuugiii rrrceeeosssm iiinnnptttoeeenrrraaaecccnttttiiisooo.nnnsss bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd nnnooonnnllliiivvviiinnnggg cccooommmpppooonnneeennntttsss... TTTThhhheeee nnnnoooonnnnlllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss aaaarrrreeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll aaaannnndddd nnnnuuuuttttrrrriiiieeeennnnttttssss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd ffffoooorrrr lllliiiiffffeeee.... to be living, a thing must be capable of growth, reproduction and metabolism. – ccPPccPPaaaahhhhlllloooolllleeeettttooddooddss ss ppppppppyyyyrrrrrrrrnnnnoooooooottttddddddddhhhhuuuuuuuueeeeccccccccttttiiiieeeeeeeeccccrrrrrrrr oooossssssssrrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ffffoooooooodddd aaaannnndddd aaaarrrreeee – ppOOppOOllllttttaaaahhhhnnnneeeettttrrssrrssssss)))) eeaaeeaaaannaannttddttdd pppp aaaallllaaaarrrreeeennnn ttttccccssssaaaa ((((lllloooolllleeeerrrrdddd aaaa ccccccccnnnnooooooooiiiimmmmnnnnnnnnssssssssaaaauuuuuuuullllssssmmmmmmmm tttteeeeeeeehhhhrrrrrrrraaaasssssssstttt pppprrrrooooffffiiiitttt ffffrrrroooommmm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Ecosystem Producers Sunlight (such as plants) Cycling of chemical Nutrients Chemical energy Heat Consumers (such as animals) ( Heat The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy in an ecosystem
- 13. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Form generally FFFooorrrmmm gggeeennneeerrraaallllllyyy ffffiiiittttssss ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn 1111.... BBdBBeyyyyt essssttttruuuumddddiyyyyniiiiennnn ggggw aaaah abbbbtiiii ooooitllll oooodggggoiiiieccccsaaaa lllla ssssnttttdrrrruuuu hccccottttuuuuwrrrreeee i,,t,, yyyywooooouuuur ks dddeeettteeerrrmmmiiinnneee wwwhhhaaattt iiittt dddoooeeesss aaannnddd hhhooowww iiittt wwwooorrrkkksss 22222222........ LLLLsLLLLtiiiiiiiiffffffffreeeeeeeeu ceeeeeeeetmmmmmmmmureeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrsgggggggg eeeeeeeessssssss ffffffffrrrrrrrroooooooommmmmmmm iiiiiiiinnnnnnnntttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrraaaaaaaaccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnssssssss ooooooooffffffff ssstttrrruuuccctttuuurrreeesss 3333.... CCpCCrooooommmmvibbbbdiiiiennnn aaaaottttriiiigooooannnnnssss i zooooaffff tssssiottttrrrrnuuuu cccccttttauuuulrrrrleeeeedssss ((((acccc oooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss)))) ppprrrooovvviiidddeee ooorrrgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiiooonnn cccaaalllllleeeddd aaa ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Two distinct groups TTTwwwooo dddiiissstttiiinnncccttt gggrrrooouuupppsss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss eeeexxxxiiiisssstttt PPPPrrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss nnnnooootttt ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd 2222.... bbbbyyyy aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 33333333........ SSSSSSSSiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmpppppppplllllllleeeeeeee aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ssssssssmmmmmmmmaaaaaaaallllllllllllllll 4444.... BBBBaaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa aaaarrrreeee pppprrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc EEEEuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd bbbbyyyy aaaa 2222.... aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 3333.... PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssss oooorrrrggggaaaannnneeeelllllllleeeessss sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeeessss 4444.... PPPPllllaaaannnnttttssss,,,, aaaannnniiiimmmmaaaallllssss,,,, aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnggggiiii aaaarrrreeee eeeeuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. DNA د Prokaryotic cell (no nuclear envelop) Membrane Eukaryotic cell Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Nucleus (contains DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane) Organelles
- 16. 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features All living things share AAAllllll llliiivvviiinnnggg ttthhhiiinnngggsss ssshhhaaarrreee ccccoooommmmmmmmoooonnnn pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrddddddddeeeeeeeerrrrrrrr - hhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnnggggssss • RRRRRRRReeeeeeeegggggggguuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnn iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnssssiiiisssstttteeeennnntttt wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllliiiiffffeeee •• GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooooowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwtttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddd ddddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllooooooooooooooooppppppppppppppppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttttttt -- ccccccccoooooooonnnnnnnnssssssssiiiiiiiisssssssstttttttteeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt ggggggggrrrrrrrroooooooowwwwwwwwtttttttthhhhhhhh aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooolllllllleeeedddd bbbbyyyy DDDDNNNNAAAA • EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnneeeeeeeerrrrrrrrggggggggyyyyyyyy pppppppprrrrrrrroooooooocccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssssiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy aaaannnndddd ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffoooorrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg iiiitttt ttttoooo aaaa ffffoooorrrrmmmm uuuusssseeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm
- 17. 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features Common properties CCCooommmmmmooonnn ppprrrooopppeeerrrtttiiieeesss ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeeedddd RRRRRRRReeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnnsssssssseeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo rrrrrrrreeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnndddddddd ttttttttoooooooo eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnnttttttttaaaaaaaallllllll ssssssssttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmuuuuuuuulllllllliiiiiiii RRRRRRRReeeeeeeepppppppprrrrrrrroooooooodddddddduuuuuuuuccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - tttthhhheeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo ppppeeeerrrrppppeeeettttuuuuaaaatttteeee tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss EEEEEEEEvvvvvvvvoooooooolllllllluuuuuuuuttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnaaaaaaaarrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaaaaaaaddddddddaaaaaaaappppppppttttttttaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiissssiiiittttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ttttrrrraaaaiiiittttssss tttthhhhaaaatttt bbbbeeeesssstttt ssssuuuuiiiitttt tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm ttttoooo iiiittttssss eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 18. ((1) Order (2) Regulation 4) Energy processing (3) Growth and development (5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation Some important properties of life
- 19. properties of life All living things exhibit complex but ordered Organization, as seen (1) Order Some important in the highly ordered Structure of a sunflower
- 20. Some important properties of life For example, a jackrabbit can adjust its body temperature by regulating (2)Regulation The amount of blood flowing through its ears. when the rabbit’s body temperature rises, more blood flows through the vessel in its ears, allowing excess heat to be released to the air.
- 21. Some important properties of life Information IIInnnfffooorrrmmmaaatttiiiooonnn ccccaaaarrrrrrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy ggggeeeennnneeeessss tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttssss ooooffff iiiinnnnhhhheeeerrrriiiittttaaaannnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ttttrrrraaaannnnssssmmmmiiiitttt iiiinnnnffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffrrrroooommmm ppppaaaarrrreeeennnnttttssss TTTToooo ooooffffffffsssspppprrrriiiinnnngggg – ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooollllssss tttthhhheeee ppppaaaatttttttteeeerrrrnnnn ooooffff ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh aaaannnndddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn aaaallllllll oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss,,,, iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee (3) Growth and development NNNNiiiilllleeee ccccrrrrooooccccooooddddiiiilllleeee
- 22. Some important properties of life Fro FFFrrrooo eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee,,,, wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhhiiiissss bbbbeeeeaaaarrrr eeeeaaaattttssss tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh,,,, iiiitttt wwwwiiiillllllll uuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy ssssttttoooorrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh ttttoooo ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr iiiittttssss oooowwwwnnnn aaaaccccttttiiiivvvviiiittttiiiieeeessss (4) Energy processing Metabolism aaaannnndddd cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll rrrreeeeaaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss ((((mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm))))
- 23. Some important properties of life All organisms respond to environmental stimuli Fro example, a Venus flytrap closes its trap in response to the environmental (5) Response to the environment stimulus of an insect landing on it
- 24. Some important properties of life Organisms reproduce their own kind, by producing offsprings. This emperor Penguins is protecting its (6) Reproduction baby. By reproduction survival of the specie, not extinction, is achieved
- 25. Some important properties of life Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change (evolve) over time Fro example, the appearance of the pygmy seahorses has evolved in the way that camouflage the animal (7) Evolutionary adaptation in its environment
- 26. TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS OOOOOOOOFFFFFFFF SSSSSSSSCCCCCCCCIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature Two approaches TTTTuTTTnwwwwwwwdoooooooe aaaaaaarsppppppptppppppparrrrrrrnooooooodaaaaaaa nccccccchhhhhhhaeeeeeeetusssssssr aaaaaaaaalrrrrrrrr eeeeeeeeca uuuuuuuuussssssssseeeeeeeeedddddddds ttttttttfooooooooo r natural ppppuuuuppppuuuhhhhnnnnhhhhnnnddddeeeedddeeeeeeeennnneeennnnrrrroooorrroooosssssssmmmmmmmmtttttttaaaaaaaeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddaaaaaaaa nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll cccccccaaaaaaauuuuuuussssssseeeeeeesssssss fffffffooooooorrrrrrr nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll – aaaaDDDDaaaaDDDDnnnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssddddddddcccccccc mmmmmmmmoooooooovvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrssssyyyyssssyyyy uuuu uuuussssssssrrrrrrrrcccccccceeeeeeeeiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnneeeeeeeeccccccccnnnnnnnneeeeeeeetttttttt ssssssss- ttttttttuuuuoooooooossss ddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeessssssss ssss vvvvcccccccceeeerrrrrrrrrrrriiiiiiiibbbbbbbbiiiiffffeeeeeeeeiiiiaaaa ssssssssbbbbcccccccclllleeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeee oooonnnnnnnnbbbbccccccccsssseeeeeeeeeeeerrrrvvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss – ddHHHHddHHHHiiiiyyyyyyyyssssppppppppccccoooooooooooottttvvttttvvhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeerrrrssssyyssssyyiiii iiii ssssssssssss-cccciiiibbbbbbbbeeeeaaaaaaaannnnsssssssscccceeeeeeeeeeeedddddddd ttttoooossssssss cccccccceeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeeexxxxppppnnnnnnnnllllccccccccaaaaeeeeeeeeiiiinnnn- ssssuuuuccccssssiiiieeeeeeeessssnnnn cccctttthhhheeeeeeee ddddaaaattttaaaa ffffrrrroooommmm – hhTThhTTyyyyhhhhppppiiiissssoooo rrrrtttthhhheeeeeeeeqqqqssssuuuueeeeiiiirrrrsssseeeessss pppprrrrooooppppoooossssiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd tttteeeessssttttiiiinnnngggg ooooffff Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature There is a difference TTTanhhhdeee rrraeee iiisss aaa dddiiiffffffeeerrreeennnccceee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn aaaa tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeeoooooooorrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaannnddd aaa hhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyppppppppooooooootttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeessssssssiiiiiiiissssssss – ffffAoooo rrrrhhhhhhhh aaaayyyyyyyy pppp ppppssssooooooooeeeetttttttttttthhhhhhhh ooooeeeeeeeeffffssssssss ooooiiiiiiiissssssssbbbbiiiisssssssseeee aaaarrrrvvvv ppppaaaarrrrttttooooiiiiooooppppnnnnoooosssssssseeeedddd eeeexxxxppppllllaaaannnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn – uuuuAssssttttttttuuuuhhhhhhhhaaaaeeeeeeeelllloooooooollllyyyyrrrrrrrr yyyyyyyyggggrrrriiiissssoooo wwwwssssuuuuiiiinnnnppppggggpppp oobboobbrroorroottttddddeeeeyyyydddd oooobbbbffffyyyy eeee aaaavvvv iiiillllddddaaaaeeeerrrrggggnnnneeeecccc eeeeaaaannnndddd Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 29. 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses We solve everyday WWWeee sssooolllvvveee eeevvveeerrryyydddaaayyy pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss bbbbyyyy uuuussssiiiinnnngggg hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeesssseeeessss – AAAAnnnn eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee tttthhhheeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee uuuusssseeee ttttoooo aaaannnnsssswwwweeeerrrr tttthhhheeee qqqquuuueeeessssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, ““““WWWWhhhhyyyy ddddooooeeeessssnnnn’’’’tttt tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaasssshhhhlllliiiigggghhhhtttt wwwwoooorrrrkkkk????”””” – UUUUssssiiiinnnngggg ddddeeeedddduuuuccccttttiiiivvvveeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee rrrreeeeaaaalllliiiizzzzeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm iiiiiiiissssssss eeeeeeeeiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee ((((((((11)))))))) bbbbbbbbuuuuuuuullllllllbbbbbbbb oooooooorrrrrrrr ((((((((22)))))))) bbbbbbbbaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrriiiiiiiieeeeeeeessssssss........ – TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee tttteeeessssttttaaaabbbblllleeee – TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee ffffaaaallllssssiiiiffffiiiiaaaabbbblllleeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. Observations Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Question ا Hypothesis #2: Burned-out bulb An example of -based science Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction ا Test falsifies hypothesTisest does not falsify hypothesis hypothesis-
- 31. You should now be able to 1111.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiiffffeeee’’’’ssss hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 2222.... 2.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss’’’’ iiiinnnntttteeeerrrraaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss 3.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee tttthhhheeee ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll aaaassssppppeeeeccccttttssss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss 4.... EEEExxxxppppllllaaaaiiiinnnn hhhhoooowwww tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeeoooorrrryyyy ooooffff eeeevvvvoooolllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn aaaaccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttyyyy aaaannnndddd ddddiiiivvvveeeerrrrssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee 5.... DDDDiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhh bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn ddddiiiissssccccoooovvvveeeerrrryyyy sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss--bbbbaaaasssseeeedddd sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee 6.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee wwwwaaaayyyyssss iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, tttteeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, aaaannnndddd ssssoooocccciiiieeeettttyyyy aaaarrrreeee ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 32. Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology ة ا
- 33. 3 : ا =, ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا
- 34. Biology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man ت ا ة ة ا
- 35. ھ ظ درا ! ة ھ ا ! ن$% ا ا '( و *+, ت ا -. ان وا وا Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life ة ا را , ا ء ھ 01 ا ! The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = Science Logos : 23%% 23( 2 435 “Biology” ـــ ! Logos ة و 0 Bios Living Organisms ت ا -. ا 6 ا 2-. ي
- 36. 8 اد ا , 39 وا :;3 ا وھ .3 ا Adaptation ; ,? 3 ا @3A وف
- 37. ظ C Evolution . 3 ا 2-. ا ;! ر 8 ا
- 38. D3 ا ! ر ھ 3 ا رھ و @0 ; Organization د , ; ت ا -. ى ھ
- 39. = أ 8H E 3 ا ء01 ا ! را , ت ا !I Hierarchy Of Life ة
- 40. ; ا J3 ا Emergent Properties AK ت ا 8 ف
- 41. ة ,,? ت 8H Biosphere ! ا, ) ا A ا J%1 ت (ا A ا ( ي – L ف ا MD ا رض 1 ا O! ة
- 42. Ecosystem 3 ا 83Q ت ا -. ا 2 ت !L ا ( – A م ا J ا * 6 Community 3 ) ا 83Q ا
- 43. -5 (ا 83Q ت ا -. ا ( – !L ا 2 A م J% 6 Population R* ; ن ? او S3 ,0 ا ع ا اد ا
- 44. أ ( ة –
- 45. 5 ا * Organ Systems ءE! أ 2 U3 دة و , - وظ ; – E ة ا S;?1 ا Organs 2-. دة , - دي وظ : ء – E!1 ا Tissues ;53 ا MQ ا 2 !L 2 %. – L$%1 ا Molecules رات ' ا 2 VL ت – AS? Organelles ددةة , - ذذااتت ووظظ -5X Y( اا
- 46. تت –– E! Cells ;3A 2! ء5D ق
- 47. 38 0 ت %( – M= Living And Nonliving Components ا
- 48. D وا ت ا %. ا Photosynthetic Organisms -E ء ا ا O! درة * ت ا -. ا Producers Are Called And Provide Food اء 'D ا
- 49. ت L3ُ ا Consumers ت.;3$ُ O! ى 'D3 ت % ا0 O! ت ( أو ا O! ى 'D3 ت -( ت ) ا The Nonliving Components -( - ا'X اد 2! رة ! ا
- 50. X ت %. ا ة ور
- 51. I
- 52. إ دة وا وتRecycle Chemicals .
- 53. , ! Necessary For Life ا ل ا م ا Move Energy Through The Ecosystem A J M= + ^
- 54. أو ا اة Prokaryotic Cells M= Genetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A ا دة ا را طف % MD
- 55. X ` وي Nuclear Membrane ة و Simple And Small $
- 56. DH ا BacteriaAre Prokaryotic أو ا اة
- 57. 3. Eukaryotic Cells ا **0 M= اة ت طPossess Organelles Separated By Membranes M3$ ا 2! ;8 5XU E! ^3 زم ا ت وا ات وا ت ا اة Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryotic **0
- 58. 8 % اة Nucleus % Contains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear % ي د ط MD ف % O! وي 3 Membrane Membrane 5X ءDNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of ا ھ ا دة ا را ا MQ . ` %, All Cells A Gene Is A Discrete Unit Of DNA %, ا 2 ة S ة ,0 و 2! رة ! 2L ا
- 59. ا م – ا Order -. ,* E 3 ا ت ا J ا – ا رة ا دا *3 = A O! J O! ,* J3 Regulation ة ا V Growth And Development L ر ا 3 وا ا Energy Processing % رة ; و + ب ا $3( – إ + ا L c1 ا ر 2-. ا – Response To The Environment A
- 60. `: L39 ,+ رة ا ات ا A L39 ا – ا Reproduction ( O! رة إ ر ا ,* ع
- 61. `.3 2-.
- 62. (1 8 $3( 3 .3 ا ا ري – ا ب ا ت ا ً Evolutionary Adaptation @3A V اDomains ! ـــ ھ ك ث اThe Three Domains (Groups) Of Life 0 ( VL ) ! M` ا Bacteria - – أو ا اة ، و دة ن و ة ا و Prokaryotic, And Most Are Q ,0 . !
- 63. 3. Unicellular And Microscopic
- 64. ;L Archaea - Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic و Q ة ا ,0 ن و . دة ! اة ، و ا ت – أو - ا, ا
- 65. 3. ن ا UK ;%UK
- 66. ;L Eukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles اة و % ; اة أي ا **0 M= اة – ت ا **0 تE!
- 67. ا ا THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE *
- 68. !3 + , 5 ,Q3$ -
- 69. *39 ا ا ا– م ھات و ت Discovery Science ا H Hypothesis- Based Science م ,Q3$ ) – 9,3 – ا ?33 (ا I ا
- 70. 39 ا ا VI ^ وذ - ا
- 71. *39 ا ا ھ
- 72. ي ' ت ا % ا )
- 73. L3 ا ا @% (إ ! ات
- 74. $8 A Hypothesis ات , ھ5 ا 2 !L ح
- 75. 3*
- 76. $8 ھ I
- 77. 8 ا ھھ
- 78. 3 اا Ai Q3 اا ? اا ھھ
- 79. = آآ O وو ة, ھ5 ا A Theory ,:
- 80. L3 ا O! ! ج 33 إ ھ
- 81. J ا رب L3 !, ا د1 ا 2 , اS3 و
- 82. ( د ,