Chapter 27 reproduction [compatibility mode]
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The document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction and embryonic development. It describes asexual and sexual reproduction, the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems, gamete formation through meiosis, the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle, fertilization, cleavage and gastrulation in embryonic development.
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Chapter 27 reproduction [compatibility mode]
- 1. Chapter 27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
- 2. ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. 27.1 Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring Asexual reproduction – One parent produces genetically identical offspring – Very rapid reproduction – Can proceed via – Budding / – Fission / – Fragmentation/regeneration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Asexual reproduction of an aggregating sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima) by fission
- 4. 27.2 Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring Some animals exhibit hermaphroditism – One individual with male and female reproductive systems – Easier to find a mate for animals less mobile or solitary Hermaphroditic earthworms mating Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. 27.2 Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring Sperm may be transferred to the female by – External fertilization – Many fish and amphibian species – Eggs and sperm are discharged near each other – Internal fertilization – Some fish and amphibian species – Nearly all terrestrial animals – Sperm is deposited in or near the female reproductive tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Frogs in an embrace that triggers the release of eggs and sperm
- 6. HUMAN REPRODUCTION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. 27.3 Reproductive anatomy of the human female Both sexes in humans have – A set of gonads where gametes are produced – Ducts for gamete transport – Structures for copulation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. 27.3 Reproductive anatomy of the human female Ovaries contain follicles that Nurture eggs and Produce sex hormones Oviducts convey eggs to the uterus where embryos develop The uterus opens into the vagina through the The vagina – Receives the penis during sexual intercourse – Forms the birth canal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Wall of uterus Uterus Endometrium (lining of uterus) Vagina Cervix (“neck” of uterus Front view of female reproductive anatomy (upper portion)
- 10. 27.4 Reproductive anatomy of the human male Testes (singular testis) produce Sperm and Male hormones Epididymis stores sperm as they develop further Several glands contribute to semen – Seminal vesicles – Prostate – Bulbourethral Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Urinary Bladder Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Seminal Vesicle (behind Bladder) Erectile tissue of penis Urethra Scrotum Vas deferens Epididymis Testis Glans of Penis Front view of male reproductive anatomy
- 12. 27.4 Reproductive anatomy of the human male SSppeerrmm pprroodduuccttiioonn – Regulated by a negative feedback system of hormones – Involves the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Stimuli from other areas in the brain Releasing Hormone Negative feedback FSH LH Testis Androgen production Sperm production Hormonal control of the testis
- 14. 27.5 The formation of sperm and egg requires meiosis Spermatogenesis – Occurs in seminiferous tubules – Primary spermatocytes – Formed by mitosis – Divide by meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes – Secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis II to produce spermatids – Round spermatids differentiate into elongate sperm – Mature sperm released into seminiferous tubule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. Testis Epididymis Testis Scrotum Penis Seminiferous Tubule Cross section of seminiferous tubule
- 16. Diploid cell Primary spermatocyte (in prophase of Meiosis I) Secondary spermatocyte (haploid; double chromatids) Developing sperm cells (haploid; single chromatids) Sperm cells (haploid) Center of seminiferous tubule
- 17. 2n 2n Primary spermatocyte (in prophase of Meiosis I) Meiosis I completed n n Secondary spermatocyte (haploid; double chromatids) Differentiation and onset of Meiosis I Diploid cell n n n n n n n n Developing sperm cells (haploid; single chromatids) Differentiation Sperm cells (haploid) Meiosis II
- 18. 27.5 The formation of sperm and egg requires meiosis Oogenesis – Begins before birth: diploid cells start meiosis and stop – Each month about one primary oocyte resumes meiosis – A secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase of meiosis II is ovulated – Meiosis of the ovum is completed after fertilization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. 2n 2n Differentiation and onset of Meiosis I Diploid cell in embryo Primary oocyte Completion of Meiosis I and onset of Corpus First n luteum Ovary (arrested in prophase of Meiosis I; present at birth) npolar body n Meiosis II n n Entry of sperm triggers completion of Meiosis II Second polar body Ovum (haploid) Sperm Ovulation Ruptured follicle Growing Follicle Mature follicle Secondary oocyte (arrested at meta-phase of Meiosis II; released from ovary) Oogenesis and the development of an ovarian follicle
- 20. 27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus Ovarian and menstrual cycles – Occur about every 28 days – Hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leuteinizing hormone (LH), which trigger – Growth of a follicle – Ovulation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. 27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus After ovulation, ovarian follicle becomes corpus luteum Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, which – Stimulate the endometrium to thicken – Prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo – Inhibit hypothalamus, reducing FSH and LH secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. 27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus IIff eegggg iiss ffeerrttiilliizzeedd – Developing embryo releases hormones(human chorionic gonadotropin) that maintain the corpus luteum which continue to secrete progesterone and estrogen maintaining uterine lining to complete the pregnancy. – Menstruation does not occur IIff eegggg iiss nnoott ffeerrttiilliizzeedd – Drop in LH shuts down corpus luteum and stop secreting its hormones(progesterone and estrogen ) – Menstruation is triggered – Hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate development of a new follicle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 24. PRINCIPLES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. 27.9 Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development Embryonic development begins with fertilization – The union of sperm and egg – To form a diploid zygote Sperm are adapted to reach and fertilize an egg Streamlined shape moves more easily through fluids Many mitochondria provide ATP for tail movements Head contains a haploid nucleus Tipped with an acrosome containing penetrating enzymes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 26. Tail Plasma membrane Neck Middle piece Head Mitochondrion (spiral shape) Nucleus Acrosome The structure of a human sperm cell
- 27. 27.9 Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development Fertilization events – Sperm squeeze past follicle cells – Acrosomal enzymes pierce egg’s coat – Sperm binds to vitelline layer – Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse – Egg is stimulated to develop further – Egg and sperm nuclei fuse(become diploid) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. The sperm squeezes through cells left over from the follicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 The sperm’s acrosomal enzymes digest the egg’s jelly coat Proteins on the sperm head bind to egg receptors The plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse The sperm nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm A fertilization envelope forms Sperm Nucleus Acrosome Plasma membrane Sperm head Acrosomal enzymes Sperm nucleus Receptor protein molecules Plasma membrane Vitelline layer ا ط ا Cytoplasm Egg nucleus Jelly coat
- 29. ف ا ا Egg cell The nuclei of sperm and egg fuse 7 Zygote nucleus
- 30. 27.10 Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the zygote Cleavage is a rapid series of cell divisions – More cells – Embryo does not get larger – Thus new cells are smaller in size Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 31. 8 cells 4 cells Zygote 2 cells Blastula (hollow ball) Cross section of blastula Blastocoel Many cells (solid ball) Cleavage in a sea urchin
- 32. 27.11 Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo Gastrulation – Cells migrate – The basic body plan of three layers is established – Ectoderm outside—becomes skin and nervous systems – Endoderm inside—becomes digestive tract – Mesoderm in middle—muscle and bone – A rudimentary digestive cavity forms Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 33. Blastula (end of cleavage) Animal pole Blastocoel Vegetal pole Gastrulation (cell migration) Blastocoel Formation of a simple digestive shrinking cavity Blastopore Ectoderm Mesoderm Gastrula (end of gastrulation) Simple Endoderm digestive cavity Development of the frog gastrula
- 35. You should now be able to 1. Explain how fertility drugs have affected multiple births in the United States 2. 2. Compare the types of asexual and sexual reproduction 3. Describe the structures and functions of the male and female human reproductive tracts 4. Describe and compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis 5. Describe the events of the menstrual cycle 6. Describe the nature of the most common STDs 7. Describe the most common forms ooff bbiirrtthh ccoonnttrrooll 8. Relate the structure of sperm to its roles in fertilization 9. Describe the processes of cleavage and gastrulation 10. Describe the functions of the four extraembryonic membranes 11 Describe the main changes that occur during each trimester of human development 12. Describe the most common reproductive technologies Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 36. Reproduction ــــــــ ا ـــ ا
- 37. ــ Angiosperms ت ا ور Sporophyte :The Diploid Generation. .
- 38. #$ % ا ا :ا ا د ا وزو ا ا :ا أ دي ا Gametophyte: The Haploid Generation. .
- 39. د ( % ا وزو Pollen Grain: The Male ح :ا ا ا Gametophyte. .
- 40. + ,( Embryo ا ا : ا ا ا Sac: The Female Gametophyte. . ي./0 - Endosperm: ا وم : وا ة دا ا ا Central Cell Within The - %3 45
- 41. ( 43
- 42. /2 Embryo Sac Has Two Nuclei. ن. ا/ 8 Pollination :Transfer Of Pollen From Anther To Stigma. .; ا = إ ?9ُ ا A ح + ب ا ( %+/ : +9 ا 4: Double Fertilization: One Sperm Fertilizes The Egg To Produce A Zygote, The Other Fuses With The Central Cell Nuclei To Produce 3n Endosperm. A9 ا A9E ى ا ( م إ + دوج: 5 ب ا 3C ا ج /C ى
- 43. 30 م ا + , و 4GHI ج ا 9/2 4J ا KE9 $I$ م
- 44. و/2 ا L/ L99 45
- 45. ا 4E اة ا ا M .(3n) زو و
- 46. د ا ا Seed Dormancy: Embryo Growth And Development Are Suspended. .A ا A و / H رة: ن ا Two Cotyledons = Eudicot Seeds ن9+N Single Cotyledon = Monocot Seeds ة( وا 4+N
- 47. Reproduction ــــــــ ا ـــ ا
- 48. ــ ا ة: ا Fruit: Developed Ovary. . %9 O
- 49. . ا Germination ت/2 Asexual Reproduction: One Parent $ 4$9 4 A ( L9 PI
- 50. $ 9 ا ا : أ ا اذر ورا ً . Produces Genetically Identical Offspring. Hermaphroditism: One Individual With Male And Female Reproductive Systems. . 4./ وأ 4
- 51. ذ
- 52. $ ة 58PS ( د وا
- 53. N : 4$E ا External Fertilization: Eggs And Sperm Are Discharged Near Each Other. 4 ت ا / اG وا O ق ا I إط ;9 : P رE ب ا 32 ا .O ا 8J A ب
- 54. + Internal Fertilization: Sperm Is Deposited In Or Near The Female Reproductive Tract. أو N 4 ت ا / اG اع ا إ ;9 : 3 ا ب ا 32 ا . ./W 49 ة ا + ا Aً
- 55. H Gonads: Where Gametes Are Produced. . ت ج ا 9/ ا ;9 X( : % ا Ovaries: Contain Follicles That Nurture Eggs And Produce Sex Hormones. 4Y ــ م + 9 ت وا I( =: ي 9G : O ا .- ت ا /
- 56. ج ھ 9/ وا O ا Testes (Singular Testis): Produce Sperm And Male Hormones. 4 ت ا / اG ا L9 ): 43 دھ
- 57. [ ( E ا رة . ت ا /
- 58. ھ Epididymis: Stores Sperm As They Develop Further .8PJ/ وإ 4 ت ا / اG ا A5E ,N ;9 :
- 59. ا
- 60. Reproduction ــــــــ ا ـــ ا
- 61. ــ Spermatogenesis: Formation Of Sperms. 4 / G A 4: ا ات ا Oogenesis: Formation Of Ovum. O ا A 4: Menstrual ا Cycle 4
- 62. 8] ورة ا Menstruation ا OG Corpus ا ا Luteum
- 63. [^0 ; اا Endometrium ;(
- 64. 4/ Cleavage: Rapid Series ا Of Cell Divisions. .: ھ ا ت ا 4E +/C A 4
- 65. 4 L[9 ا : ھ ة ا و Gastrulation: Cells Migrate And Basic Body 40 4E ا ا -S ;9 IE
- 66. A9 ذو ا ث ط ت . Plan Of Three Layers Is Established. + I. ;