chapter1-introduction-to-operating-system.pdf

1
Operating Systems
Dr. Mohammed Badawy
mbmbadawy@yahoo.com
mohamed.badawi@el-eng.menofia.edu.eg
1 March 2023

Course Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to describe:
Innovations in operating systems development
The basic role of an operating system
The types of operating systems
The basic functionality of the memory allocation and
deallocation schemes in the early systems
The basic functionality of the memory allocation and
deallocation methods in the virtual memory systems
The several process scheduling algorithms
The similarities and differences between processes and
threads
Operating Systems Dr. Mohammed Badawy 2

Course Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to describe:
The deadlock, race, and starvation
The causes of system deadlock and livelock
The prevention, detection, and recovery from deadlock
and starvation

References
[1] Ann McIver McHoes and Ida M. Flynn, Understanding
Operating Systems, 8th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2018
[2] Ann McIver McHoes and Ida M. Flynn, Understanding
Operating Systems, 7th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2014
[3] Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin, and Greg
Gagne, Operating System Concepts Ninth Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013
[4] William Stallings, Operating System Internals and Design
Principles, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, 2012

Chapter 1
Introducing Operating
Systems

Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
describe:
• Innovations in operating systems development
• The basic role of an operating system
• The major operating system software subsystem
managers and their functions
• The types of machine hardware on which operating
systems run
• Design considerations of operating systems designers

Introduction
• Operating systems
– Manage computer system hardware and software
• This text explores:
– What they are
– How they work
– What they do
– Why they do it
• This chapter briefly describes:
– Workings of operating systems

What Is an Operating System?
• Computer system
– Software (programs)
– Hardware (machine/electronic components)
• Operating system
– Chief software component
– Manages all hardware and all software and controls:
• Every file, device, section of main memory, and moment
of processing time

Operating System Software
• Includes four essential subsystem managers
– Memory Manager
– Processor Manager
– Device Manager
– File Manager
• Each manager:
– Performs a unique role
– Works closely with other managers

Operating System Software (cont'd.)
(figure 1.1)
This pyramid represents an
operating system on a stand-
alone computer unconnected
to a network.
It shows the four subsystem
managers and the user
interface.

• User Interface
– Allows the user to issue commands to the operating
system
• Manager tasks
– Monitor the system’s resources continuously
– Enforce policies determining:
• Who gets what, when, and how much
– Allocate a resource (when appropriate)
– Deallocate a resource (when appropriate)

(figure 1.2)
Each manager at
the base of the
pyramid takes
responsibility for its
own tasks while
working
harmoniously with
every other
manager.

• Network Manager
– Coordinates the services required for multiple
systems to work together
• Shared network resources: memory space,
processors, printers, databases, applications, etc.

Main Memory Management
• In charge of main memory
– Random access memory (RAM)
• Responsibilities include:
– Checking validity and legality of memory space request
– Reallocating memory to make more useable space
available
– Deallocating memory to reclaim it
– Protecting space in main memory occupied by
operating system

Processor Management
• In charge of allocating Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Tracks process status
– Program’s “instance of execution”
• Comparable to a traffic controller
– When a process is finished or maximum computation
time expired
• Processor Manager reclaims the CPU and allocates to
next waiting process
– Computer with multiple CPUs
• More complex management

Device Management
• In charge of connecting with every available device
– Printers, ports, disk drives, etc.
– Choosing most efficient resource allocation method
• Based on scheduling policy
– Identifying each device uniquely
– Starting device operation (when appropriate)
– Monitoring device progress
– Deallocating the device

File Management
• In charge of tracking every file in the system
– Data files, program files, compilers, application
programs, etc.
– Enforcing user/program resource access restrictions
• Uses predetermined access policies
– Controlling user/program modification restrictions
• Read-only, read-write, create, delete
– Allocating space for a file on secondary storage
• One large storage area or smaller linked pieces

Network Management
• Included in operating systems with networking
capability
• Authorizes users to share resources
– Overall responsibility for every aspect of network
connectivity
• Devices, files, memory space, CPU capacity, etc.

User Interface
• Portion of the operating system
– Direct interaction with users
• Two primary types
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Input from pointing device
• Menu options, desktops, and formats vary

User Interface
– Command line interface
• Keyboard-typed commands that display on a monitor
• Strict requirements for every command: typed
accurately; correct syntax; combinations of commands
assembled correctly

Cooperation Issues
• No single manager performs tasks in isolation
• Each element of an operating system
– Performs individual tasks and
– Harmoniously interacts with other managers

Cloud Computing
• Practice of using Internet-connected resources
– Performing processing, storage, or other
operations
• Operating system maintains responsibility
– Managing all local resources and coordinating
data transfer to and from the cloud
• Role of the operating system
– Accessing resources
– Managing the system efficiently

An Evolution of Computing Hardware
• Hardware: physical machine and electronic
components
– Main memory (RAM)
• Data/Instruction storage and execution
– Central processing unit (CPU)
• Controls interpretation and execution of instructions
• Initiates or performs these operations: storage, data
manipulation and input/output
– Input/output devices (I/O devices)
• All peripheral devices in the system: printers, disk drives,
CD/DVD drives, keyboards, etc.

An Evolution of Computing
Hardware (cont'd.)
• Computer classification
– At one time: based on memory capacity
• Current platforms
(table 1.1)
A brief list of
platforms and a
few of the
operating systems
designed to run on
them, listed in
alphabetical order.

Design Considerations
• Most common overall goal
– Maximize use of the system’s resources (memory,
processing, devices, and files) and minimize
downtime
• Factors included in developmental efforts
– RAM resources
– CPUs: number and type available
– Peripheral devices: variety likely to be connected
– Networking capability
– Security requirements, etc.

Conclusion
• Overall function of operating systems
• Evolution of operating systems
– Capable of running complex computers and
computer systems
• Operating system designer
– Chooses the policies that best match the system’s
environment

chapter1-introduction-to-operating-system.pdf

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