![AERONAUTICS
Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ὰήρ āēr, which means "air", and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation", i.e.
"navigation into the air") is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and
the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects
of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics)." [1]
While the term was originally used to refer solely to operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology,
business, and other aspects related to aircraft.[2] The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although
"aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while "aviation" technically does not.[2]
A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the
way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft.
Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding were made from the earliest times, typically by constructing wings and
jumping from a tower with crippling or lethal results. Wiser investigators sought to gain some rational understanding through the study
of bird flight. An early example appears in ancient Egyptian texts. Later medieval Islamic scientists also made such studies. The
founders of modern aeronautics, Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance and Cayley in 1799, both began their investigations with
studies of bird flight. Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China. In 1282 the European
explorer Marco Polo described the Chinese techniques then current. The Chinese also were able to construct small hot air balloons,
or lanterns, and rotary-wing toys.
An early European to provide any scientific discussion of flight was Roger Bacon, who described principles of operation for the
lighter-than-air balloon and the flapping-wing ornithopter, which he envisaged would be constructed in the future. The lifting medium
for his balloon would be an "aether" whose composition he did not know.[5]
In the late fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci followed up his study of birds with designs for some of the earliest flying machines,
including the flapping-wing ornithopter and the rotating-wing helicopter. Although his designs were rational, they were not based on
particularly good science.[6] Many of his designs, such as a four-person screw-type helicopter, have severe flaws. He did at least
understand that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object." (Newton would not publish the Third law
of motion until 1687). Da Vinci´s analysis led to the realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight, and his
later designs included a mechanical power source such as a spring. Da Vinci's work was lost after his death and did not reappear
until it had been overtaken by the work of George Cayley.
Pedro Paulet, scientist born in the city of Arequipa, Peru in the year of 1874, was one of the first to experiment with propulsion
rockets being considered the «Father of Modern Rocket» and by others as the «Father of Aeronautics Modern ». He developed plans
for a "torpedo plane", which is why he is considered ahead of his time. When the internal explosion engines were invented, small
enough to be able to propel a flying device with them, a race started between two flight possibilities: the lighter than the air (dirigibles)
and the heavier than the air (airplanes).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/class2articles-240229164447-61ad76d0/85/Class-2-Articles-ppt-Types-of-articles-a-an-the-13-320.jpg)
![AERONAUTICS
Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ὰήρ āēr, which means "air", and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation", i.e.
"navigation into the air") is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and
the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects
of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics)." [1]
While the term was originally used to refer solely to operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology,
business, and other aspects related to aircraft.[2] The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although
"aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while "aviation" technically does not.[2]
A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the
way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft.
Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding were made from the earliest times, typically by constructing wings and
jumping from a tower with crippling or lethal results. Wiser investigators sought to gain some rational understanding through the study
of bird flight. An early example appears in ancient Egyptian texts. Later medieval Islamic scientists also made such studies. The
founders of modern aeronautics, Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance and Cayley in 1799, both began their investigations with
studies of bird flight. Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China. In 1282 the European
explorer Marco Polo described the Chinese techniques then current. The Chinese also were able to construct small hot air balloons,
or lanterns, and rotary-wing toys.
An early European to provide any scientific discussion of flight was Roger Bacon, who described principles of operation for the
lighter-than-air balloon and the flapping-wing ornithopter, which he envisaged would be constructed in the future. The lifting medium
for his balloon would be an "aether" whose composition he did not know.[5]
In the late fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci followed up his study of birds with designs for some of the earliest flying machines,
including the flapping-wing ornithopter and the rotating-wing helicopter. Although his designs were rational, they were not based on
particularly good science.[6] Many of his designs, such as a four-person screw-type helicopter, have severe flaws. He did at least
understand that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object." (Newton would not publish the Third law
of motion until 1687). Da Vinci´s analysis led to the realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight, and his
later designs included a mechanical power source such as a spring. Da Vinci's work was lost after his death and did not reappear
until it had been overtaken by the work of George Cayley.
Pedro Paulet, scientist born in the city of Arequipa, Peru in the year of 1874, was one of the first to experiment with propulsion
rockets being considered the «Father of Modern Rocket» and by others as the «Father of Aeronautics Modern ». He developed plans
for a "torpedo plane", which is why he is considered ahead of his time. When the internal explosion engines were invented, small
enough to be able to propel a flying device with them, a race started between two flight possibilities: the lighter than the air (dirigibles)
and the heavier than the air (airplanes).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/class2articles-240229164447-61ad76d0/85/Class-2-Articles-ppt-Types-of-articles-a-an-the-14-320.jpg)
Class 2 Articles.ppt - Types of articles - a/an - the
- 1. MSc. Julio Reyes A man is in front of the police office. The student eats an apple in the class. The 3 teachers are in a meeting. Peter is the new director. The actress is very popular.
- 2. MSc. Julio Reyes A man is in front of the police office. The student eats an apple in the class. The 3 teachers are in a meeting. Peter is the new director. The actress is very popular.
- 3. A man is in front of the office. The student eats an apple in the class. The 3 teachers are in a meeting. Peter is the new director. The actress is very popular.
- 4. MSc. Julio Reyes Articles: The – A /An Definite Undefinite
- 5. MSc. Julio Reyes Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the examples: A police is outside the jail. The police is outside the jail. Articles
- 6. MSc. Julio Reyes English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns. A/An is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article; and a/an the indefinite article.
- 7. How to use “the”: To refer to something which has already been mentioned. Ex: Peter bought a new car. The car is outside. When you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has not been mentioned before. Ex: Where is the hospital? In sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or object. Ex: Susan is the new manager now. To refer to people or objects that are unique. Ex: The president gave a speech about the virus.
- 8. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers. Ex: Irma is the smartest student in the class. With names of geographical areas (rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, canals, and oceans. Ex: The Mississippi River is the longest river on the North American continent. With the names of families, but not with the names of individuals. Ex: The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom. Do not use the with the names of languages, meals, people´s names, with titles when combined with names, professions, with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands, with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports.
- 9. How to use a / an: a + singular noun starting with a consonant. Example: a plane. an + singular noun starting with a vowel. Example: an elephant: an umbrella. a + singular noun starting with a consonant sound. Example: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer); a university. This rule also applies when you use acronyms. Example: He is an IIT (Indian Institute of Technology) graduate. This rule also applies when acronyms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds. Example: She is an MBA (Master of Business Administration).
- 11. MSc. Julio Reyes
- 12. MSc. Julio Reyes Let´s Practice..!
- 13. AERONAUTICS Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ὰήρ āēr, which means "air", and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation", i.e. "navigation into the air") is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics)." [1] While the term was originally used to refer solely to operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business, and other aspects related to aircraft.[2] The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while "aviation" technically does not.[2] A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding were made from the earliest times, typically by constructing wings and jumping from a tower with crippling or lethal results. Wiser investigators sought to gain some rational understanding through the study of bird flight. An early example appears in ancient Egyptian texts. Later medieval Islamic scientists also made such studies. The founders of modern aeronautics, Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance and Cayley in 1799, both began their investigations with studies of bird flight. Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China. In 1282 the European explorer Marco Polo described the Chinese techniques then current. The Chinese also were able to construct small hot air balloons, or lanterns, and rotary-wing toys. An early European to provide any scientific discussion of flight was Roger Bacon, who described principles of operation for the lighter-than-air balloon and the flapping-wing ornithopter, which he envisaged would be constructed in the future. The lifting medium for his balloon would be an "aether" whose composition he did not know.[5] In the late fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci followed up his study of birds with designs for some of the earliest flying machines, including the flapping-wing ornithopter and the rotating-wing helicopter. Although his designs were rational, they were not based on particularly good science.[6] Many of his designs, such as a four-person screw-type helicopter, have severe flaws. He did at least understand that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object." (Newton would not publish the Third law of motion until 1687). Da Vinci´s analysis led to the realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight, and his later designs included a mechanical power source such as a spring. Da Vinci's work was lost after his death and did not reappear until it had been overtaken by the work of George Cayley. Pedro Paulet, scientist born in the city of Arequipa, Peru in the year of 1874, was one of the first to experiment with propulsion rockets being considered the «Father of Modern Rocket» and by others as the «Father of Aeronautics Modern ». He developed plans for a "torpedo plane", which is why he is considered ahead of his time. When the internal explosion engines were invented, small enough to be able to propel a flying device with them, a race started between two flight possibilities: the lighter than the air (dirigibles) and the heavier than the air (airplanes).
- 14. AERONAUTICS Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ὰήρ āēr, which means "air", and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation", i.e. "navigation into the air") is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics)." [1] While the term was originally used to refer solely to operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business, and other aspects related to aircraft.[2] The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while "aviation" technically does not.[2] A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding were made from the earliest times, typically by constructing wings and jumping from a tower with crippling or lethal results. Wiser investigators sought to gain some rational understanding through the study of bird flight. An early example appears in ancient Egyptian texts. Later medieval Islamic scientists also made such studies. The founders of modern aeronautics, Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance and Cayley in 1799, both began their investigations with studies of bird flight. Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China. In 1282 the European explorer Marco Polo described the Chinese techniques then current. The Chinese also were able to construct small hot air balloons, or lanterns, and rotary-wing toys. An early European to provide any scientific discussion of flight was Roger Bacon, who described principles of operation for the lighter-than-air balloon and the flapping-wing ornithopter, which he envisaged would be constructed in the future. The lifting medium for his balloon would be an "aether" whose composition he did not know.[5] In the late fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci followed up his study of birds with designs for some of the earliest flying machines, including the flapping-wing ornithopter and the rotating-wing helicopter. Although his designs were rational, they were not based on particularly good science.[6] Many of his designs, such as a four-person screw-type helicopter, have severe flaws. He did at least understand that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object." (Newton would not publish the Third law of motion until 1687). Da Vinci´s analysis led to the realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight, and his later designs included a mechanical power source such as a spring. Da Vinci's work was lost after his death and did not reappear until it had been overtaken by the work of George Cayley. Pedro Paulet, scientist born in the city of Arequipa, Peru in the year of 1874, was one of the first to experiment with propulsion rockets being considered the «Father of Modern Rocket» and by others as the «Father of Aeronautics Modern ». He developed plans for a "torpedo plane", which is why he is considered ahead of his time. When the internal explosion engines were invented, small enough to be able to propel a flying device with them, a race started between two flight possibilities: the lighter than the air (dirigibles) and the heavier than the air (airplanes).
- 15. Fill in the blanks with the right article a, an or the: 1. I like ____ blue T-shirt over there better than ____ red one. 2. ____ plane does 150 miles per hour. 3. Where's ____ USB drive I lent you last week? 4. Do you still live with ____ Smiths? 5. Is your mother working in ____ old office building yet? 6. Carol's father works as ____ flight attendant. 7. ____ tickets to U.S.A. are 650 $. 8. Do you usually have ____ bowl of cereal for breakfast? 9. Ben has ____ terrible headache. 10. After this tour you have ____ whole night free to explore ____ city. the the The / A the the the a The a a the the
- 20. MSc. Julio Reyes
- 21. MSc. Julio Reyes
- 23. For more information: https://es.liveworksheets.com/vk107855yg For extra practice: https://www.quiz.biz/quizz-759949.html Test your knowledge: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_PSWOiXXuA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjO4KIiJQg4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zJQoQLCeNo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNTiUh72lFo
- 24. MSc. Julio Reyes
- 25. MSc. Julio Reyes
- 27. Answer the next questions based on the information provided by the text: 1.What are the carabineros of chile? 2.What is their jurisdiction? 3.When were they created? 4.Who has full control over them? 5.What are the origins of the carabineros? 6.Where is currently located the Escuela de Carabineros? 7.When was the escuela de carabineros created? 8.What is the carabineros’ mision? 9.What is the number 137 related to? 10.What is the Emergency Medical Care Service number?
- 28. Carabineros de Chile Carabiniers of Chile (Spanish: Carabineros de Chile) are the Chilean national police force, who have jurisdiction over the entire national territory of Chile. They were created in 1927, their mission is to maintain order and create public respect for the laws of the country. They reported to the Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (Ministry of National Defense) through the Undersecretary of Carabiniers but since 2011, the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security has full control over them. They are in practice separated fully from the three other military branches by department but still considered part of the armed forces. Chile also has an investigative police force, the Investigations Police of Chile, also under the Interior and Public Security Ministry; a Maritime Police also exists for patrol of Chile's coastline. The origins of the Carabiniers can be traced back to a night watchmen group such as the Dragones de la Reina (Queen's Dragoons) (created in 1758 and later renamed the Dragoons of Chile in 1812) and other organizations that fulfilled functions such as the watch and local policing. Later, cities such as Santiago and Valparaíso created their own city police forces. In 1881 the Rural Police (Policía Rural) was created for the rural areas of the country. However, the main problem with these police services was that they were dependent on local authorities for day- to-day decision making. This led to local officials abusing this power for their own political ends. In 1896 the Policía Fiscal (Prosecuting Police) was created to serve the cities. The first policing organization with the name "Carabiniers" was the Corps of Carabiniers, in Spanish Cuerpo de Carabineros (with similar meaning as the Italian Carabinieri), formed in 1903 to bring law and order to the conflictive Araucanía region of Southern Chile (then much larger than today's region), formerly the Gendarme Corps, which would later be merged with the Army's 5th Carabiniers Regiment and the Rural Police. The Carabinier Regiment was then a Chilean Army unit, thus the reason why the Carabiniers of today sport military ranks and insignia. In 1908 the Carabiniers' School (Escuela de Carabineros, currently located in Providencia) was created, which until 1935 trained all officers and non-commissioned sworn personnel. The Carabiniers' mission is to maintain or re-establish order and security in Chilean society through civic education, service to the community, police work, and in a war situation, to act as a military force (all their members have military training). Under the Chilean Constitution the Carabiniers are integrated directly into the Armed Forces in a state of emergency to better guarantee the public order. They also have a special armed police unit called the Special Police Operations Group (GOPE or Grupo de Operaciones Policiales Especiales). There is also an Elite Corps in charge of security in La Moneda Palace and for the President – the Presidential Guard Group whose cavalry troop is one of two horse guards units of the Republic, the latter having been raised recently and also serves as the youngest, and also sports a foot guards infantry battalion. The Central National Band of the Carabineros, the premiere representative marching band of the service (created in 1929), occasionally performs on state occasions and during the Guard Mounting at the La Moneda Palace and Citizenry Square on selected days with the Guard Group. The emergency number of the police is 133 which is connected to the Central Communications (CENCO), closest to the nearest location of a police station. This number will provide medical help, police or fire support. If one would need to communicate directly with any of these services this list of numbers will be useful: 132: This number connects directly to the Fire Station closest to the residence concerned, under the Chilean National Firefighters Council's constituent fire services / 131: This number connects to the Emergency Medical Care Service or SAMU / 134: This number connects to the Investigations Police of Chile or PDI / 137: This number connects to the Maritime Rescue Unit (Navy).
- 29. MSc. Julio Reyes
Editor's Notes
- #2: Get the student find out about the meaning of the words “a”, “an”, and “the” in the different contexts. Then move to the next slide while asking them the name of such words. Then, introduce the topic of the class.
- #3: Get the student find out about the meaning of the words “a”, “an”, and “the” in the different contexts. Then move to the next slide while asking them the name of such words. Then, introduce the topic of the class.
- #14: Where does the term Aeronautics come from? What does it mean? What does aerodynamics deal with? Who is the founder of modern aerodynamics? What did Roger Bacon do? What realization did da Vinci´s analysis lead to? What did George Cayley do? Who was Pedro Paulet? What did he do?
- #15: Where does the term Aeronautics come from? What does it mean? What does aerodynamics deal with? Who were the founders of modern aerodynamics? What did Roger Bacon do? What realization did da Vinci´s analysis lead to? What did George Cayley do? Who was Pedro Paulet? What did he do?
- #27: What are the carabineros of chile? What is their jurisdiction? When were they created? Who has full control over them? What are the origins of the carabineros? Where is currently located the Escuela de Carabineros? When was the escuela de carabineros created? What is the carabineros’ misión? What is the number 137 related to? What is the Emergency Medical Care Service number?
- #28: What are the carabineros of chile? What is their jurisdiction? When were they created? Who has full control over them? What are the origins of the carabineros? Where is currently located the Escuela de Carabineros? When was the escuela de carabineros created? What is the carabineros’ misión? What is the number 137 related to? What is the Emergency Medical Care Service number?
- #29: What are the carabineros of chile? What is their jurisdiction? When were they created? Who has full control over them? What are the origins of the carabineros? Where is currently located the Escuela de Carabineros? When was the escuela de carabineros created? What is the carabineros’ misión? What is the number 137 related to? What is the Emergency Medical Care Service number?