Clause (part 7 of 10)-Defining & Non-defining Relative clause
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This document is a lesson plan on types of adjective clauses presented by Md. Abdul Kader. The lesson defines defining and non-defining adjective clauses and explains their punctuation rules. Key differences are that defining clauses do not use commas and provide essential information, while non-defining clauses use commas and provide extra non-essential information. The lesson also covers the use of who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, and why in adjective clauses and includes examples, exercises, and an evaluation section.
Clause (part 7 of 10)-Defining & Non-defining Relative clause
- 1. Md. Abdul Kader Lecturer Department of English Cambrian College Mobile: +8801715447430 Email : has83abdulkader@gmail.com Welcome to all of you. English Grammar Class-IX-XII
- 2. 8/3/2014 2 Lesson: Types of Adjective Clause
- 3. Learning Outcome 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 3 • define defining relative clauses. • define non-defining relative clauses. • explain punctuation rules with the defining and non- defining relative clause. • mention the use of wh- words. By the end of the lesson you will be able to …
- 5. Types of Adjective /Relative Clause There are two kinds of adjective clauses: 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 5 They are- Non-defining (or non-essential) clause Defining (or essential) clause
- 7. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses An adjective clause that is non-essential to the basic meaning of a sentence. Non-defining clauses add extra information about somebody or something which could be left out and the sentence would still make sense. This extra information is separated from the main clause by commas. For example: The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine. (We don't need this information to understand the sentence. "The desk in the corner is mine" is a good sentence on its own--we still know which desk is referred to.) 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 7
- 8. Likewise: John , who is sitting on my right , is left- handed. International students, who pay high tuition, often want to skip levels in the program. The film, which was shot in Mexico, has won an Oscar. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 8
- 9. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of, many of + relative pronoun: 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 9 Person Thing all of + whom + which any of + whom + which (a) few of + whom + which both of + whom + which each of + whom + which either of + whom + which half of + whom + which many of + whom + which most of + whom + which much of + whom + which none of + whom + which one of + whom + which two of etc... + whom + which
- 10. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses Examples: There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years. He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 10
- 11. Remember: 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 11 Non-essential adjectival clauses should not begin with “that” and we can’t omit the Relatives: -I liked Toy Story, which I’ve seen recently. (not “that”, no Omission) -Shakespeare, whom you just mentioned, is the most famous British playwright. (not “that”, no Omission) -I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking for. (not “that”, no Omission)
- 13. Defining (or essential) clauses An adjective clause that is essential to the basic meaning of a sentence. They define, give us essential information about a general term or expression. Essential adjective clauses are not set off by commas. Example: The students who missed the test yesterday need to talk to the teacher. (There are many students, but only a small group of them missed the test. These are the students who need to talk to the teacher.) 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 13
- 14. Defining (or essential) clauses More examples: The personwhois sittingon myright isleft-handed. The gentleman who dropped his wallet will come back for it. My brother who lives in Alaska works as a trapper and hunter. The package that arrived this morningis onthedesk. We really enjoyedthe tourthat wetook. People wholive inglass housesshouldnot throwstones. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 14
- 15. Remember: Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which. You can omit Who, whom, when and That when they are not the Subject of the Relative Clause. Examples: The house (that /in which) I was born in is gone. The man (who/that /to whom) I spoke to was very friendly. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 15
- 17. Use of who & whom Use “who” when the subject is a person: 1. My sister, who is a vegetarian, ordered a salad. 2. The man who came in the late is the boss. 3. Peter, who nobody had met before, arrived late. Use “whom” when the object is a person: 1. Peter, whom nobody had met before, arrived late.(formal) 2. She’s the girl whom I met last night.(formal) 3. She’s the girl who/that I met last night. (or) She’s the girl I met last night.(Informal) 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 17
- 18. Use of that or which 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 18 When the subject is a thing: I sit at the desk that faces the window. (OR) I sit at the desk which faces the window. (formal) I’ve finished that book that you lent me. (or) I’ve finished the book you lent me. (or) I’ve finished the book which you lent me. (formal)
- 19. To show that something belongs to somebody: He helped a woman whose car had broken down. They’re the people whose house was burgled. Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go. Whose is not usually used to refer to a thing. Of which is usually used instead. He’s reading the book, the name of which I can never remember. But it is more natural to say: He’s reading that book-I can never remember its name. Use 0f whose 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 19
- 20. In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is usually placed at the end of the clause, and the relative pronoun is omitted. A more formal alternative is to put the preposition after the relative pronoun. When the object is a person: The man I spoke to was very friendly. (or) The man who/that I spoke to was very friendly. (or) The man to whom I spoke was very friendly. (formal) When the object is a thing: The house I was born in is gone. (or) The house that I was born in is gone. (or) The house in which I was born is gone.(formal) Relative clauses and prepositions 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 20
- 21. Use 0f WHEN (THAT) When is used to show Time: I’ll never forget the day (WHEN/THAT) I met my best friend. Can you remember a time WHEN you didn’t worry about the future? Note: WHEN can also be omitted in Defining Relative Clauses. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 21
- 22. Use 0f WHERE Where is used to refer Place: This is the hotel WHERE we are staying next weekend. The city WHERE my sister is living is interesting. Can you remember a place WHERE you met someone very important to you? 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 22
- 23. Use 0f WHY Why is used to refer reason: This is the reason WHY we are staying next weekend. Do you know the subterfuge WHY they are leaving? Can you remember a reason WHY you didn’t choose a different career? 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 23
- 24. Group Work Work together to expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can. Feel free to make a funny story! 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 24
- 25. Story A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, an old man asked him a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink, caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 25
- 26. Pair work Complete the sentences of the following slide with whose, who, which, or where. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 26
- 27. Exercise-1 1. Dublin, ______ is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite city. 2. Amelia, ______ mother is from Shanghai, speaks English and Chinese fluently. 3. This smartphone, ______ I bought last week, takes great photos. 4. Buckingham Palace, ______ the Queen of England lives, is in the centre of London. 5. Ferraris, ______ are made in Italy, are very expensive. 6. Russell Crowe, ______ starred in Gladiator, was born in New Zealand. 7. Emily, ______ brother is a singer, is in my English class. 8. Mr Kemp, ______ teaches physics, is going to retire next year. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 27
- 28. Answer of Exercise-1 1. Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite city. 2. Amelia, whose mother is from Shanghai, speaks English and Chinese fluently. 3. This smartphone, which I bought last week, takes great photos. 4. Buckingham Palace, where the Queen of England lives, is in the centre of London. 5. Ferraris, which are made in Italy, are very expensive. 6. Russell Crowe, who starred in Gladiator, was born in New Zealand. 7. Emily, whose brother is a singer, is in my English class. 8. Mr Kemp, who teaches physics, is going to retire next year. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 28
- 29. Pair work Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 29
- 30. Exercise-2 1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966. 2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party. 3. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week. 4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'. 5. Mr. Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attendingthe partynext weekend. 6. The author's latest book which has become a bestselleris about two childrenin Jamaica. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 30
- 31. Answer of Exercise-2 1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966. D. 2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party. D. 3. Our friends, who we met at university, are coming to visit next week. N.D. 4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'. D. 5. Mr. Jackson, whose son also goes to this school, will be attendingthe partynext weekend. N.D. 6. The author's latest book, which has become a bestseller,is about two childrenin Jamaica.N.D. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 31
- 32. Pair work Choose the correct explanation for each sentence of the following slide from the slide immediately after: 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 32
- 33. Exercise-3 1. AllmyfriendswhoareAsiancametomyparty. 2. Allmyfriends,whoareAsian,cametomyparty. 3. TheItalianrestaurantinLongStreetgotanewowner. 4. TheItalianrestaurant,whichisinLongStreet,gotanewowner. 5. MycousinwholivesinNewYorkisgettingmarriednextyear. 6. Mycousin,wholivesinNewYork,isgettingmarriednextyear. 7. WestudyattheonlyschoolinCapeTown,whichhasafternoon lessons. 8. WestudyattheonlyschoolinCapeTownwhichhasafternoon lessons. 9. ThebookwhichIfinishedyesterdaywasfantastic. 10. Thebook,whichIfinishedyesterday,wasfantastic. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 33
- 34. Exercise-3 1. ThereisonlyoneItalianrestaurantintownanditnowhasanewowner: 2. There are many schools in Cape Town but only one that has afternoon lessons: 3. Iamreadingmanybooksatthemoment.Someofthemareboring,but nottheoneIfinishedyesterday: 4. Ihavemanycousinswholiveinvariouscountriesallovertheworld: 5. IhaveonlyAsianfriends: 6. There are many Italian restaurants all over town, but only the one in LongStreetnowhasanewowner: 7. IwasreadingonlyonebookandIfinishedityesterday: 8. ThereisonlyoneschoolinCapeTownandithasafternoonlessons,too: 9. Ihaveonlyonecousin.ShenowlivesinNewYork: 10.Ihavemanyfriends,butonlymyAsianfriendscametomyparty: 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 34 Answers 4 8 9 5 2 3 10 7 6 1
- 35. Evaluation 1. Define defining relative clauses. 2. Define non-defining relative clauses. 3. Explain punctuation rules with the defining and non-defining relative clause. 4. Mention the use of who & whom . 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 35
- 36. Home work Recall the class and practise more and more. 8/3/2014 Types of Adjective Clause 36