CLOUD COMPUTING

CLOUD COMPUTING
It isa general termforanythingthatinvolvesdelivering,networking,storing,managing,processing
and accessingdataand programsover the internetratherthanusingthe local serverorpersonal
computer,laptoporany otherdevice like tabletetc.The cloud isa metaphorforthe internet,which
meansmovinginit,runninginit,storinginit and accessinginit,these daysitseemseverythingis
runninginthe cloud.Thisnebulousconceptsexplainstousthat it's somewhere at the other end
of your internet connection – aplace where you can access apps and services, and where
your data can be storedsecurely. The cloudis a big deal for three reasons:
 It doesn't need any effort onyour part to maintain or manage it.
 It's effectivelyinfinite insize, so you don't need to worry about it running out of
capacity.
 You can access cloud-basedapplications and services from anywhere – all you needis
a device with an Internet connection.
Cloud computingrelies onsharing of resources to achieve coherence andeconomies of
scale, similar to a utility(like the electricityGrid) over a network. At the foundationof
cloudcomputing is the broader concept of convergedinfrastructure and sharedservices.
Cloud computing, or in simpler shorthand just "the cloud", also focuses on maximizing the
effectiveness of the shared resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple
users but are also dynamically reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating resources
to users. For example, a cloud computer facility that serves European users during European
business hours with a specific application (e.g., email) may reallocate the same resources to
serve North American users during North America's business hours with a different
application (e.g., a web server). This approach should maximize the use of computing power
thus reducing environmental damage as well since less power, air conditioning, rack space,
etc. are required for a variety of functions. With cloud computing, multiple users can access a
single server to retrieve and update their data without purchasing licenses for different
applications.
The term "moving to cloud" also refers to an organization moving away from a traditional
CAPEX model (buy the dedicated hardware and depreciate it over a period of time) to the
OPEX model (use a shared cloud infrastructure and pay as one uses it).
Proponents claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid upfront infrastructure
costs, and focus on projects that differentiate their businesses instead of on infrastructure.
Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up
and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to

more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand. Cloud
providers typically use a "pay as you go" model. This can lead to unexpectedly high charges
if administrators do not adapt to the cloud pricing model.
The present availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices
as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture
and autonomic, and utility computing have led to a growth in cloud computing. Companies
can scale up as computing needs increase and then scale down again as demands decrease.
Cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 50% per annum.
The clouda very good place to run business software like customerrelationship
management (CRM) applications – software that users needto access reliablyat any time,
wherever they are, and on any device.
I don’t need a hard disk in my computer if I can get to the server faster…
carrying around these non- connectedcomputers is byzantine by
comparison.
Steve Jobs, 1997
Where did the cloud come from?
The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. The expression cloud is commonly used in
science to describe a large agglomeration of objects that visually appear from a distance as a
cloud and describes any set of things whose details are not inspected further in a given
context. Another explanation is that the old programs to draw network schematics surrounded
the icons for servers with a circle, and a cluster of servers in a network diagram had several
overlapping circles, which resembled a cloud.
In analogy to above usage the word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a
standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics and
later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams. With this simplification, the
implication is that the specifics of how the end points of a network are connected are not
relevant for the purposes of understanding the diagram. The cloud symbol was used to
represent the Internet as early as 1994, in which servers were then shown connected to, but
external to, the cloud.
References to cloud computing in its modern sense appeared as early as 1996, with the
earliest known mention in a Compaq internal document.
The popularization of the term can be traced to 2006 when Amazon.com introduced the
Elastic Compute Cloud.

The Internet has its roots inthe 1960s, but it wasn't until the early 1990s that it had any
relevance for businesses. The WorldWide Webwas born in 1991, and in 1993 aweb
browser calledMosaic was releasedthat allowed users to view web pages that included
graphics as well as text. This heraldedthe first companyweb sites – and not surprisingly,
most of these belongedto companies involved in computingand technology.
As Internet connections got faster andmore reliable, a new type of company calledan
Application Service Provider or ASP startedto appear. ASPs tookexistingbusiness
applications and ran them for their customers. The ASP would buy the computing
hardware and keeping the applicationrunning, and the customer wouldpay a monthly fee
to access it over the Internet. But it wasn't until right at the end of the 1990s that cloud
computingas we know it today appeared. That's when salesforce.com introducedits own
multi-tenant applicationwhich was specificallydesigned:
 to run "in the cloud";
 to be accessedover the Internet from a web browser;
 to be used by large numbers of customers simultaneouslyat low cost.
Since then the cloudhas grown and grown: in 2013 worldwide spending on cloud
servicets ranto an estimated$47 billion. And that's set to more than double to over $108
billionby 2017 as companies invest in cloudservices as the foundation for new,
competitive offerings.
The 1950s
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates to the 1950s, when large-scale mainframe
computer were seen as the future of computing, and became available in academia and
corporations, accessible via thin clients/terminal computers, often referred to as "dumb
terminal", because they were used for better communications but had no internal processing
capacities. To make more efficient use of costly mainframes, a practice evolved that allowed
multiple users to share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as
well as the cpu time. This eliminated periods of inactivity on the mainframe and allowed for a
greater return on the investment. The practice of sharing CPU time on a mainframe became
known in the industry as time-sharing. During the mid 70s, time-sharing was popularly
known as RJE (Remote Job Entry); this nomenclature was mostly associated with large
vendors such as IBM and DEC. IBM developed the VM operating System to provide time-
sharing services.

The 1990s
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated
point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with
comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. By switching traffic as they saw fit to
balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively. They began
to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was
responsible for and what users were responsible for. Cloud computing extends this boundary
to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.
As computers became more prevalent, scientists and technologists explored ways to make
large-scale computing power available to more users through time-sharing. They
experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to
prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.
The New Millenium: 2000s
Since 2000 cloud computing has come into existence. In early 2008, NASA's Open Nebula,
enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-
source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In
the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service guarantees (as required by
real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the
IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting in a real-time cloud environment.
By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship
among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and
observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software
assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing ... will result
in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."
MicrosoftAzure became available in late 2008.
In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software
initiative known as Openstack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer
cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's
Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace’s cloud files platform.
On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM Smart Cloud framework to support Smarter
Plant. Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud
computing is a critical piece.
On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are
still in development, this cloud offering is posed to be the first to provide users with access to
an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and
Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.
Similar concepts

Cloud computing is the result of evolution and adoption of existing technologies and
paradigms. The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take beneﬁt from all of these
technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them.
The cloud aims to cut costs, and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being
impeded by IT obstacles.
The main enabling technology for cloud computing is virtualization. Virtualization software
separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can
be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With operating system-level
virtualization essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing
devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization
provides the agility required to speed up IT operations, and reduces cost by increasing
infrastructure utilization. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the
user can provision resources on-demand. By minimizing user involvement, automation
speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors.
Users routinely face difficult business problems. Cloud computing adopts concepts from
Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) that can help the user break these problems into services
that can be integrated to provide a solution. Cloud computing provides all of its resources as
services, and makes use of the well-established standards and best practices gained in the
domain of SOA to allow global and easy access to cloud services in a standardized way.
Cloud computing also leverages concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the
services used. Such metrics are at the core of the public cloud pay-per-use models. In
addition, measured services are an essential part of the feedback loop in autonomic
computing, allowing services to scale on-demand and to perform automatic failure recovery.
Cloud computing is a kind of grid computing; it has evolved by addressing the QoS (quality
of service) and reliability problems. Cloud computing provides the tools and technologies to
build data/compute intensive parallel applications with much more affordable prices
compared to traditional parallel techniques.
Cloud computing shares characteristics with:
 Client-servermodel — Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed
application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service
requestors (clients).
 Grid computing — "A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super
and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled
computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
 Mainframe computing — Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for
critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as: census; industry and
consumer statistics; police and secret intelligence services; enterprise resource
planning; and financial transaction processing.
 Utilitycomputing — The "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."
 Peer-to-Peer — A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination.
Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the
traditional client–server model).

Characteristics]
Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
 Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure
resources.
 Cost reductions claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud delivery model converts
capital expenditure to operating expenditure. This purportedly lowers barriers to
entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and does not need to be
purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility
computing basis is fine-grained, with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are
required for implementation (in-house). The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art
repository contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of
them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the
type of infrastructure available in-house.
 Device andlocationindependence enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As
infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the
Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
 Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be
installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.
 Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus
allowing for:
o centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real
estate, electricity, etc.)
o peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible
load-levels)
o utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–
20% utilised.
 Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are
constructed using web services as the system interface.
 Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data
simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved
as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users
need to install application software upgrades to their computer.
 Reliability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-
designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster
 Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a
fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time (Note, the VM startup time varies by
VM type, location, OS and cloud providers), without users having to engineer for
peak loads.
 Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused
resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive
data, and the lack of security for stored kernels. Security is often as good as or better
than other traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources
to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle. However, the
complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area
or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by
unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or

impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain
control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies
"five essential characteristics":
On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such
as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human
interaction with each service provider.
Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
Resource pooling. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.
Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the
consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time.
Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.
—National Institute of Standards and Technology.
How cloud computing works
With a cloudapp, you just open a browser, log in, and start working.
That means a fieldsales representative usingcloud-basedCRM can get all the
informationtheyneedfrom their mobile device. Contact notes can be updated in real time
so they are always freshand complete andavailable to others – no more waiting to get
back to the office to type it in. And sales managers know exactlywhich deals will close
and when, from their desktopmachines intheir offices, or their tablets or phones when
they are out and about.

Learn more about mobile CRM ›
And this all happens without any hardware to buy and manage, or software to install and
update. That's because the hardware and software requiredis all the responsibilityof the
cloudcompany that runs the app. Companies suchas salesforce.com have years of
experience managing their cloud infrastructure andmaking sure that it's secure and
reliable so that you don't have to.

You can run all kinds of apps in the cloud:
 Create and collaborate ondocuments and spreadsheets withGoogle Apps for
Business;
 Video conferencewithyour colleagues onSkype;
 Manage your Sales & Customer Service functions, alongside other keybusiness
processes onthe Salesforce1Platform.
You can even build your own social, mobile and real-time employeeapps and run them in
the cloud. The latest innovations in cloud computingare making business applications
even more mobile and collaborative.
If you're a Facebookor Twitter user you've probably come to expect relevant information
pushed to you in real time;business applications like Sales Cloud are heading in that
directionas well.
Needhelp? Ask a questionon Salesforce's Chatter enterprise social networkand others in
the company can jump in with the informationyou're after.
Learn more about Social CRM ›
Social CRM in the cloud
If you're a Facebookor Twitter user you've probably come to expect relevant information
pushed to you in real time;business applications like Sales Cloud are heading in that
directionas well.

Needhelp? Ask a questionon Salesforce's Chatter enterprise social networkand others in
the company can jump in with the informationyou're after.
LEARN MORE ABOUT SOCIAL CRM >
Who uses the cloud?
Without the cloud, life would be very different. It's become so integral to our everyday
lives that most people use it without even realising. In fact for many people life without
the cloudwould be unthinkable: without it there would be no Facebook, no Twitter, no
Gmail, and no Spotify.
The cloudhas transformedthe business landscape too. Today millions of organisations
around the world relyon cloudservices for everythingfrom document creationand
backup to social CRM and accounts, and just about every application imaginable in
between:
 Companies with over 25,000 employeesuse an average of 545 cloudapps or services;
 Over 1.2 billionpeople aroundthe world use Facebook;
 Over half of all Internet users relyoncloud-basedemail services like Gmail and
Yahoo! Mail to send and receive their messages.
What's so great about the cloud?
Adoption of the cloud has been swift and global. Here are some of the most important
reasons why:
FAST IMPLEMENTATION

If you've ever been involved in the implementationof anew application you'll know it
can take months or even years to get it up and running. But with a cloud-based
applicationyou can cut through this complexity. In many cases you can sign up and start
using the applicationinstantly, and even the most wide-ranging enterprise applicationsare
usually up and running in a matter of days or weeks rather than months or years.
NO UP-FRONT COSTS
Implementing a new applicationused to mean considerable capital expenditure innew
equipment – not to mentionthe cost of licenses, integrationand the inevitable consultants
– but with cloudsoftware these capital expenditure costs are dramaticallyreducedor even
completelyeliminated. Insteadyou simply pay a monthly fee, transformingasignificant
capital expenditure into predictable operational expense.
INSTANT SCALABILITY
With cloud-basedapplications youcan increase or decrease the number of users as your
needs change over time. That means you pay only for what you need, and you never have
to worry about running out of capacity.
MAINTENANCE FREE
Patching, upgrading and testingapplications cantake up days of your IT staff's time every
month, but with cloudapplications none of this is necessary.

That's because it's all handled in the cloud, leaving your staff with more time to workon
new projects andinnovations.
ACCESS ANYWHERE
Cloud applications are designed to be accessedsecurelyfrom anywhere and from any
device.
BETTER SECURITY
Companies lose an average of 263 laptops a year, a 2010 studyfound, and if theycontain
confidential data then eachloss has serious securityimplications. But with cloud
applications your data is storedsecurelyinthe cloud, so a stray laptopis just an
inconvenience, not a potential disaster.
Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data
that is on the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete
information. Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for
purposes of law and order even without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies
which users have to agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy
include policy and legislation as well as end users' choices for how data is stored. Users can
encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.
According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are "Insecure
Interfaces and API's", "Data Loss & Leakage", and "Hardware Failure" which accounted for
29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively — together these form shared
technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users there
may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on same data
server. Therefore, Information leakage may arise by mistake when information for one
customer is given to other. Additionally, Eugene Schultz, chief technology officer at
Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for
ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure

that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or
thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain
control of huge stores of information through a single attack — a process he called
"hyperjacking".
There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud,
can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the
question of ownership.
Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the
equipment off site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great
incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining
strong management of secure services. Some small businesses that don't have expertise in IT
security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud.
There is the risk that end users don't understand the issues involved when signing on to a
cloud service (persons sometimes don't read the many pages of the terms of service
agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). This is important now that cloud
computing is becoming popular and required for some services to work, for example for an
intelligent personal assistant (Apple's Siri or Google Now).
Fundamentally private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the
owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money
investment from the user.
Service models (types of cloud computing)
Cloud computing providers offer their services according to several fundamental models: as
the are broadly divided into three categories:

Software as a service (SaaS)
In the business model using software as a service (SaaS), users are provided access to
application software and databases. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms
that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is
usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.
In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and
cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud
infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and
run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and
support. Cloud applications are different from other applications in their scalability—which
can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing
work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This
process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access point. To accommodate
a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be muilitenant, that is, any machine
serves more than one cloud user organization.
The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so
price is scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. Proponents claim
SaaS allows a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware
and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to
reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and personnel
expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally,
updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of
SaaS is that the users' data are stored on the cloud provider's server. As a result, there could
be unauthorized access to the data. For this reason, users are increasingly adopting intelligent
third-party key management systems to help secure their data.
Platform as a service (PaaS)

In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a computing platform, typically including
operating system, programming language execution environment, database, and web server.
Application developers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform
without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and
software layers. With some PaaS offers like Microsoft Azure and Google App Engine, the
underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand
so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually. The latter has also been
proposed by an architecture aiming to facilitate real-time in cloud environments. Even more
specific application types can be provided via PaaS, e.g., such as media encoding as provided
by services as bitcodin transcoding cloud or media.io.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
In the most basic cloud-service model & according to the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force), providers of IaaS offer computers – physical or (more often) virtual machines – and
other resources. (A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, KVM, VMware, ESX/ESXi
or Hyper-V, runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud
operational support-system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to
scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements.) IaaS clouds often
offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk image library, raw block stroage,
and file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area network
(VLANs), and software bundles. IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand
from their large pools installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use
either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks).
To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their
application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and
maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill
IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and
consumed.
Cloud clients
Users access cloud computing using networked client devices, such as desktop computers,
laptops,tablets and smartphones and any Ethernet enabled device such as Home Automation
Gadgets. Some of these devices – cloud clients – rely on cloud computing for all or a
majority of their applications so as to be essentially useless without it. Examples are thin
clients and the browser-based Chromebook. Many cloud applications do not require specific
software on the client and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application.
With Ajax and HTML5 these Web user interfaces can achieve a similar, or even better, look
and feel to native applications. Some cloud applications, however, support specific client
software dedicated to these applications (e.g., virtual desktop clients and most email clients).
Some legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in
thin client computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology.
Deployment models

Cloud computing types
Private cloud
Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether
managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted either internally or externally. Undertaking
a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the
business environment, and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing
resources. When done right, it can improve business, but every step in the project raises
security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run data centers
are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring
allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed
periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism
because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less
hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud
computing such an intriguing concept".
Public cloud
A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that is open
for public use. Public cloud services may be free. Technically there may be little or no
difference between public and private cloud architecture, however, security consideration
may be substantially different for services (applications, storage, and other resources) that are
made available by a service provider for a public audience and when communication is
effected over a non-trusted network. Generally, public cloud service providers like Amazon
AWS, Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure at their data center and
access is generally via the Internet. AWS and Microsoft also offer direct connect services
called "AWS Direct Connect" and "Azure ExpressRoute" respectively, such connections
require customers to purchase or lease a private connection to a peering point offered by the
cloud provider.
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that
remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment
models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and/or
dedicated services with cloud resources.

Gartner,Inc defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of
some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service
providers. A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be
simply put in one category of private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to
extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or
customization with another cloud service.
Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store
sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application
to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service. This
example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific
business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid
cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance
requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.
Another example of hybrid cloud is one where IT organizations use public cloud computing
resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud. This
capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds. Cloud
bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud
or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity
increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an
organization only pays for extra compute resources when they are needed. Cloud bursting
enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads,
and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.
The specialized model of hybrid cloud, which is built atop heterogeneous hardware, is called
"Cross-platform Hybrid Cloud". A cross-platform hybrid cloud is usually powered by
different CPU architectures, for example, x86-64 and ARM, underneath. Users can
transparently deploy applications without knowledge of the cloud's hardware diversity. This
kind of cloud emerges from the raise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class
computing.
Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific
community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether
managed internally or by a third-party, and either hosted internally or externally. The costs
are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some
of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.[3]
Distributed cloud
A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different
locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between
two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.
 Public-resource computing: This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive
definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing
than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing,
and some examples include distributed computing platforms such as BOINC and
Folding@Home.

 Volunteer cloud: Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of
public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing
infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this
type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to built it and the
dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-
hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to
implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a
business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution [76]
Intercloud is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds" and an extension of the Internet
"network of networks" on which it is based. The focus is on direct interoperability between
public cloud service providers, more so than between providers and consumers (as is the case
for hybrid- and multi-cloud).
Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous
architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate
against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services,
rather than multiple deployment modes (public, private, legacy).[83][84]
Architecture
Cloud computing sample architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the
delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating
with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic
provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms
such as these and others.
Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It
brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization,
standardization, and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud
computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse
areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information, security, platform,risk and
quality engineering.

The future
According to Gartner's Hype cycle, cloud computing has reached a maturity that leads it into
a productive phase. This means that most of the main issues with cloud computing have been
addressed to a degree that clouds have become interesting for full commercial exploitation.
This however does not mean that all the problems listed above have actually been solved,
only that the according risks can be tolerated to a certain degree. Cloud computing is
therefore still as much a research topic, as it is a market offering. What is clear through the
evolution of Cloud Computing services is that the CTO is a major driving force behind Cloud
adoption. The major Cloud technology developers continue to invest billions a year in Cloud
R&D; for example, in 2011 Microsoft committed 90% of its $9.6bn R&D budget to Cloud.
.

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