Cloud computing – An Overview

1. Cloud Computing – An OverviewKannan Subbiah

2. Evolution of ComputingCLOUDDISRUPTOR: VIRTUALIZATIONWEB197019801990200019602010CLIENT SERVERMINICOMPUTERMAINFRAME

3. Origin of the term “Cloud Computing”“Comes from the early days of the Internet where we drew the network as a cloud… we didn’t care where the messages went… the cloud hid it from us” – Kevin Marks, Google First cloud around networking (TCP/IP abstraction) & Second cloud around documents (WWW data abstraction) The emerging cloud abstracts infrastructure complexities of servers, applications, data, and heterogeneous platforms (“muck” as Amazon’s CEO Jeff Bezos calls it)

4. Thoughts on Cloud ComputingGalen Gruman, InfoWorld Executive Editor, and Eric Knorr, InfoWorld Editor in Chief“A way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.”“The idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud.”

5. More ThoughtsTim O’Reilly, CEO O’Reilly Media“I think it is one of the foundations of the next generation of computing”“The network of networks is the platform for all computing”“Everything we think of as a computer today is really just a device that connects to the big computer that we are all collectively building”

6. More ThoughtsDan Farber, Editor in Chief CNET News“We are at the beginning of the age of planetary computing. Billions of people will be wirelessly interconnected, and the only way to achieve that kind of massive scale usage is by massive scale, brutally efficient cloud-based infrastructure.”

7. Next Inflection PointIT resources and services that are abstracted from the underlying infrastructure and provided “on-demand” and “at scale” in a multi-tenant environmentToday, clouds are associated with an off-premise, hosted model

8. A Working Definition of Cloud ComputingCloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

9. Essential Cloud CharacteristicsOn-demand self-service Broad network accessResource poolingLocation independenceRapid elasticityMeasured service

10. 3 Cloud Service ModelsCloud Software as a Service (SaaS)Use provider’s applications over a network Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)Deploy customer-created applications to a cloud Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)Rent processing, storage, network capacity, and other fundamental computing resources To be considered “cloud” they must be deployed on top of cloud infrastructure that has the key characteristics

11. Service Model Architectures

12. 4 Cloud Deployment ModelsPrivate cloud enterprise owned or leasedCommunity cloudshared infrastructure for specific communityPublic cloudSold to the public, mega-scale infrastructureHybrid cloudcomposition of two or more clouds

13. Public vs Private Cloud

14. Common Cloud CharacteristicsCloud computing often leverages:Massive scaleHomogeneityVirtualizationResilient computingLow cost softwareGeographic distributionService orientationAdvanced security technologies

15. The NIST Cloud Definition Framework

16. Cloud Application usage

17. Core objectives of Cloud ComputingCore objectives and principles that cloud computing must meet to be successful: Security ScalabilityAvailability Performance Cost-effective Acquire resources on demand Release resources when no longer needed Pay for what you use Leverage others’ core competencies Turn fixed cost into variable cost

18. A “sunny” vision of the futureSun Microsystems CTO Greg PapadopoulosUsers will “trust” service providers with their data like they trust banks with their money“Hosting providers [will] bring ‘brutal efficiency’ for utilization, power, security, service levels, and idea-to-deploy time” –CNET articleBecoming cost ineffective to build data centersOrganizations will rent computing resources Envisions grid of 6 cloud infrastructure providers linked to 100 regional providers

19. Benefits of Cloud ComputingSource: IBSG, 2009

20. ChallengesSource: Cisco IBSG 2009

21. ReliabilityRackspace 11-03-09Microsoft Sidekick 10-11-09Sales Force 12-28-09, 1-5-09http://www.marketspaceadvisory.com/cloud/: “Envisioning the Cloud: the Next Computing Paradigm,” J Rayport & A.Heyward, 2009

22. Everyone Is Going To The CloudSpeedCostCLOUD ADOPTION Maximize revenue

23. Reduce cost

24. Expedite time to market

25. Focus resources

26. Do more projectsTHE CLOUD IN THE ENTERPRISE47%say they are already using it or actively researching it.58%say cloud computingwill cause a radicalShift in IT.- CIO Magazine (from IDC report) Oct 2008- CIO Magazine (From IDC Report) Oct. 2008 By 201220% of businesseswill own no IT assets.If you’re not integrating cloud computing into your mission critical IT strategy, you’ll soon be lapped by your competitors.- Gartner Key Predictions, Jan. 2010z

27. Foundational Elements of Cloud ComputingPrimary TechnologiesVirtualization

28. Grid technology

29. Service Oriented Architectures

30. Distributed Computing

31. Broadband Networks

32. Browser as a platform

33. Free and Open Source SoftwareOther TechnologiesAutonomic Systems

34. Web 2.0

35. Web application frameworks

36. Service Level AgreementsWeb 2.0Is not a standard but an evolution in using the WWW“Don’t fight the Internet” – CEO Google, Eric SchmidtWeb 2.0 is the trend of using the full potential of the webViewing the Internet as a computing platformRunning interactive applications through a web browserLeveraging interconnectivity and mobility of devicesThe “long tail” (profits in selling specialized small market goods) Enhanced effectiveness with greater human participationTim O'Reilly: “Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as a platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.”

37. Software as a Service (SaaS)SaaS is hosting applications on the Internet as a service (both consumer and enterprise)Jon Williams, CTO of Kaplan Test Prep on SaaS“I love the fact that I don't need to deal with servers, staging, version maintenance, security, performance”Eric Knorr with Computerworld says that “[there is an] increasing desperation on the part of IT to minimize application deployment and maintenance hassles”

38. Three Features of Mature SaaS ApplicationsScalableHandle growing amounts of work in a graceful mannerMulti-tenancyOne application instance may be serving hundreds of companiesOpposite of multi-instance where each customer is provisioned their own server running one instanceMetadata driven configurabilityInstead of customizing the application for a customer (requiring code changes), one allows the user to configure the application through metadata

39. SaaS Maturity LevelsLevel 1: Ad-Hoc/CustomLevel 2: ConfigurableLevel 3: Configurable, Multi-Tenant-EfficientLevel 4: Scalable, Configurable, Multi-Tenant-Efficient

40. Utility Computing“Computing may someday be organized as a public utility” - John McCarthy, MIT Centennial in 1961 Huge computational and storage capabilities available from utilitiesMetered billing (pay for what you use)Simple to use interface to access the capability (e.g., plugging into an outlet)

41. Service Level Agreements (SLAs)Contract between customers and service providers of the level of service to be providedContains performance metrics (e.g., uptime, throughput, response time)Problem management detailsDocumented security capabilitiesContains penalties for non-performance

42. Autonomic System ComputingComplex computing systems that manage themselvesDecreased need for human administrators to perform lower level tasksAutonomic properties: Purposeful, Automatic, Adaptive, AwareIBM’s 4 properties: self-healing, self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-protectionIT labor costs are 18 times that of equipment costs.The number of computers is growing at 38% each year.

43. Grid ComputingDistributed parallel processing across a networkKey concept: “the ability to negotiate resource-sharing arrangements”Characteristics of grid computingCoordinates independent resourcesUses open standards and interfacesQuality of serviceAllows for heterogeneity of computersDistribution across large geographical boundariesLoose coupling of computers

44. Platform Virtualization“[Cloud computing] relies on separating your applications from the underlying infrastructure” - Steve Herrod, CTO at VMwareHost operating system provides an abstraction layer for running virtual guest OSsKey is the “hypervisor” or “virtual machine monitor”Enables guest OSs to run in isolation of other OSsRun multiple types of OSsIncreases utilization of physical serversEnables portability of virtual servers between physical serversIncreases security of physical host server

45. Web ServicesWeb Services

46. Self-describing and stateless modules that perform discrete units of work and are available over the network

47. “Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit functionality over the Internet, rather than delivering full-blown applications.” - Infoworld

48. Standards based interfaces (WS-I Basic Profile)

49. e.g., SOAP, WSDL, WS-Security

50. Enabling state: WS-Transaction, Choreography

51. Many loosely coupled interacting modules form a single logical system (e.g., legos)Service Oriented ArchitecturesService Oriented ArchitecturesModel for using web servicesservice requestors, service registry, service providersUse of web services to compose complex, customizable, distributed applicationsEncapsulate legacy applicationsOrganize stovepiped applications into collective integrated servicesInteroperability and extensibility

52. Web application frameworksCoding frameworks for enabling dynamic web sitesStreamline web and DB related programming operations (e.g., web services support)Creation of Web 2.0 applicationsSupported by most major software languagesExample capabilitiesSeparation of business logic from the user interface (e.g., Model-view-controller architecture)Authentication, Authorization, and Role Based Access Control (RBAC)Unified APIs for SQL DB interactionsSession management URL mappingWikipedia maintains a list of web application frameworks

53. Free and Open Source SoftwareExternal ‘mega-clouds’ must focus on using their massive scale to reduce costsUsually use free softwareProven adequate for cloud deploymentsOpen sourceOwned by providerNeed to keep per server cost lowSimple commodity hardwareHandle failures in software

54. Public Statistics on Cloud EconomicsCost of Traditional Data Centers11.8 million servers in data centers

55. Servers are used at only 15% of their capacity

56. 800 billion dollars spent yearly on purchasing and maintaining enterprise software

57. 80% of enterprise software expenditure is on installation and maintenance of software

58. Data centers typically consume up to 100 times more per square foot than a typical office building

59. Average power consumption per server quadrupled from 2001 to 2006.

60. Number of servers doubled from 2001 to 2006Energy Conservation and Data CentersStandard 9000 square foot costs $21.3 million to build with $1 million in electricity costs/yearData centers consume 1.5% of our Nation’s electricity (EPA).6% worldwide in 2000 and 1% in 2005Green technologies can reduce energy costs by 50%IT produces 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions

61. Cloud EconomicsEstimates vary widely on possible cost savings“If you move your data centre to a cloud provider, it will cost a tenth of the cost.” – Brian Gammage, Gartner FellowUse of cloud applications can reduce costs from 50% to 90% - CTO of Washington D.C.IT resource subscription pilot saw 28% cost savings - Alchemy Plus cloud (backing from Microsoft)Preferred HotelTraditional: $210k server refresh and $10k/monthCloud: $10k implementation and $16k/month

62. Cloud EconomicsGeorge Reese, founder Valtira and enStratusUsing cloud infrastructures saves 18% to 29% before considering that you no longer need to buy for peak capacity

63. Cloud Computing Case Studies and Security ModelsGoogle Cloud User: City of Washington D.C.VivekKundra, CTO for the District (now OMB e-gov administrator)Migrating 38,000 employees to Google AppsReplace office softwareGmailGoogle Docs (word processing and spreadsheets)Google video for businessGoogle sites (intranet sites and wikis)“It's a fundamental change to the way our government operates by moving to the cloud. Rather than owning the infrastructure, we can save millions.”, Mr. Kundra500,000+ organizations use Google Apps GE moved 400,000 desktops from Microsoft Office to Google Apps and then migrated them to Zoho for privacy concerns

64. Are Hybrid Clouds in our Future?OpenNebulaZimoryIBM-Juniper Partnership"demonstrate how a hybrid cloud could allow enterprises to seamlessly extend their private clouds to remote servers in a secure public cloud...“VMWareVCloud“Federate resources between internal IT and external clouds”

65. vCloud InitiativeGoal:“Federate resources between internal IT and external clouds”Application portabilityElasticity and scalability, disaster recovery, service level managementvServices provide APIs and technologies

66. Microsoft Azure ServicesSource: Microsoft Presentation, A Lap Around Windows Azure, Manuvir Das

67. Windows Azure Applications, Storage, and Roles

68. Case Study: Facebook’s Use of Open Source and Commodity Hardware (8/08)Jonathan Heiliger, Facebook's vice president of technical operations 80 million users + 250,000 new users per day50,000 transactions per second, 10,000+ serversBuilt on open source softwareWeb and App tier: Apache, PHP, AJAXMiddleware tier: Memcached (Open source caching)Data tier: MySQL (Open source DB)Thousands of DB instances store data in distributed fashion (avoids collisions of many users accessing the same DB)“We don't need fancy graphics chips and PCI cards," he said. “We need one USB port and optimized power and airflow. Give me one CPU, a little memory and one power supply. If it fails, I don't care. We are solving the redundancy problem in software.”

69. Case Study: IBM-Google Cloud (8/08)“Google and IBM plan to roll out a worldwide network of servers for a cloud computing infrastructure” – InfoworldInitiatives for universitiesArchitectureOpen sourceLinux hostsXen virtualization (virtual machine monitor)Apache Hadoop (file system)“open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed computing”IBM Tivoli Provisioning Manager

70. Case Study: Amazon CloudAmazon cloud componentsElastic Compute Cloud (EC2)Simple Storage Service (S3)SimpleDBNew FeaturesAvailability zonesPlace applications in multiple locations for failoversElastic IP addressesStatic IP addresses that can be dynamically remapped to point to different instances (not a DNS change)

71. Amazon Cloud Users: New York Times and Nasdaq (4/08)Both companies used Amazon’s cloud offeringNew York TimesDidn’t coordinate with Amazon, used a credit card!Used EC2 and S3 to convert 15 million scanned news articles to PDF (4TB data)Took 100 Linux computers 24 hours (would have taken months on NYT computers“It was cheap experimentation, and the learning curve isn't steep.” – Derrick Gottfrid, NasdaqNasdaqUses S3 to deliver historic stock and fund informationMillions of files showing price changes of entities over 10 minute segments“The expenses of keeping all that data online [in Nasdaq servers] was too high.” – Claude Courbois, Nasdaq VPCreated lightweight Adobe AIR application to let users view data

72. Case Study: Salesforce.com in Government5,000+ Public Sector and Nonprofit Customers use Salesforce Cloud Computing SolutionsPresident Obama’s Citizen’s Briefing Book Based on Salesforce.com Ideas applicationConcept to Live in Three Weeks134,077 Registered Users1.4 M Votes 52,015 IdeasPeak traffic of 149 hits per secondUS Census Bureau Uses Salesforce.com Cloud ApplicationProject implemented in under 12 weeks 2,500+ partnership agents use Salesforce.com for 2010 decennial census Allows projects to scale from 200 to 2,000 users overnight to meet peak periods with no capital expenditure

73. Case Study: Salesforce.com in GovernmentNew Jersey Transit Wins InfoWorld 100 Award for its Cloud Computing ProjectUse Salesforce.com to run their call center, incident management, complaint tracking, and service portal600% More Inquiries Handled0 New Agents Required36% ImprovedResponse TimeU.S. Army uses Salesforce CRM for Cloud-based RecruitingU.S. Army needed a new tool to track potential recruits who visited its Army Experience Center.Use Salesforce.com to track all core recruitment functions and allows the Army to save time and resources.

74. Thank You

Cloud computing – An Overview

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