Cloud Computing Fundamental Course Preview

Cloud Elementary Professional
Certification® (TCCEP)
Course Name : Cloud Computing Elementary
Version : INVL_ITILSD_CW_01_004_1.2
Course ID :ITSM - 112

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Cloud Computing
TÜV SÜD CLOUD COMPUTING ELEMENTARY CERTIFICATE
 Our Certification, Your Recognition
 Advantage to your career, Benefit to your Organization
 Reading Aid based on the Body of Knowledge of TUV SUD South Asia’ s Cloud Computing
Elementary Professional

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Syllabus - Cloud Computing
Learning Unit Page No.
Session 1 - What is Cloud Computing? 8 - 36
Session 2 - Value Proposition of Cloud Computing 37- 71
Session 3 – Cloud Architecture 72 – 105
Session 4 – Understanding Services and Applications 106 – 175
Session 5 – Cloud Infrastructure Management & Security 176 – 212
Session 6 - Emerging Cloud Computing Trends & Innovations 213 - 242

Session 1 -
What is Cloud Computing?

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SESSION 1
1.1 Background of Cloud Computing and Evolution
 Cloud computing is a computing resource deployment and procurement model that enables an
organization to obtain its computing resources and applications from any location via an Internet
connection.
 Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.

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SESSION 1
1.2 Defining Cloud Computing Abstraction Virtualization
Cloud Computing takes the technology, services and applications that are similar to those on the internet
and turns that into a self-service utility. The use of the word “Cloud” makes reference to the two essential
concepts:
 Abstraction: Cloud Computing abstracts the details of system implementation from users and
developers. Applications run on physical system that aren’t specified, data is stored in a location that
are unknown, administration of systems is outsourced to others, and access by users is ubiquitous.
 Virtualization: Cloud Computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing resources. Systems
and storage can be provisioned as needed from a centralized infrastructure, costs and assessed on
a metered basis, multi-tenancy is enabled, and resources are scalable with agility

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SESSION 1
1.3 Cloud Types
To begin understanding the concept of “Cloud Computing”, you need to define the lexicon of Cloud
Computing. Cloud Computing consists of various models as below:
 Deployment Models: this refers to the location and management of the cloud’s infrastructure.
 Service Models: this consists of the particular types of services that you can access on a Cloud
Computing platform.
This is a very useful demarcation that is now widely accepted.

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SESSION 1
The NIST Model
 The United States government is a major consumer of computer services and, therefore, one of the
major users of Cloud Computing networks. The US National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) has a set of working definitions that separate Cloud Computing into service
models and deployment models. Those models and their relationship to essential characteristics of
Cloud Computing are shown in figure below.

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SESSION 1
The NIST Cloud Computing Definitions
 The NIST model originally did not require a cloud to use virtualization to pool resources, nor did it
absolutely require a cloud to support multi-tenancy in the earliest definitions of Cloud Computing.
Multi-tenancy is a sharing of resources among two or more customers. The latest version of NIST
definition does require that cloud computing networks use virtualizations and support multi-tenancy.
 Because Cloud Computing is moving toward a set of modular interacting components based on
standards such as the Service Oriented Architecture, you might expect that future versions of the
NIST model may add those features as well. The NIST cloud model doesn’t address a number of
intermediate services such as transaction or service brokers, provisioning, integration and
interoperability services that form the basis for many Cloud Computing discussions. Given the
emerging role of service buses, brokers and cloud APls at various levels, undoubtedly these
elements needs to be added to capture the whole story.

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SESSION 1
Deployment Models
 Cloud services can be deployed in different ways, depending on the organizational structure and the
provisioning location. Four deployment models are usually distinguished, namely Public, Private,
Community and Hybrid cloud service usage.
 The NIST definition for the four deployment models is as follows:

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SESSION 1
Deployment Models
 Public Cloud: The public cloud infrastructure is for public use alternatively for a large industry
group and is owned by an organization cloud services. Public cloud provider refers to the cloud
platform that targets any types of customers, regardless of whether they’re an independent
consumer, enterprise, or even public sector. Windows Azure Platform by Microsoft, AWS by
Amazon, AppEngine and Gmail by Google, etc. are all examples of public cloud services.
 Private Cloud: The private cloud infrastructure is operated for the exclusive use of an organization.
The cloud may be managed by that organization or a third party. Private cloud may be either on-or
off premises. Private cloud is infrastructure that’s hosted internally, targeting specific customers or
sometimes exclusively within an organization. There are many organizations who have implemented
their own private cloud system with product offering from providers such as IBM, HP, Microsoft, etc.

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SESSION 1
Deployment Models
 Community Cloud: a community cloud is one where the cloud has been organized to serve a
common function or purpose. It may be for one organization or several organizations, but they share
common concerns such as their mission, policies, security, regulatory compliance needs, and so on.
A community cloud may be managed by the constituent organization(s) or by a third party.
 Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud combines multiple clouds (private, community or public) where those
clouds retain their unique identities, but are bound together as a unit. A hybrid cloud may offer
standardized or proprietary access to data and applications, as well as application portability.
 Figure below shows the different locations that clouds can come in. In the sections that
follow, these different cloud deployment models are described in more detail.

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SESSION 1
Deployment Locations for Different Cloud Types

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SESSION 1
Deployment Models
The United States government, under the support of the General Service Administrator (GSA), launched
a Cloud Computing portal called Apps.gov, (now called info.apps.gov), with the purpose of providing
cloud services to federal agencies. Described under the “US Federal Cloud Computing Initiative
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/17914883/US-Federal-Cloud-Computing- Initiative-RFQ-GSA), the goal of
the initiative is to make large portions of the federal government’s apparatus available under the Cloud
Computing model. This is a good example of community cloud deployment, with the government being
the community.
Apps.gov is also making available connections to free media services from its cloud, such as Twitter and
YouTube. An example of this connection practice is the YouTube channel created by the White House for
citizen’s outreach. You can find the White House channel at http://www.youtube.com/whitehouse and the
general U.S. Government YouTube channel at http://www.youtube. com/usgovernment.
You can see YouTube in action when you visit WhiteHouse.gov and click the video link that usually
appears on that home page.

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SESSION 1
Service Models
You can think of the cloud as the boundary between where a customer’s network, management, and
responsibilities ends and the same of cloud service provider begins. As cloud computing is deployed,
different providers offer clouds that have different services associated with them. The portfolio of
services offered adds another set of definitions called the Service Model.
There are many different service models described in the literature, all of which take the form as : XaaS,
or “<Something> as a Service”
Three service types have been universally accepted are as below:
 Infrastructure as a Service: IaaS provides virtual machines, virtual storage, virtual infrastructure,
and other hardware assets as resources that customers can provision.
 The IaaS service provider manages all the infrastructure, while the customer is responsible for all
other aspects of the deployment. This can include the operating system, applications, updates and
patches, along with user interactions with the system.

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SESSION 1
Service Models
Example of IaaS service providers include:
 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
 GoGrid
 FlexiScale
 Linode
 RackSpace
 Terremark
All these providers offer direct access to hardware resources. On Amazon EC2 which is considered as
the classic IaaS, a customer would provision a computer in the form of a virtual image, provision
storage, and then go on to installing the operating system and applications onto that virtual system.
Amazon has a number of operating systems and some enterprise applications too, that they offer on a
rental basis to customers in the form of a number of images, but customers are free to install their choice
of software. Amazon’s responsibilities, as expressed in its Service Level Agreement (SLA), which is
published on Amazon’s Website, contractually obligates Amazon to provide a level of performance
commensurate with the type of resource chosen, as well as a certain level of reliability as measured by
the system’s uptime.

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SESSION 1
Service Models
 Platform as a Service: PaaS is one level up from IaaS, where cloud providers not only take care of
the components that IaaS does, but also manage the platform-level components like middleware
and runtime. PaaS provides virtual machines, operating systems, applications, services,
development frameworks, transactions and control services.
 The customer can deploy its applications on the cloud infrastructure or use applications that were
programmed using languages and tools that are supported by the PaaS service provider. The
service provider manages the cloud infrastructure, the operating systems, and the enabling
software. The customer is responsible for installing and managing the deployed application. Google
AppEngine, Windows Azure Platform and Force.com.

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SESSION 1
Service Models
 Software as a Service: SaaS is a complete operating environment with applications, management,
and the user interface.
 In a SaaS model, the application is provided to the customer through a thin client interface (a
browser, usually) , and the customer’s responsibility begins and ends with entering and managing
the data and user interaction. Everything from the application down to the infrastructure is the
service provider’s responsibility.

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SESSION 1
Service Models
The three different service models taken together have come to be known as the SPI model of Cloud
Computing. Many other service models have been mentioned: StaaS (Storage as a Service), IDaaS
(Identity as a Service), CaaS (Compliance as a Service) and so forth. However, the SPI service
encompasses all the other possibilities.
It is useful to think of Cloud Computing service models in terms of a hardware / software stack.
One such representation called the Cloud Reference Model is shown in next image, at the bottom of the
stack is the hardware or infrastructure that comprises the network. As you move upward in the stack,
each service model inherits the capabilities of the service model beneath it. IaaS has the least levels of
integrated functionality and the lowest levels of integration, whereas SaaS has the most.

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SESSION 1
Service Models

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SESSION 1
The Cloud Cube Model
The Open Group maintains an association called the Jericho Forum (https://www.opengroup.org/
jericho/cloud_cube_model_v1.0.pdf). The type of cloud networks you use dramatically changes the
notion of where the boundary between the customer’s network and the cloud begins and ends.
Below is the diagram of the Cloud Cube Model.

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SESSION 1
The Jericho Forum’s Cloud Cube Model
The four dimensions of the Cloud Cube Model are as below:
 Physical location of the data: Internal (I) / External (E) determine your organization’s boundaries.
 Ownership: Proprietary (P) / Open (O) is a measure of not only the technology ownership, but of
interoperability, ease of data transfer, and degree of vendor application lock-in.
 Security boundary: Perimeterised (Pre) De-perimeterised (d-p) is a measure of whether the
operation is inside or outside the security boundary or network firewall.
 Sourcing: Insourced or outsourced means whether the service is provided by the customer or the
service provider.

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SESSION 1
The Jericho Forum’s Cloud Cube Model
Taken together, the fourth dimension corresponds to two different states in the eight possible cloud
forms: Per (IP, IO, EP, EO). The sourcing dimension addresses the deliverer of the service.
What the Cloud Cube Model is meant to show is that the traditional notion of a network boundary being
the network’s firewall no longer applies in Cloud Computing.

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SESSION 1
Benefits of Cloud Computing
“The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing” by Peter Mell and Timothy Grance (version 14, 10/7/2009)
classified cloud computing into three SPI services models (SaaS, PaaS and IaaS) and four cloud types
(Public, Private, Community, and Hybrid). It also assigns five essential characteristics that cloud
computing systems must offer:
 On-demand self-service : A customer can provision computer resources without the need for
interactions with cloud service provider personnel.
 Broad network access : Access to resources in the cloud is available over the network using
standard methods in such a manner that provides platform-independent access to all types of
clients.
This includes a mixture of heterogeneous operating systems, and thick and thin platforms such as
laptops, mobile phones and PDA.

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SESSION 1
Resource pooling: A cloud service provider resources that are pooled together in a system that
supports multi-tenant usage
 Physical and virtual systems are dynamically allocated or reallocated as needed. Intrinsic in this
concept of pooling is the idea of abstraction that hides the location of resources such as virtual
machines, processing, memory, storage, and network bandwidth and connectivity.
Rapid elasticity: resources can be rapidly and elastically provisioned.
 The systems can add resources by either scaling up systems (more powerful computers) or scaling
out systems (more same kind of computers), and scaling may be automatic or manual. From the
stand point of a customer, cloud computing resources should look limitless and can be purchased at
any time and in any quantity.

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SESSION 1
 Measured service: The use of cloud system resources is measured, audited and reported to the
customer based on a metered system.
A custom e level of service provided.
While these five core features of cloud computing are on almost anybody’s list, you also should
consider these additional advantages:
 Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and with greater utilization,
significant cost reduction are often encountered.
 Ease of Utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered , you may find that you do
not require hardware or software licences to implement your service.

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SESSION 1
 Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (Qos) is something that you can obtain under contract
from your provider.
 Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to provide load balancing and
failover makes them highly reliable, often much more reliable than what you can achieve in a single
organization.
 Outsourced IT management: A cloud computing deployment lets someone else manage your
computing infrastructure while you manage your business. In most instances, you achieve
considerable reductions in IT staffing costs.
 Simplified maintenance and upgrade: Because the system is centralized, you can easily apply
patches and upgrades. This means customers always have access to the latest software,
application versions.
 Low Barrier to Entry: In particular, upfront capital expenditures are dramatically reduced.
Therefore, more and more organizations and units are attracted towards the Cloud Computing.

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SESSION 1
There is a long list of benefits, which makes it obvious why so many people are excited about the idea of
cloud computing. Cloud computing is not a panacea, however, in many instances, cloud computing
doesn’t work well for particular applications.

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SESSION 1
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
 While the benefits of Cloud Computing are myriad, the disadvantages are just as numerous. As a
general rule, the advantages of Cloud Computing present a more compelling case for small
organizations than for larger ones. Larger organizations can support IT staff and development
efforts that put in place custom software solutions that are crafted with their particular needs in
mind.
 When you use an application or service in the cloud, you are using something that isn’t necessarily
as customizable as you might want. Additionally, although many Cloud Computing applications are
very capable, applications deployed on-premise still have many more features than their cloud
counterparts.
 All Cloud Computing applications suffer from the inherent latency that is intrinsic in their WAN
connectivity. While Cloud Computing activities excel at large-scale processing tasks, if your
application needs large amounts of data transfer, Cloud Computing may not be the best model for
you.

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SESSION 1
Additionally, Cloud Computing is a stateless system, as is the Internet in general. In order for
communication to survive on a distributed system, it is necessarily to be in unidirectional nature. All the
requests you use in HTTP, PUTs, GETs, and so on are requests from you to a service provider. The
service provider then sends a response. Although it may seem that you are carting on a conversation
between client and server, there is an architectural disconnect between the two. That lack of state allows
messages to travel over different routes and for the data to arrive out of sequence, and many other
characteristics allow the communication to succeed even when the medium is faulty. Therefore, to
impose transactional coherency upon the system, additional overhead in the form of service brokers,
transaction managers, and other middleware must be added to the system. This can introduce a very
large performance hit into some applications.

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SESSION 1
 If you had to pick a single area of concern in Cloud Computing, that area would undoubtedly be
privacy and security. When your data travels over and rests on systems that are no longer under
your control, you have increased risk due to the interpretation and malfeasance of others. You can’t
count on a cloud service provider maintaining your privacy in the face of government actions.
 In the United States, an example is the National Security Agency’s program that ran millions of
phone call records from AT&T and Verizon through a data analyzer to extract the phone calls that
matched its security criteria. VoIP is one of the services that are heavily deployed on Cloud
Computing systems. Another example is the case of Google’s service in China, which had been
subject to a filter that removed content to which the Chinese government objected. After five years
of operation and after Google detected that Chinese hackers were accessing Gmail accounts of
Chinese citizens, Google moved their servers from China to Hong Kong.

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SESSION 1
 So while the Cloud Computing industry continues to address security concerns, if you have an
application that works with sensitive data, you need to be particularly aware of the issues involved.
 These days most organizations are faced with regulatory compliance issues of various kinds. In the
United States, companies must comply with the accounting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act; health care providers comply with the data privacy rules of HIPAA, and so on.
 In Europe, the European Common Market has a draft of its own legislation for companies to deal
with. Rules apply to data at rest, and different rules apply to data in transit. If you stage your Cloud
Computing deployment across state and countries, the bad news is that you may end up having to
comply with multiple jurisdictions. Don’t expect much support from the cloud system provider or from
the governments involved. The laws of most regulatory agencies place the entire burden on the
customer. So when it comes to compliance, Cloud Computing is still the “Wild West” of computing.

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