Cloud computing Fundamentals-Cloud Technologies and Concepts.pptx
- 2. Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Concepts Virtualization - Hypervisor, Virtual machine monitor; Types of virtualization - Hardware,Operating system; Server virtualization; Software defined networking, Network function virtualization; Data Center- Components, types, Characteristics; Service level agreement; Load balancing; Scalability and elasticity.
- 3. Virtualization Virtualization is technology that you can use to create virtual representations of servers, storage, networks, and other physical machines. Virtual software mimics the functions of physical hardware to run multiple virtual machines simultaneously on a single physical machine.
- 4. ● Flexibility: Virtualization lets you manage hardware resources like software, allowing easy adjustments and control. ● Resource Efficiency: It reduces the need for physical servers, saving electricity, space, and maintenance. ● Remote Access: You can access virtual resources from anywhere, overcoming physical and network limitations. ● Software Control: Hardware is abstracted into software, making management and use as simple as interacting with a web application. virtu`alization makes hardware management more flexible, efficient, and accessible.
- 6. Virtualization is a process that allows a computer to share its hardware resources with multiple digitally separated environments. Each virtualized environment runs within its allocated resources, such as memory, processing power, and storage. With virtualization, organizations can switch between different operating systems on the same server without rebooting. Virtual machines and hypervisors are two important concepts in virtualization.
- 7. Virtual machine A virtual machine is a software-defined computer that runs on a physical computer with a separate operating system and computing resources. The physical computer is called the host machine and virtual machines are guest machines. Multiple virtual machines can run on a single physical machine. Virtual machines are abstracted from the computer hardware by a hypervisor. Hypervisor The hypervisor is a software component that manages multiple virtual machines in a computer. It ensures that each virtual machine gets the allocated resources and does not interfere with the operation of other virtual machines.
- 8. Types of hypervisors Type 1 hypervisor A type 1 hypervisor, or bare-metal hypervisor, is a hypervisor program installed directly on the computer’s hardware instead of the operating system. Type 2 hypervisor Also known as a hosted hypervisor, the type 2 hypervisor is installed on an operating system. Type 2 hypervisors are suitable for end-user computing.
- 10. Benefits Of Virtualization Efficient Resource Use: ● Virtual Servers: Instead of having one physical server for each job, you can use one physical server to create many virtual servers. ● Savings: This means you need less physical space, use less electricity, and save on cooling and power costs. Automated IT Management: ● Templates: Administrators set up standard configurations for virtual machines. ● Easy Duplication: You can quickly create and manage many virtual machines using these templates, making setup faster and reducing errors. Faster Disaster Recovery: ● Quick Recovery: If something goes wrong (like a natural disaster or cyberattack), you can restore virtual machines in minutes, not days. ● Business Continuity: This helps keep your operations running smoothly and quickly recovers from disruptions.
- 11. When you install virtualization software on your computer, you can create virtual machines (VMs). Think of a VM as a computer within your computer. Your main computer is called the "host," and the VMs are the "guests." You can run multiple VMs on one host, each with its own operating system, which can be different from the host's. Each VM works like a normal computer, with its own settings, programs, and storage. You can manage and update each VM just like you would with a physical server, without changing anything on the host computer.
- 12. Virtualization allows one physical computer to run multiple virtual computers. Hypervisor is the software that makes this possible by managing how resources are shared between the virtual machines and the physical hardware. Virtual Machines act like real computers, with their own operating systems and applications, but share the physical resources of the host computer.
- 14. What are the different types of virtualization? 1. Hardware Virtualization 2. Operating system Virtualization 3. Application Virtualization 4. Network Virtualization 5. Desktop Virtualization 6. Storage Virtualization 7. Server Virtualization 8. Data virtualization
- 15. Hardware Virtualization ● Definition: Creating virtual versions of physical hardware components. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A company has one powerful physical server but wants to run multiple different environments (like a web server, database server, and testing environment) on it. ○ Tool: VMware ESXi. ○ Result: The single physical server is divided into multiple virtual machines (VMs), each running a different operating system and applications as if they were on separate hardware.
- 16. Operating System Virtualization ● Definition: Running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A developer needs to test software on both Windows and Linux. ○ Tool: Microsoft Hyper-V. ○ Result: The developer runs both Windows and Linux operating systems simultaneously on the same physical machine, using virtual machines.
- 17. Application Virtualization ● Definition: Running applications in a virtual environment separate from the underlying OS. ● Example: ○ Scenario: An organization needs to run a legacy application that only works on an older version of Windows. ○ Tool: VMware ThinApp. ○ Result: The legacy application is packaged and run in a virtual environment on modern Windows versions without compatibility issues.
- 18. Network Virtualization ● Definition: Creating virtual networks that operate independently of the physical network infrastructure. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A data center wants to manage its network traffic more efficiently. ○ Tool: Cisco’s Software-Defined Networking (SDN). ○ Result: The physical network is abstracted into multiple virtual networks, allowing for more flexible and efficient management of network traffic.
- 19. Desktop Virtualization ● Definition: Running desktop environments on a remote server rather than on local devices. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A company wants employees to access their desktops from anywhere. ○ Tool: VMware Horizon. ○ Result: Employees access their desktop environment (including applications, files, and settings) from any device with an internet connection, as it’s hosted on a remote server.
- 20. Storage Virtualization ● Definition: Pooling multiple physical storage devices into a single virtual storage system. ● Example: ○ Scenario: An organization has various storage devices from different vendors and wants to manage them as one. ○ Tool: IBM’s SAN Volume Controller. ○ Result: All the different storage devices are combined into one virtual storage pool, simplifying storage management and improving utilization.
- 21. Server Virtualization ● Definition: Partitioning a physical server into multiple smaller virtual servers. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A business wants to run several different applications on one physical server but keep them isolated from each other. ○ Tool: VMware vSphere. ○ Result: The single physical server is divided into several virtual servers, each running a different application in isolation.
- 22. Data Virtualization ● Definition: Providing a single virtual view of data from multiple sources without moving or replicating it. ● Example: ○ Scenario: A company needs to analyze data from various databases and cloud services. ○ Tool: Denodo Platform. ○ Result: The company’s analysts can access and query data from different sources as if it were all in one place, without worrying about where the data is actually stored.
- 23. Network virtualization involves abstracting and combining network resources to create a more flexible and efficient network environment. It allows for the creation of multiple virtual networks on top of a physical network infrastructure. There are several types of network virtualization ● Network Function Virtualization (NFV) ● Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
- 24. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) ● Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Is the form of network virtualization which is a separation of the control and data plane (control plane makes decisions as to where to send traffic, and data plane sends the traffic). This division creates a viable opportunity for more centralized and programmable network administration. ● Example: An enterprise uses SDN to manage traffic routing across multiple data centers from a single software controller. ● Advantage: Enables dynamic, automated network configuration and centralized management.
- 25. Data Plane: All the activities involving as well as resulting from data packets sent by the end-user belong to this plane. This includes: ● Forwarding of packets. ● Segmentation and reassembly of data. ● Replication of packets for multicasting.
- 26. Control Plane: All activities necessary to perform data plane activities but do not involve end-user data packets belong to this plane. In other words, this is the brain of the network. The activities of the control plane include: ● Making routing tables. ● Setting packet handling policies.(Traffic Prioritization,Security Policies etc)
- 27. How Does Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Work? Separation of Control and Data: ● Control Plane (Software): Centralized software (SDN controller) makes decisions about routing and network management. ● Data Plane (Hardware): Physical devices like routers and switches forward data based on instructions from the control plane. Centralized Control: Network management is done centrally through the SDN controller, allowing for easier configuration and control of the entire network. Use of Virtual Switches: Virtual switches may replace or work with physical switches, performing multiple tasks like packet verification and forwarding efficiently.
- 28. SDN Architecture
- 29. Components of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 1. SDN Applications: ○ These are software programs that request network services. They communicate with the SDN controller using APIs to manage and optimize the network. 2. SDN Controller: ○ The SDN controller is the central unit that collects data from the network devices and decides how the network should operate. It sends instructions to the devices based on the needs of the SDN applications. 3. SDN Networking Devices: ○ These are the physical or virtual switches and routers that handle data forwarding and processing. They follow the instructions provided by the SDN controller.
- 30. In traditional networks, each switch manages both the decision-making (control plane) and data movement (data plane). In SDN, the control plane is moved to a centralized SDN controller, making it easier to manage the network. ● Application Layer: ○ This layer includes network applications like firewalls, load balancers, and intrusion detection systems. ● Control Layer: ○ This layer is where the SDN controller resides, acting as the brain of the network. It provides a unified view and control over the entire network. ● Infrastructure Layer: ○ This layer consists of the physical or virtual switches and routers that handle the actual data movement, guided by the flow tables created by the controller.
- 33. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) represents a shift from traditional, hardware-based network functions to a more flexible, software-based approach. By moving functions like load balancing, firewall protection, and encryption from dedicated physical devices to virtual machines (VMs) running on standard servers
- 34. Benefits of NFV Cost Reduction: NFV cuts costs by using general-purpose servers instead of expensive specialized hardware. Scalability and Flexibility: Virtual functions can easily scale up or down to meet demand, avoiding the need for excess capacity. Faster Deployment: Software-based NFV speeds up the process of adding or changing network functions compared to physical devices. Improved Management: NFV works with management tools for easier automation and monitoring of network functions. Enhanced Agility: NFV allows organizations to quickly test and deploy new services without being limited by hardware.
- 35. NFV architecture NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) architecture consists of several key components that work together to provide a flexible and efficient network infrastructure. Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs): These are the software implementations of network functions like firewalls, load balancers, and routers, running on standard servers instead of dedicated hardware. NFV Infrastructure (NFVI): This layer includes the physical and virtual resources needed to support VNFs. It encompasses: ● Compute: Servers and virtual machines where VNFs run. ● Storage: Systems for storing data and configurations. ● Network: Connectivity and networking components enabling
- 36. 1. NFV Orchestrator (NFVO): This component manages the lifecycle of VNFs and NFVI. It handles the deployment, scaling, and termination of VNFs, as well as the allocation of resources. 2. Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM): This manages the NFVI resources. It controls the compute, storage, and network resources, and ensures they are allocated efficiently to the VNFs. 3. Network Function Virtualization Management (NFV-MANO): This is a set of functions that includes the NFVO, VIM, and additional management elements to oversee the operation and coordination of VNFs and NFVI. NFV architecture separates network functions from hardware and manages them through virtualization, enabling more flexibility, efficiency, and scalability.
- 38. Software-Defined Networking (SDN): ● Purpose: SDN is about separating the network control layer from the data forwarding layer. It allows network administrators to manage and configure network devices centrally through software. ● Components: ○ Control Plane: This is where decisions are made about where traffic should go. It’s managed by an SDN controller. ○ Data Plane: This is where actual traffic forwarding happens based on the rules set by the control plane. ● SDN focuses on controlling network behavior and traffic flow through centralized management.
- 39. Virtualized Network Functions (VNF): ● Purpose: VNFs are software-based versions of traditional network functions (like firewalls, load balancers, and routers) that run on standard servers instead of specialized hardware. ● Components: ○ VNFs: These are individual network functions that have been virtualized and run as software applications. ● VNF focuses on replacing traditional network hardware with software-based solutions for specific functions.
- 40. Data center A data center is a physical location that stores computing machines and their related hardware equipment. It contains the computing infrastructure that IT systems require, such as servers, data storage drives, and network equipment. It is the physical facility that stores any company’s digital data.
- 41. Data centers bring several benefits, such as: ● Backup power supplies to manage power outages ● Data replication across several machines for disaster recovery ● Temperature-controlled facilities to extend the life of the equipment ● Easier implementation of security measures for compliance with data laws
- 43. Data Center Components 1. Servers: Machines that store data and run applications. 2. Storage Systems: Devices like hard drives that keep data. 3. Networking Equipment: Routers, switches, and firewalls that manage data traffic. 4. Power Supply: Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and backup generators to ensure continuous operation. 5. Cooling Systems: Air conditioning and ventilation to maintain optimal temperatures.(CRAC,CRAH) 6. Physical Security: Cameras, biometric access controls, and alarms to protect the facility.
- 44. Types of data centers
- 45. Enterprise Data Centers: ● Description: Owned and operated by individual organizations. ● Purpose: To manage and store an organization’s data and applications. ● Features: Customized to the specific needs of the organization, with a focus on security and performance tailored to their requirements. Colocation Data Centers: ● Description: Facilities where businesses rent space to house their own servers and other hardware. ● Purpose: To provide physical space, power, cooling, and connectivity while allowing businesses to maintain control over their equipment. ● Features: Offers shared infrastructure, which can be more cost-effective than building a private data center.
- 46. Cloud Data Centers: ● Description: Operated by cloud service providers (e.g., AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure). ● Purpose: To provide scalable and on-demand computing resources and storage. ● Features: Resources are virtualized and can be accessed over the internet, allowing for flexible and scalable solutions. Managed Data Centers: ● Description: Facilities where the infrastructure is managed by a third-party provider on behalf of the client. ● Purpose: To offer data center management services including monitoring, maintenance, and support. ● Features: Combines aspects of colocation and outsourcing with managed services.
- 47. Hyperscale Data Centers: ● Description: Extremely large data centers designed to support the enormous scale of cloud service providers. ● Purpose: To handle vast amounts of data and provide high levels of scalability and redundancy. ● Features: High-density and highly automated, designed for efficiency and scalability. Edge Data Centers: ● Description: Smaller data centers located closer to the end-users or data sources. ● Purpose: To reduce latency and improve performance for applications requiring real- time processing. ● Features: Often used for applications like IoT, streaming, and content delivery.
- 48. Data Center Characteristics 1. Reliability: High uptime and availability, often supported by redundant systems. 2. Scalability: Ability to expand resources (like adding more servers) as needed. 3. Security: Physical and digital measures to protect data and infrastructure. 4. Efficiency: Optimized use of power, cooling, and space to reduce costs and environmental impact.
- 49. Service Level Agreement (SLA) A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a contract between a service provider and a customer that defines the expected level of service. Key elements include: ● Uptime Guarantee: A promise on the minimum percentage of uptime, such as 99.9%. ● Performance Metrics: Specific targets for response times and system performance. ● Penalties: Consequences if the provider fails to meet the agreed-upon terms.
- 50. Load Balancing Load Balancing is the process of distributing network or application traffic across multiple servers. This ensures no single server becomes overwhelmed, improving: ● Performance: By spreading the workload, servers respond faster. ● Reliability: If one server fails, others can take over, preventing downtime. ● Scalability: Makes it easier to add more servers to handle increasing demand.
- 51. Scalability and Elasticity 1. Scalability: The ability of a system to handle a growing amount of work by adding resources (like more servers or storage). There are two types: ○ Vertical Scalability: Adding more power (CPU, RAM) to an existing server. ○ Horizontal Scalability: Adding more servers to distribute the workload. 2. Elasticity: The ability to automatically increase or decrease resources based on current demand. This is especially useful in cloud environments, where resources can be adjusted in real-time to optimize cost and performance.