CnC report

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Research report
Introduction
By the end of August, our lecturer’s Ms Ida and Ms Sufina gave a brief lecture on our
second project for culture and civilization. The project is about filming a 20 minutes
video that relates to history and culture of different countries. Each group are consists of
6 to 8 members. For our group, we have 8 members which consists of Saw E Sean,
Melvyn Poh, Teoh Jun Xiang, Maychen, Cherilyn, Vanessa, Ow and Shilik. Our group
chosen China as our focus to film the video. China has tons of history, after we gather and
brainstormed, we decided to choose the time line of Three kingdoms in the battle of the
red cliff as our main focus. We chose Three Kingdoms because of its well-known history
and interesting stories and characters. The Three kingdoms is an epic war between three
state which were Wei,Wu and Shu. The reasons for the war was because the emperor of
Wei wanted power to rule the whole land therefore went war against the kingdom of Wu
and Shu. In this report, we are ask to research on the time line . Culture, architecture,
languages, social strata,administration and plot of the country that we got it from.
Sketches of clothing and story line are also include in the report.

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Time line of the three kingdoms

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Year Major events
184 Yellow Turban Rebellion
189
Emperor Ling of Han dies;
Liu Bian is enthroned as Emperor Shao of Han;
Power struggle between He Jin and the Ten Eunuchs;
Dong Zhuo takes control of the imperial court and deposes Emperor Shao;
Liu Xie is enthroned as Emperor Xian of Han;
Lü Bu kills Ding Yuan and defects to Dong Zhuo
190
Dong Zhuo murders the deposed Emperor Shao;
A coalition of warlords and regional officials launch a campaign against Dong
Zhuo
191
Battle of Jieqiao between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan;
Sun Jian is killed in action at the Battle of Xiangyang against Liu Biao
192 Lü Bu kills Dong Zhuo
193
Cao Cao invades Xu Province;
Battle of Yan Province between Cao Cao and Lü Bu
194
Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong begin;
Liu Bei succeeds Tao Qian as Governor of Xu Province
196
Cao Cao finds Emperor Xian of Han in the ruins of the old capital Luoyang and
brings him to Xuchang, where the new capital was established;
Lü Bu seizes control of Xu Province's capital Xiapi from Liu Bei
197
Battle of Wancheng between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu;
Campaign against Yuan Shu begins
198 The combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi
199
Yuan Shao eliminates Gongsun Zan in the Battle of Yijing;
Yuan Shu is defeated and dies in Shouchun;
Liu Bei seizes Xu Province from Cao Cao;
Cao Cao defeats Liu Bei and retakes Xu Province;
Guan Yu surrenders to Cao Cao and temporarily serves the latter
200
Sun Ce is assassinated;
Sun Quan succeeds Sun Ce as warlord of Jiangdong;
Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao
202 Cao Cao's campaigns to reunify northern China begin
203 Battle of Xiakou between Sun Quan and Liu Biao
207
Northern China is united under Cao Cao's control after the Battle of White Wolf
Mountain;
Zhuge Liang presents the Longzhong Plan to Liu Bei and comes to serve the
latter
208
Battle of Jiangxia between Sun Quan and Liu Biao;
Liu Cong surrenders Jing Province to Cao Cao;
Battle of Red Cliffs between Cao Cao and the combined forces of Liu Bei and
Sun Quan
211
Battle of Tong Pass between Cao Cao and a coalition force led by Ma
Chao and Han Sui;
Cao Cao's campaigns in northwestern China begin
212 Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province begins
213
Emperor Xian of Han enfeoffs Cao Cao as "Duke of Wei" and grants him
the nine bestowments
215
Liu Bei takes complete control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang;
Zhang Lu surrenders Hanzhong to Cao Cao after the Battle of Yangping;

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This is the summarize version of The three kingdoms period. It has a 100 years of history.
Most of the time was war and battle. Since the period was too long, we chose to focus on
the battle in red cliff.
The battle of red cliff
The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive battle
fought at the end of the Han dynasty, about 12 years prior to the beginning of the Three
Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It was fought in the winter of 208/9 CE between the
allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior
forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan successfully frustrated
Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory
of the Eastern Han dynasty. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu
Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze, and provided a line of defence that
was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu.

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The images above shows the battle take place in red cliff
Languages in China
The Languages of China are the languages that are spoken by China's 56 recognized
ethnic groups. The predominant language in China, which is divided into seven major
dialect groups, is known as Hanyu(simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語;
pinyin: Hànyǔ). and its study is considered a distinct academic discipline in
China.Hanyu, or Han language, spans eight primary dialect groups, that differ from each
other morphologically and phonetically to such a degree that dialects from different
regions can often be mutually unintelligible. The languages most studied and supported
by the state include Chinese,Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang. China has
292 living languages according to Ethnologue.
Standard Chinese (known in China as Putonghua), a form of Mandarin Chinese, is the
official national spoken language for the mainland and serves as a lingua franca within
the Mandarin-speaking regions (and, to a lesser extent, across the other regions
of mainland China). Several other autonomous regions have additional official languages.
Language laws of China do not apply to either Hong Kong or Macau and hence have
different official languages (Cantonese, English and Portuguese) than the mainland. For
example, Tibetan has official status within the Tibet Autonomous Region and Mongolian
has official status within Inner Mongolia.
Social Hierarchy of ancient China

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The diagram about shows the social hierarchy of ancient China where the Emperor has
the highest position and the slaves had the lowest status.
Social Strata of the three kingdoms.
The kingdom of Wu
Emperors (Sun Quan)
Sons/rulers (Sun
Liang,Sun Xiu,Sun
Hao)
Empress Lady Xie
Lady Xu
Lady Bu
Lady Wang.....

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Advisors (Zhang Zhao,Zhang Hong, Zhou Yu)
Elders (Cheng Pu, Ding Feng,Han Dong,Huang Gai, Zhu Zhi,Lusu)
Integral generals (Sun Jian, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, Zu Mao)
Regents (Sun Chen, Sun Jun,Zhuge Ke)
Peasants (Tenants farmers and landowner)
Artisan and craftsman (superior merchant)
Merchants
Wage laborers
Slaves
The Kingdom of Shu
Emperor (Liu Bei) (Liu
Shan)
Liu Bei sons (Liu
Deran),Liu Yong, Liu Li,Liu
Feng
Empress Gan
Second wife (Lady Mi)
Third (Lady Sun)
Empress Wu(forth wife)
Imperial guard (Liu Xioing)
Important Advisors (Zhugeliang, Jiang Wan,Fei Yi,Dong Yun)
Advisors(Chen Deng,Chen Gui,Fa Zheng,Huang Hao,........)

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Regent (General in Chief) and Eunuch (court official)
Impoortant Generals (Guan Yu, Zhang Fei,Zhao Yun,Ma Chai,Huang Zhong)
Generals (Chen Shi, Fei Guan,Fu Shiren.....)
Peasants (Tenants farmers and landowner)
Artisan and craftsman (superior merchant)
Merchants
Wage laborers
Slaves
The kingdom of Wei
Emperors (Cao Cao),
His sons and rulers
(Cao pi),(Cao Rui),
(Cao Fang),(Cao
Mao),(Cao Mao)
The empress (Lady
Ding)(Empress
Dowager Bian)
Concubine(Lady Liu)
(Wang Zhaoyi)(Lady
Huan)(Sunji)and
many more........
Princess Anyang,Cao Xian, Cao Jie,Cao Hua, JinXiang (Cao Cao daughters)
Generals(Zhang liao, Yue Jin, Yu jin, Zhang He, Xu Huang)
Tiger riders(Cao Ren,Cao Hong,Cao Zhen,Cao Chun,Cao Xiu,Xiahou Dun,Xiahou
Yuan,Xiahou Shang)
9 courageous Advisors (Xun Yu,Xun You,Jia Xu,Guo Jia,Chneg Yu,Xi Zhicai,Liu Ye,

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Jiang Ji,Sima Yi.)
Peasants (refuge, farmer)
Artisan and craftsman
Merchant
Slaves
Culture and tradition
Clothing
The second great change in ancient Chinese clothes occurred during the Wei (220-
265）, Jin (265-420), Southern and Northern Dynasties （420-589） owing to the
northern ethnic groups' invasion into the Central Plain Area (the middle and lower
reaches of the Yellow River), when Hufu became the most commonly seen clothes with a
slight change in style, featuring narrow sleeves, a close-fitting yi and a slit shang.
Another type of Han Chinese Shenyi (深衣) commonly worn from the pre-Shang periods
to the Ming Dynasty. This form is known as the zhiju (直裾) and worn primarily by men.
Two traditional forms of ruqun (襦裙), a type of Han Chinese clothing worn primarily by
women. Cuffs and sleeves on the upper garment may be tighter or looser depending on
style. A short skirt or weighted braid (with weight provided by a jade or gold pendant) is
sometimes worn to improve aesthetics or comfort of the basic ruqun.

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Tea Drinking Customs
As a sign of respect, in Chinese society, the younger generation shows respect to the
older generation by offering a cup of tea. Inviting and paying for their elders to go to
restaurants for tea is a traditional activity on holidays.
In the past, people of lower rank served tea to higher ranking people. Today, as
Chinese society becomes more liberal, parents may pour a cup of tea for their children, or
a boss may even pour tea for subordinates at restaurants. The lower ranking person
should not expect the higher ranking person to serve him or her tea in formal occasions,
however.
The Chinese make serious apologies to others by pouring them tea. This act is taken
as a sign of regret and submission.
In the traditional Chinese marriage ceremony, both the bride and groom kneel in front of
their parents and serve them tea as an expression of gratitude. The customary phrase
spoken to the parents during this ritual can be translated as "Thank you for bringing us
up. Now we are getting married. We owe it all to you." The parents will usually drink a
small portion of the tea and then give the couple a red envelope, which symbolizes good
luck.
The tea ceremony during weddings also serves as a means for both parties in the wedding
to meet with members of the other family. As Chinese families can be rather extended, it
is entirely possible during a courtship to not have been introduced to someone. This was
particularly true in older generations where the patriarch may have had more than one
wife and not all family members were always on good terms. As such, during the tea
ceremony, the couple would serve tea to all family members and call them by their
official title. Drinking the tea symbolized acceptance into the family. Refusal to drink
would symbolize opposition to the wedding and is quite unheard of since it would result
in a loss of "face". Older relations so introduced would give a red envelope to the
matrimonial couple while the couple would be expected to give a red envelope to
younger relations.

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Poetry
Historical records
indicate Cao Cao (155
– 220), the father of the
well-known poets Cao
Pi (187 – 226) and Cao
Zhi (192 – 232), was
himself a brilliant ruler
and poet. Cao Pi is
known for writing the
first Chinese poem
using seven syllables
per line (七言詩), the
poem 燕歌行. Cao Zhi
demonstrated his spontaneous wit at an early age and was a favorite candidate for the
throne; his brother Cao Pi quickly took control after their father’s death and Cao Zhi was
never allowed to enter politics. Instead, he devoted his ability to Chinese literature and
poetry, and surrounded himself with a group of poets and officials with literary interests.
The poems of Cao Zhi, Cao Cao, and Cao Pi were representative of the solemn and
stirring jian'an style (建安風骨), a transition from earlier folksongs into scholarly poetry.
Lament over the ephemerality of life was a central theme of works from this period. More
than 60 of the 90 poems by Cao Zhi still in existence are five-character poems (五言詩),
considered to have strongly influenced the later development of five-character poetry.
Calligraphy
Part of the scroll for Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies, a Tang
Dynasty duplication of the original by Gu Kaizhi.
In ancient China, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court
circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs, aristocrats and scholar-
officials who had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great
brushwork. Calligraphy was considered the highest and purest form of painting. The
implements were the brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot
and animal glue. Writing as well as painting was done on silk until the invention of paper
in the first century. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued
throughout China's history.

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Seven Sages of the
Bamboo Grove, an
Eastern Jin (265-420)
tomb painting from
Nanjing, now located in
the Shaanxi Provincial
Museum and Strolling
About in Spring, by Zhan Ziqian, artist of the Sui Dynasty (581–618).
Music
In ancient China is not all
about wars, they also
appreciate music. This can
be shown when military
leaders like Zhou Yu and Cao Cao appreciating art and music as Zhou Yu and ZhuGe
Liang plays on their guqin to communicate with each other.
Religion
Influence of
Buddhism
A Chinese Northern Wei
Buddha Maitreya, 443 C.E.
Buddhism arrived in China
around the first century C.E.
(although some traditions tell of a
monk visiting China during
Asoka's reign), and for the next
seven centuries China became
very active in the development of
Buddhist art, particularly in the area of statuary. Strong Chinese traits were soon
incorporated in Buddhist artistic expression.From the fifth to sixth century, the Northern
Dynasties, physically distant from the original sources of inspiration, developed symbolic
and abstract modes of representation with schematic lines. Their style is solemn and
majestic. The lack of corporeality of this art, and its distance from the original Buddhist
objective of expressing the pure ideal of enlightenment in an accessible, realistic manner,

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progressed towards more the natural and realistic expression of Tang Buddhist art.
History/Myths of three kingdom
184
Everything started from the Yellow Turban Rebellion. The power of Eastern Han dynasty
faced a lot of trouble due to the political and economical problem after the death in 105 of
the Emperor He.vA forced which lead by Zhang Jiao rised and attacked the government
of Eastern Han at 184.This incident cause the war era for almost 100 years.
During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, the prefecture of ”You” Province--- Liu Yan made
a notice to recruit army forced from people in the state.
At that time, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei meet and formed a army forced
together.They also sworn as brother which Liu Bei be the big brother, Guan Yu be the
second and Zhang Fei be the third brother.Hence three of these brother help Liu Yan to
stop the rise of Yellow Turban forced.After the combination of all source of power,the
Yellow Turban Rebellion was finally end in 189.
189
In the same year,Emperor Ling died, and there some conflict happen between the court
eunuchs for control of the imperial family.This incident cause He Jin and the Ten
Attendants all killed and give the chance for Dong Zuo to enter the Imperial court and
control it. Although this incident ended the century-long feud between the eunuchs and
the imperial family,however, this event prompted the invitation of Dong Zhuo to the
outskirts of Luoyang from the northwest boundary of China.
190
The control of Dong Zhuo in the imperial court cause a lot of troubles and hence cause
lots of people start to antipathy him. On 28 September, Dong Zhuo deposed Liu Bian
from the imperial Han throne in favor for Liu Xie.A combination forced to defeated Dong
Zhuo hence formed by Sun Jian,Yuan Shao,Cao Cao and lots of others.
Sun Jian Yuan
Shao Cao Cao
191
The combination forced
which name
”KwangTung Army” start
to attack Dong Zhuo. The
attack forced Dong Zhuo
to burn most of the area

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in Luo Yang and step back to Chang An. The incident of “Three Heroes Combating Lü
Bu” happen in the war also which Liu Bei,Zhang Fei,Guan Yu three brothers fight the
strongest fighter in Three Kingdoms --- Lü Bu.
”KwangTung Army” “Three Heroes Combating Lu Bu”
However, Due to some conflict between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao,”KwangTung Army”
disband at last.
192
In the following year, Lü Bu assassinated Dong Zhuo.After Dong Zhuo dead,the imperial
court become a mess and all of the feudalists getting stronger.All of these formed the
Separatist warlords situation.
199
With the advantages of “Emperor to the nobility”,Cao Cao defeat most of the feudalists
and his power getting stronger.Same as Yuan Shao,after defeated GongSunZhan, he
amassed a large army and camped along the northern bank of the Yellow River.Both of
them formed two strongest power in the North China Plain at that time.
200
Both of the power started to clashed, and on the one of the most famous war in Three
Kingdoms History which is the Battle of Guandu. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao.

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Battle of
Guandu,Cao Cao vs Yuan Shao
In other story ,Sun Quan continue his father and brother power which is Sun Jian and Sun Ce.He
start to established his authorities with the help of his minister like Zhou Yu and Lu Su.At that
time he just 18 years old.
207
Cao Cao achieved complete dominance of the North China Plain.He now controlled China's
heartland, including Yuan Shao's former territory, and half of the Chinese population.
Cao Cao forced(Blue)
after defeated Yuan
Shao
208
Sun Quan now held
control over the
territories south of the
Yangtze.
Nevertheless, he would soon come under the threat of Cao Cao's larger armies.
At the Autumn in this year,The Governor of Jing Province---Liu Biao passes away. and
was succeeded by his youngest son Liu Zong over the eldest son Liu Ji through political
maneuvering.
At that time,Liu Bei faced a lot of defeated and flee away from Cao Cao domination with

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his followers.He come to the power of Liu Biao. At that time, Liu Bei had become the
head of the opposition to a surrender when Cao Cao's army marched southward to
Jing.Liu Zong surrender to Cao Cao and hence Cao Cao take control of the Jing
Province.After that,Liu Bei retreated and sought support from Sun Quan.
Cao Cao occupied the naval base at Jiangling on the Yangtze River.He would now begin
proceeding eastwards towards Sun Quan with his armies and new fleet, while sending
messengers to demand Sun Quan's surrender.
In other story, “Three Humble Visits to a Thatched Cottage” also happen at that time.This
is the incidents where Liu Bei and his other two brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei visit
Zhu Ge Liang for three times to invited him to enter his power.Zhu Ge Liang which
named as the most intelligent people in Three Kingdoms History state the “Longzhong
policy” to Liu Bei.This policy impact a lot for China to go through the path of Three
Kingdoms .
Battle of Red Cliffs
Zhou Yu
One of the most famous and important war in Three Kingdoms History.To fight with Cao
Cao which having the most power at that time,Zhu Ge Liang advice Liu Bei to cooperate
with Sun Quan .Zhu Ge Liang get help from his friend that under Sun Quan forced ---Lu
Su to meet up with Sun Quan.After the persuade of Zhu Ge Liang and advice of Lu
Su,Sun Quan decided to combine forced with Liu Bei.With the active perform of some
general of Liu Bei and Sun Quan especially Zhou Yu the Captaincy for this
battle,Combination of Liu-Sun get a big win on Cao Cao forced in the Battle of Red

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Cliffs.The Fire Plan by Liu-Sun side sucessed to forced Cao Cao to retreat back to the
North. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and
provided the basis for the states of Shu and Wu.
209
After the Battle of Red Cliff, the Three Kingdoms started to slowly appear. Liu Bei 刘备
and Shun Quan 孙权 started to conquer different parts of Jingzhou separately.
211
Liu Bei accepted the invitation of Liu Zhang 刘璋 to visit Yi province to assist Liu Zhang
against the invasion from the North of Yi province.
Officials in Liu Zhang’s court wised that Liu Bei could replace Liu Zhang as the
ruler of Yi province. This was because Liu Zhang was considered unfit to rule
such a big territory as he was not visionary and spent most of his time drawing
rather than paying attention to his administrative duties.
A few conflicts occurred which were mainly caused by the widespread rumours of
the officials in Liu Zhang’s court. They rumoured that Liu Bei may seize control
over Yi province and encouraged Liu Zhang to attack Liu Bei.
The conflict turned into a war in which Liu Bei’s military strategist 庞统 Pang
Tong was killed. In revenge, Liu Bei pledged war and controlled Yi province.
Meanwhile, Cao Cao from the North started attacking and conquered lands all the
way to the South, threatening Liu Bei in the South.
Cao Cao progressively increased his titles and power under the puppet Emperor
Xian. He became the Chancellor in 208, the Duke of Wei in 214, and the King of
庞统 Pang Tong

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Wei in 217
214
Sun Quan 孙权 and Cao Cao 曹操 fought each other over the years to gain more
territory. As they were unsuccessful, Sun Quan turned his attention to the West. He
realised Liu Bei’s territory increased tremendously. He sent Lu Meng to capture some of
Lu Bei’s territory. Liu Bei reacted with another counterattack led by Guan Yu. After the
event, both sides negotiated peacefully.
Liu Bei and Liu
Zhang
219
This year, Liu Bei seized control over Hanzhong and claimed himself as King of
Hanzhong. Throughout the years, Sun Quan’s officer, Lu Su maintained peace with Liu
Bei’s forces. As such, Jingzhou still remained under Liu Bei’s rule. However, all that
changed when Lu Su was succeeded by Lu Meng. He launched an attack towards Guan
Yu in Jingzhou to reclaim Jingzhou. Guan Yu was defeated and his army surrended. Lu
Meng executed Guan Yu without the permission of Sun Quan.
220
At the beginning of 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi. He
proclaimed himself as the Emperor of Wei. Liu Bei responded by proclaiming
himself as the Emperor of Han on May 15 221. Sun Quan however claimed
himself as the King Of Wu.As such, the three kingdoms were officially formed.

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221-223
At the end of 221, Shu invaded Wu in response for Guan Yu's killing and the loss of Jing
Province by Wu’s conquest. Guan Yu was Liu Bei’s sworn brother. As such, Liu Bei’s
anger made him irrational and he himself led his army to attack Wu of the East.
Sun Quan dispatched Lu Xun to command over the defense of Wu against the invasion
by Shu.
Lu Xun defended Wu and defeated Han in a series of victories. In 223, Liu Bei retreated
to Bodi and he passed away with regret. He asked Zhuge Liang to take care of his child,
Liu Shan and the government of Shu.
Shu and Wu resumed their diplomatic relations by re-establishing peace and alliance in
the winter of 223.
Liu Bei’s irrational act of attacking Wu resulted in most of Shu’s funds and wealth
depleted drastically. Shu’s power was weakening.
224-225
During his southward campaigns, Zhuge Liang conquered the southern territories up to
Lake Dian in Yunnan.
226
Zhuge Liang

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Cao Pi died (aged 40) and was succeeded by his eldest son Cao Rui (aged 22). Sima Yi,
one of the elder generals was appointed to help Cao Rui in his duties as the Emperor of
Wei. Sima Yi was a successful military strategists and he helped Wei conquer vast lands.
227-234
Zhuge Liang led the Shu army to attack Wei of the North as he believed that it was the
perfect time to conquer the North and unify China. Zhuge Liang almost won a few wars,
however, supply problems limited the capacity for success. The Shu army retreated and
withdrew in the end. Zhuge Liang tried his best to fulfil the wish of his former master,
Liu Bei, which is to restore the glory of the Han dynasty. However, the failures of the
Northern conquest made him ill and weak. He died at 234.
235-238
In 238, Cao Rui perished at age 35. He was succeeded by his adopted son Cao Fang
(aged 7), who was a close member of the imperial family.
238-late 230s
Tensions between the Cao clan as well the Sima clan in the imperial court rose and
escalated. Factionalism was evident between the Cao family as well as Sima Yi. As Sima
Yi was a capable strategist and politician, he helped prevent rebellions. Little by little, the
Sima clan was in control of the imperial court.
258
After the death of Zhuge Liang, the Kingdom of Shu was near its end. Corruption rose
and the kingdom could not improve its conditions although there were some attempts
mad by Zhuge Liang’s successors.
260
Cao Huan succeeded the throne of Wei after Cao Mao was killed by Sima Zhao, Sima
Yi’s son. Soon after, Sima Zhao died and he was succeeded by his son Sima Yan.
263
Wei launched 3 attacks on Shu. The Shu army was forced to retreat and in the end,
Emperor Liu Shan surrendered after the capital Chengdu fell. The state of Shu had come
to an end after 43 years.

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264-280
Sima Yan seized the throne from Cao Mao. He overthrew the Wei dynasty and
established the Jin dynasty in 264. Following Sun Quan’s death, the throne was
succeeded by Sun Liang in 252. Later, the throne was succeeded by Sun Xiu and Sun
Hao respectively. In the winter of 279, Sima Yan launched 5 simultaneous attacks on Wu.
The Wu collapsed and fell in the third month of 280. At last, the Three Kingdoms period
ended.
Administrations
KINGDOM CAO WEI Bureaucracy
The system of government in Wei inherited many aspects from that of the Eastern Han
dynasty. During his reign, Cao Pi established two separate government bodies - the
Central Inspectorate (中書監) and the Mobile Imperial Secretariat (行尚書臺) — to
reduce the authority of the Imperial Secretariat (尚書臺) and consolidate the power of the
central government. During this time, the minister Chen Qun developed the nine-rank
system for civil service nomination, which was adopted by later dynasties until it was
superseded by the imperial examination system in the Sui dynasty. Cao Pi felt that the
Han dynasty collapsed because the Governors (州牧) of the various provinces wielded
too much power and fell out of the control of the central government. He reduced the role
of a Governor to that of an Inspector (刺史), and permitted the Inspectors to administer
only civil affairs in their respective provinces, while military affairs were handled by
military personnel based in regional offices or in the capital. The leader (中领军) &
Zhong Hu Jun (中护军) controls the central military. They appoint Generals of the North,
South, East & West during wartime.
KINGDOM SHU HAN Bureaucracy
Shu Wei did not implement the kind of Nine Bureaucracy like Cao Wei, therefore its
bureaucracy is similar to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Head of ministers: Prime Minister
The ministers in Shu Wei uses the Han system, so their names follow their ranking
amongst the officers. Three departments of Lang: LangJiang, Central LangJiang,
Left&right LangJiang.
KINGDOM EASTERN WU Bureaucracy
DongWu’s central bureaucracy is similar to Shu Han & Cao Wei. The prime minister is
also the head of all the ministers, only manage routines in the government but not
involved inmajor government decisions. The military advisor, Auxiliary and Elliott are
under the Prime minister. Important roles in the politics is the Grand Marshall, the great

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general, etc. JeonNong Comander is in charged of military foods and does not belong to
the Dasinong, which differs from the Wei System. The prince’s 4 friends are officers
Zhuofu, Youbi, Puzheng, Yizheng. The prince’s guests are Shuzi, Zhong Shuzi, Officer
Puyi. Military Officers are made up of the leading generals, left and right leader, central
Hujun ,left and right Hujun, the Code army, left and right Code army. There are Fu Jun
general, Southern, Northen, Western generals, but no Eastern generals, there Pingnan
general, Pingxi general, Pingbei generals but no Pingdong generals.
Architecture
In this report, we research on the architecture of ancient China, basically the architecture
during the tree kingdom period. Ancient Chinese architecture is mainly timber work.
Wooden posts, beams, lintels and joists make up the framework of a house. Walls serve as
the separation of rooms without bearing the weight of the whole house, which is unique
to China. As a famous saying goes, 'Chinese houses will still stand when their walls
collapse.' The specialty of wood requires antisepsis methods to be adopted, thus develops
into Chinese own architectural painting decoration. Colored glaze roofs, windows with
exquisite applique design and beautiful flower patterns on wooden pillars reflect the high-
level of the craftsman's handicraft and their rich imagination.
The layout of a courtyard complex is also unique to China. The main structure is located
on the central axis of a court while less-important structures are located to the left and
right. The whole layout is symmetrical. Compared with European architectural style
which is open and shut, a courtyard is like a hand scroll of painting which should be
unfolded little by little. The scenery is different in each courtyard. Even in moving
several steps within the court yard, you will be surprised at the changing of prospects.
Likewise from the interior of the buildings the view from no two windows is the same.
Intricate painted
ceiling of a pavilion
Symmetrical layout
of a courtyard
Inspiration of
movies

23
Red Cliff (2008-2009)
Red Cliff is a Chinese epic war film from 2008-2009, based on the Battle of Red
Cliffs (208–209 AD) and the events at the end of the Han dynasty and immediately prior
to the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. The film was directed by John Woo, In
the summer of 208, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, the Chancellor, Cao Cao,

24
leads the imperial army on a campaign to eliminate the southern warlords Sun
Quan and Liu Bei, whom he denounces as "rebels". Emperor Xian reluctantly approves
the campaign. Cao Cao's mighty army swiftly conquers Jing Province. The Battle of
Changban is ignited when Cao Cao's cavalry starts attacking civilians on an exodus led
by Liu Bei. During the battle, Liu Bei's followers, including his sworn brothers Guan
Yu and Zhang Fei, give an excellent display of their combat skills by holding off the
enemy while buying time for the civilians to retreat. The warrior Zhao Yun fights bravely
to rescue Liu Bei's entrapped family but only succeeds in rescuing Liu's infant son.
Following the battle, Liu Bei's advisor, Zhuge Liang, goes on a diplomatic mission
to Jiangdong to form an alliance between his lord and Sun Quan against Cao Cao. Sun
Quan was initially in the midst of a dilemma of whether to surrender or fight back, but his
decision to resist Cao Cao hardens after Zhuge Liang's clever persuasion and a
subsequent tiger hunt with his viceroy Zhou Yu and his sister Sun Shangxiang.
Meanwhile, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, two naval commanders from Jing Province, pledge
allegiance to Cao Cao, who puts them in command of his navy.
After the hasty formation of the Sun–Liu alliance, the forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan
call for a meeting to formulate a plan to counter Cao Cao's army, which is rapidly
advancing towards their base at Red Cliff from both land and water. The battle begins
with Sun Shangxiang leading some riders to lure Cao Cao's vanguard force into the
allies' Bagua Formation. The vanguard force is defeated by the allies but Cao Cao shows
no disappointment and proceeds to lead his main army to the riverbank directly opposite
Red Cliff, where they make camp. While the allies throw a banquet to celebrate their
victory, Zhuge Liang conceives a plan to send Sun Shangxiang on an espionage mission
to Cao Cao's camp. They maintain contact by sending messages via a pigeon. The film
ends with Zhou Yu lighting his miniaturised battleships on a map based on the battle
formation. While in the second part is the main battle of the red cliff where alliance of
Shu and Han plan to attack Cao Cao’ army with fire. Unfortunately, the wind is going in
wrong direction that will cause the fire to react in their disadvantage. But Zhu GeLiang
knew how the whole atmosphere works and he knew when would the wind change.
Hence he told General Zhou Yu that he has the abilities to change the wind direction.
When the time is right, he wave his fan and the wind change. The alliance charge to
attack Cao Cao’s army base. In the end Cao Cao’s army was defeated and Cao Cao were
ask to go back where he came from.

25
Three Kingdom (TV series)
Three Kingdoms is a Chinese television series based on the events in the late Eastern Han
dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The plot is based on Luo Guanzhong's classical
novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the historical text Records of the Three
Kingdoms, and other related stories. Although it is a TV series that explain the whole era
of the three kingdoms, we chose the series where they fought the battle in red cliff. This
is where our role plays are related to that moment. Their story of battling in red cliff has a
slight difference comparing to the Red Cliff film. The story is that after the defeat of Cao
Cao, Cao Cao tried to escape but Zhuge Liang order Guan Yu and his army to wait and
ambush him. When Cao Cao and Guan Yu met, he knew he will lose to Guan Yu’s army
but his advisers advice him that in the past Cao Cao has help Guan Yu a lot. In
persuasion, Guan Yu allowed him to pass and escape because Guan Yu is a fair and kind
person.

26
Our research characters in the battle of red cliff

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1. Cherilyn Chia
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Lu
Su courtesy name Zijing, was a politician, diplomat and military general serving under
the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was recommended by Zhou
Yu as a talent to Sun Quan in 200 CE when Sun had just taken over the reins of power
from his elder brother and predecessor. Through the research on his costume, Lu Su
wears blue or black shirts most of the times to show his intelligence and kindness.

30
2. Chang May Chen
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is
Zhu ge Liang, courtesy name Kong Ming, was a chancellor of the state of Shu
Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the greatest and most
accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to another great ancient
Chinese strategist, Sun Tzu. The costumes that Zhu GeLiang wear is white in color. It is
because the white represent his calmness and peace. It is also showed that his intelligence
is through his calm state of mind.

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3. Hong Shi Lik
Zhou Yu, courtesy name Gongjin, was a military general and strategist serving under the
warlord Sun Ce in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He continued serving under Sun Quan,
Sun Ce's younger brother and successor, after Sun Ce died in 200 CE. Around late 208,
the northern warlord Cao Cao led his forces south with the intention of conquering the
Jiangdong region, where Sun Quan's territories were based, but was defeated by Sun's
forces under Zhou Yu's command at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Zhou Yu served as
the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces at the Battle of Jiangling and defeated Cao
Cao's forces again. Zhou Yu's victories helped to solidify the survivability of Sun Quan's
regime, which would serve as the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three
Kingdoms period (220–280). He died in 210 at a relatively young age of 35 while
preparing for a conquest of the Bashu region (covering present-day Sichuan and
Chongqing). The character of Zhou Yu costumes shows crimson and black. Its a sign of
dominance and power.

34
4. Vanessa Tan
Xiao Qiao who was married to the general Zhou Yu, who served Sun Ce and his
successor Sun Quan. Xiao Qiao costume does not really have a specific color, but through
her beauty and happiness, we decided to chose a light yellow color for her.

36
5. Teoh Jun Xiang
Cao Cao, courtesy name Mengde, he was a warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of
the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. Cao
Cao costume also shows dominance because he is the supreme ruler of Kindom Wei. We
also chose red and black to match his fierceness and superiority.

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6. Saw E Sean
Huang Gai, courtesy name Gongfu, was a military general serving under the warlord Sun
Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He previously served under Sun Quan's
predecessors – Sun Jian (Sun Quan's father) and Sun Ce (Sun Quan's elder brother). The
costume of Huang gai in that period was mostly brown and red. It is the color of their
Kindom Wu to show loyalty and bravery.

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7. Melvyn Poh
Guan Yu, courtesy name Yun Chang, he was a general serving under the warlord Liu
Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He played a significant role in the civil war that led
to the collapse of the dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han – founded by
Liu Bei – in the Three Kingdoms period. Guan Yu famous of his green robe and his
Green Dragon Crescent Blade due to its righteousness and skill in combat.

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8. Ow Xun Cong
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Sun
Quan, courtesy name Zhong Mou, was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the
Three Kingdoms period. He ruled from 200-222 as the "Marquis of Wu", from 222 to 229
as the "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". The Emperor Sun
Quan does not have a specific color, but we chose blue to show his intellect as an
emperor and a crown for his superiority.
Plot
Exposition
After Cao Cao appointed himself as the Chancellor of the Imperial Court, he led his army
to conquer the Southern state of Jingzhou. Fancheng as well as Jingzhou fell into the
hands of Cao Cao, and he only had to conquer Dong Wu to unite China. Lu Bei led his
people to seek refuge in the South and Cao Cao was ready to attack Dong Wu at Red
Cliff.
Rising Action
Lu Su, an official of Dong Wu, went to visit Zhuge Liang to discuss about the formation
of an alliance between Liu Bei and his lord, Sun Quan. As their forces were weak, Lu Su
suggested that they work together to defeat Cao Cao. The Marquis of Dong Wu, Sun
Quan, was still indecisive on whether to attack or surrender To Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang
was successful in persuading Sun Quan in forming an alliance. When preparing for the
war, Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang faced some difficulties, such as the lack of arrows and
the conditions of the weather. However, Zhuge Liang’s intelligence and knowledge
helped them solved every problem. On the other hand, Cao Cao felt confident in winning

43
the battle. Just before the war, Xiao Qiao, Zhou Yu’s wife appeared in Cao Cao’s camp to
persuade him to end the war. As Cao Cao admired her for a long time, Xiao Qiao
attempted to distract him and give the alliance more time to attack Cao Cao’s army.
Climax
The battle of Red Cliff started off with Huang Gai’s ship burning the navy ships of Cao
Cao. Cao Cao’s army was unprepared as the enemy made full use of the weather to attack
him first. The alliance attacked Cao Cao’s army using fire, resulting in a massive fire that
instantly burned all his ships.
Falling Action
The alliance won the battle of Red Cliff. Cao Cao and his men fled away to Hua Rong
Road, only to see Guan Yu blocking their way. Cao Cao persuaded Guan Yu emotionally
by stating that he helped Guan Yu escaped before and so Guan Yu should do the same.
Guan Yu, a warrior who emphasized on loyalty and morality, felt guilty and eventually,
he let Cao Cao escaped.
Denouement
After the great battle, both Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang talked about current affairs. They
both acknowledged that they we will be enemies one day in the chaotic situation of the
Three Kingdoms.
The key frames of the storyboards

45
Explanation of the storyboard
1st
Scene
Cao Cao dominated the North of China and Planning to rule the whole China.
Lu Su comes to meet Zhu Ge Liang about combination forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan to
fight Cao Cao.
2nd
Scene
Lu Su brings Zhu Ge Liang to meet Sun Quan. He convince Sun Quan for combination
but Sun Quan still can’t make up his mind.
Zhou Yu comes in and successfully convince Sun Quan to join the army to fight.
3rd
Scene

46
Zhou Yu and Zhu Ge Liang meet and talk about the arrows issue. Zhu Ge Liang promise
that he will prepare 100 thousand arrows in 3 days. Zhou Yu agreed to lend him 20 boats.
Zhu Ge Liang then invited Lu Su for a boat ride.
A thick ,ist had spread over the surface of the river. The people could hardly see each
other on the river.
Zhu Ge Liang
Zhu Ge Liang ordered his soldiers to shout and beat drums to fake an attack. Zhu Ge
Liang and Lu Su just sat on the boat and drink wine together.
Cao Cao ‘s armies saw the enemies boat, but they can’t really see them clearly, so they
gathered 3000 bowmen to shoot the arrows.
All those arrows were shot to the scarecrow that was plan by Zhu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge
Liang ask the boats to go back to base. They compiled and collected more than 100,000
arrows.
4th
Scene
In their meeting, Huang Gai came out the idea to surrender to Cao Cao and then try to
burn Cao Cao boat when he pretend to surrender to him. However, Zhou Yu realize that
the wind direction is not suitable for fire attack.
Zhu Ge Liang said that he can change the wind direction by prepare a 7 altar.
5th
Scene
Zhou Yu worry that the wind direction could not change in time before Cao Cao starts to
attack the Sun Quan camp. Xiao Qiao came to meet Zhou Yu and said that she will delay
Cao Cao until the wind direction change.
Zhou Yu disagreed because he thinks that it si dangerous for Xiao Qiao to enter the
enemy camp alone.
6th
Scene
Zhou Yu pretend to hit Huang Gai in public, so that Cao Cao will receive the message
that Huang Gai is currently unhappy at Sun Quan side.
7th
Scene
Cao Cao receive the letter from Huang Gai that he wants to join Cao Cao forced. Cao
Cao do not trust Huang Gai at first until he heard somebody said that Zhou Yu hit Huang
Gai in public.
8th
Scene
Zhou Yu came back and realize that Xiao Qiao already leave to meet Cao Cao. She wrote
a letter to Zhou Yu.

47
9th
Scene
Although he felt depressed, but Zhou Yu still do his job by leading the army through to
prepare for the battle.
10th
Scene
Zhu Ge Liang start the action to call the wind.
11th
Scene
Xiao Qiao came to meet Cao Cao and delayed his time. Suddenly, the wind direction
changed. His soldiers came to report to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was shocked and went out to
see the situation.
12th
and 13th
Scene
Cao Cao side start to panic, and at that time Huang Gai boat is coming, Cao Cao thought
that he came to surrender. When the boat came near Huang Gai light the fire. Cao Cao
camp start to burn.
14th
Scene
Cao Cao realize that he is in trouble and he started to run away, Huang Gai chase Cao
Cao but get hit by Cao Cao army with arrows, hence an explosion blew him away. Sun
Quan witness the situation and ask the troop to keep going.
16th
and 17th
Scene
Huang Gai woke up in the army camp, he ask Han Dang that does the team win the
battle, Han Dang said yes and he shout due to his happiness;
Lu Su worry that Cao Cao will run away, he went to talk to Shu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge Liang
said that he already sent some people to stop Cao Cao. Lu Su clap that Cao Cao’s life has
finally came to the end, but Zhu Ge Liang still not sure about that.
17th
and 18th
Scene
After Cao Cao run away from the Sun-Liu army, he meets Guan Yu. Guan Yu defeats all
Cao Cao remaining troops. They met and started talking. In the end, Guan Yu let Cao Cao
free.
After the battle between Sun-Liu army and Cao Cao army, Zhou Yu said this victory is
just the starting, he knows one day he will faces Liu Bei army and Zhu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge
Liang also knows that and he starts to think about the future.
Idea and sketches of costumes and props

49
Before we start making the props and costumes, we brainstorm and research on all the
costumes and weapons. We draw it out and state what materials are suitable for the props
and costumes.

52
After we drew it out and colored out drawings, we started label the drawings that what
materials will be use for each costumes and props. We labeled numbering on different
color cloth. We also cut our some drawings to make the paper dolls.
The process of making costume
In the beginning We use the Majiok paper to cut out the size of the collar before start
doing the costume.
After that, let the group members try the “Majiok Paper Costume” and take down the
sizes form each of them.

53
Next, measure the height from each of them. The height and width will determine their
own costume sizes.

55
we used masking tape to mark down the size of the shoulder.
We started to cut the cloth according the sizes.
We try the half complete costume to confirm the sizes.
We finish the costume
and ask the group
members to try it on
but we still done
some touch up such
as add colours and
patterns.

56
This is all our group members we took a group photos without wearing the costumes but
one of the group members tried it on first.
This is the final outcome of our costume design. We took a group photo to show our
costumes and some props.
Process of making props
In the beginning we brought and used a lot of recycle card boards to make our props.
Next, we research on the design and history of the props.
We measure the width of every member’s head sizes and starting cutting the card boards.

57
After cutting out the card boards, we started shaping the hats. We also sticks color papers
for the props.
Later we add some final touches to the hat design.
We also paint the hats with water color.
We also cut out a boat like shape from the card boards. We painted it so it looks more like
a boat.
Besides that, we also measure the size of the weapons and cut it out.

59
This is the final outcome of the blade
We also tried to make beards by cutting out the parcel strings. Due to its smell from the
black spray and weight, we decided to use black plastic bag instead.

61
This is the final outcome of the beard by using black plastic bag.
In the end we put all the props into a box for safe keeping.
The props explanation
A jue is a shape of Chinese
ritual bronze, a tripod vessel or

62
goblet used to serve or warm wine. It was used for ceremonial purposes by the Chinese of
the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Often the jue had a handle, sometimes in the shape
of a dragon. It also has two protuberances on the top of the vessel, which were probably
used when lifting the vessel out of heat.
A helmet that wore
by Huang Gai who
was a military
general serving
under the
warlord Sun
Quan in the
late Eastern Han dynasty.

63
Bronze Jians and Daos, as well as steel Jians, are completely replaced by steel Daos.
Forge-welding (using higher carbon steel for the cutting edge and lower carbon steels for
the core or sandwich plates, depending on the design) introduced, a standardized process
for later Chinese blades for almost 2,000 years.

64
Map of Jingzhou or Jing Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China
referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou. It
became an administrative division during the reign of
Emperor Wu in the Western Han dynasty.
A hat that wore by
Lu Su who was a
politician, diplomat
and military
general serving
under the
warlord Sun
Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was recommended by Zhou Yu as a talent to
Sun Quan.
A helmet that wore
by Zhou Yu who
was a military
general who lived
in the late Eastern
Han dynasty and

65
early Three Kingdoms period. He the Viceroy of Kingdom Wu and the spouse of Xiao
Qiao
A hat that wore by Cao
Cao who was a warlord
and the
penultimate Chancellor
of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty.
A king crown that wore
by Sun Quan who was formally known as Emperor Da of Wu "Great Emperor of Wu",
was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He ruled
as the "Emperor of Wu".

66
A hat that wore by Zhuge Liang who was a chancellor of the state of Shu Han during
the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the greatest and most accomplished
strategist of his era, and has been compared to another great ancient Chinese
strategist, Sun Tzu.

67
A hat that wore by Guan Yu who was the General of state Shu Han during the Three
Kingdom period. He is reconised as one of the greatest and righteous general of his era.
A sword that use by the Emperor of Wu who is Sun Quan.

68
Zhuge
Liang often
depicted
wearing a
robe and
holding a hand fan made of crane feathers.

69
A legendary sword that was used by Mighty General Guan Yu. This blade or pole arm
was feared by many enemies.
Bow that use by the army which made by wood while for the arrow, the front part was
made by steel.

70
This is a typical wooden boats for the army or people to travel on water.

71
The script
Script of The Battle of Red Cliff
In 208 B.C, Cao Cao appointed himself as the Chancellor of the Imperial Court. After
unifying the Northern parts of China, he led his army to conquer the Southern state of
Jingzhou. Liu Bei adhered to Zhugeliang’s decision to abandon Fancheng and lead his
refugee population of civilians and soldiers to Jiangling, Jing Province. At that time, Li
Biao, the Governor of Jing Province died and his youngest son, Li Cong succeeded him.
His eldest son, Liu Qi, assumed a commandery in Jiangxia. Liu Bei led his people to Liu
Cong’s city and begged him to allow his people to seek refuge in the city. However, he
was rejected by Liu Cong. Liu Cong later surrendered to Cao Cao and Jing Province was
under Cao Cao’s control. Desperate, Liu Bei travelled south to seek refuge in Jiangxia.
Cao Cao’s army attacked Liu Bei which resulted in high numbers of casualties. Although
a lot of people advised him to abandon his people, Liu Bei was persistent that he would
not abandon his people.
Scene 1
Lu Su: Are you Zhuge Liang?
Zhuge Liang: Apparently, I am. May I ask what is the reason for Lu Su to come here all
the way from Dong Wu?
Lu Su: Cao Cao’s massive army has invaded Jing Province, and his next target must be
Jiangdong. We can’t depend on our own forces to defeat Cao Cao. Moreover, there is a
difference in opinion among the court officials as the military officials are for war and the
civil officials are against war. Our lord is also indecisive in this matter.
Zhuge Liang: So, what’s your idea regarding this matter?
Lu Su: I definitely do not want the late Sun Jian’s works and accomplishments to
disappear just like that. I came here to ask your lord, Liu Bei, to form an alliance with our
forces to increase the chances of defeating Cao Cao. Therefore, I intend on using this
reason to advice my lord, Sun Quan to not give up on the accomplishments of our
ancestors.
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su’s thoughts are similar to mine. I will inform my lord about this
matter.
Lu Su: Very well, I sure hope that Zhugeliang can come to our land and persuade our
marquis regarding this matter.
Zhuge Liang: Promise!
Scene 2
(The next day, Zhou Yu had a discussion with Sun Quan.)
Sun Quan: Gong Jin, Cao Cao’s massive army are keen on conquering Jiangdong. If we
are to face his army, I’m afraid that we don’t have the power to do so. If we are to
surrender, it means that we are giving up on the accomplishments of our ancestors. What

72
must I do?
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao’s forces may be strong, however…
(At this time, Lu Su brought Zhuge Liang to meet Sun Quan and Zhou Yu.)
Lu Su: Gong Jin, you are here as well? Good! Cao Cao’s massive army intend on
attacking Jiang Dong. Do you think we should go to war or surrender?
(Zhou Yu took a look at Zhuge Liang and said)
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao used the Emperor’s name to attack us. Moreover, his army is too
strong and we will definitely lose the battle. As such, I intend on advising our lord to
surrender.
Lu Su: How can this be accepted? We should go to war, and not think about surrendering
like a coward! My lord, we should form an alliance with Liu Bei and defeat Cao Cao
together!
Zhou Yu: The truth does not lie, we should surrender!
(Zhugeliang, who sat at the side, gave a cold laugh)
Zhou Yu: Why are you laughing?!
Zhuge Liang: I’m laughing at Lu Su for not recognising the truth. I have an idea: We just
need two people toallow Cao Cao’s army to retreat. Cao Cao wanted to get the two most
beautiful women in Dong Wu, who are Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. If we send both of them
to him, Cao Cao will allow his army to retreat.
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao you scrupulous thief! Don’t you know, Da Qiao is General Sun Ce’s
wife and Xiao Qiao is my wife?
Zhuge Liang (Who pretended to be fightened): Zhou Yu… I’m so..so..sorry, I shouldn’t
have gave such an unwise remark.
Zhou Yu: Haha, I was just testing you just now. Actually, I wanted to defeat Cao Cao long
ago. Cao Cao’s army are not good at sea warfare and this may be beneficial to us. If we
form the Sun-Liu alliance, we can defeat Cao Cao.
Zhuge Liang: With your words, I, Kong Ming, will feel assured.
(Sun Quan gave a long and deep thought)
(The next morning, Sun Quan held a court conference)
Sun Quan: My beloved officials, are there any issues to be brought up and discussed?
Zhou Yu: My lord, Dong Wu is facing a threat from Cao Cao’s army. I believe that he
army of Wu has an advantage and I am willing to sacrifice my life to defeat the enemies.
Civil official: My lord, I object. Even though Liu Bei is willing to help us, we still…
Sun Quan: (Cuts the table using his sword) Whoever brings up the issue of surrendering
to Cao Cao, his head will have the same consequences as this table!
Scene 3
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang, if we are to fight Cao Cao’s army, which will be our weapon of
choice?
Zhuge Ling: The most obvious choice will be arrows as the war will take place on the
river.
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang’s thinking is similar to mine. As such, I would like to ask you to
make ten thousand arrows to act as our weapon during the war. As this is an official task,
I hope that you would not have any objections.
Zhuge Liang: I will fulfil the General’s tasks. May I ask when should the arrows be

73
completed?
Zhou Yu: In ten days.
Zhuge Liang: If we wait for ten days, we may miss a few opportunities during the war. In
my suggestion, I think it will take us three days the most to complete the task.
Zhou Yu: There are no jokes in the military!
Zhuge Liang: If I fail to deliver ten thousand arrows in three days, I will be punished.
(As such, Zhuge Liang asked Lu Su to prepare twenty boats. Each boat was decorated
with green cloths and hay. After three days, Zhuge Liang will deliver ten thousand
arrows. After Lu Su made all the preparations, Zhuge Liang was inactive for two days. At
midnight on the third and final day, thick mist enveloped the entire river.
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su, let’s retrieve some arrows. (After awhile) Soldiers, please row the
boats towards Cao Cao’s army opposite of this river bank.
Soldier: I sure can’t see anything as there is thick mist above the river.
Zhuge Liang: My soldiers, please form a row of twenty boats. Shout and hit the drum
according to my command.
(The sound of drumming and shouting)
Lu Su: If Cao Cao’s army attacks, what are we going to do?
Zhuge Liang: Haha, we should only care about enjoying this wine and not bother about
other things.
Cao Cao’s soldier: Chancellor, there is trouble!
CaoCao: If our enemies attack us all of a sudden, there must be an ambush. Send my
words and command the archers to shoot at will.
Zhuge Liang: My soldiers, please turn the boats around.
(After the mist cleared, ZhugeLiang obtained ten thousand arrows.)
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su, let’s return to our base camp.
Lu Su: Vey well.
Soldiers: Thank you chancellor for your arrows!
Cao Cao: Oh dear! We have been deceived!
(After returning to the base camp, Zhuge Liang had obtained more than ten thousand
arrows)
Lu Su: General, Kong Ming is definitely one of a kind.
Zhou Yu: (Sigh) I didn’t know that Zhuge Liang was this intelligent.
Scene 4
(That night, a group of generals gathered and discussed about the strategy to defeat Cao
Cao)
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang, I have a plan to defeat Cao Cao. However, I am unsure whether
you agree with me or not.
Zhuge Liang: Please don’t say it first. We shall write the word on our palms and see if
they are similar.
(Both of them put their hands together and showed their palms with the word “Fire”
written on them.)
(Guan Yu nodded his head)
Guan Yu: I heard that Cao Cao’s army connected their ships together to prevent
themselves from having seasick. If we launch a fire attack in accordance to the wind
direction, we can burn the connected ships.

74
Huang Gai: General, this is a brilliant idea! I will pretend to surrender myself to Cao Cao
to get close enough to Cao Cao’s ships and burn them!
(Zhou Yu took a glance out the window with a thoughtful expression.)
Zhuge Liang: If we want to defeat Cao Cao’s army, we must launch a fire attack;
everything is fully prepared, what’s lacking is the Eastern wind.
(All generals present suddenly realised something)
Sun Quan: The wind direction… the wind direction is not in our favour. If we launch a
fire strike, it will hurt our own forces instead.
(Zhuge Liang looked out the window)
Zhuge Liang: I may not be a genius, but I can summon the wind and the rain. I will be
pleased if a Seven Star Altar can be built for me to complete a ritual for three days and
three nights to borrow the Eastern wind. That way, it may help the Great General to
defeat Cao Cao’s enemy.
Zhou Yu: Are you speaking the truth?
Zhuge Liang: Of course, if everyone present is willing to trust me. Besides, all of us have
a common target, which is to defeat Cao Cao.
(Everyone looked at each other and nodded their heads)
Zhou Yu: Prepare a Seven Star Altar for Zhuge Liang.
(Zhou Yu looked at Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Liang gave him a confident look)
Scene 5
(Zhou Yu returns home)
Xiao Qiao: My dear, what are you worrying about? Didn’t Zhuge Liang promise that he
will help the Wu army borrow the Eastern wind?
Zhou Yu: Although Zhuge Liang can borrow the Eastern wind, I am still afraid that Cao
Cao will strike us first before the Eastern wind blows.
Xiao Qiao: I’ve heard that Cao Cao craves for me and my sister. My dear, should I go to
Cao Cao’s camp and try to delay his plans?
Zhou Yu: No! Definitely not! How can I allow my wife to step into the camp of Cao Cao?
Don’t you ever think about it again!
(After saying that, he returned to his table and continued his work)
Scene 6
(The second day, Zhou Yu held a discussion)
Zhou Yu: My dear generals, is there issue to be discussed?
Huang Gai: Great general, I personally think that we should surrender to Cao Cao’s army!
Zhou Yu: Someone, please “serve” him with one hundred canes!
(The people who saw the incident started discussing about it)
Scene 7
Messenger: Chancellor, there is a confidential letter for you.
Cao Cao: Huang Gai said that he wanted to join our forces. Why should I believe him?
Messenger: Chancellor, it was said that Zhou Yu publically caned Huang Gai a few days
earlier.
Cao Cao: Is it? Very well indeed! This will definitely give Sun Quan’s forces a hard blow.

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Scene 8
Zhou Yu: My dear, I am back.
(Xiao Qiao was missing and Zhou Yu discovered a letter on his table)
Xiao Qiao(letter): My dear, please forgive my impulsiveness and let me be selfish just for
once. I hope that you will come back triumphantly.
Scene 9
(Worship of the god of the sky)
Zhou Yu (stern face): My warriors, keep your focus, we shall not fear of death and I
swear that we will give Cao Cao a big defeat.
Warriors: Great general, mighty, mighty!!
Scene 10
Zhuge Liang: (Movement) Everything is fully prepared, what’s lacking is the Eastern
wind. My Great General, I can only help you till here. (The wind blows, Zhuge Liang
smiles)
Scene 11
(Footage of sand dial)
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, someone is here to see you.
(Cao Cao sees Xiao Qiao)
Cao Cao: What’s your intention of coming here?
Xiao Qiao: I’m here to advise you.
Cao Cao: Advise me to do what?
Xiao Qiao: To advise you to stop this war. You’ve already won, why start another war?
Cao Cao: I want Zhou Yu to kneel in front of me and surrender.
Xiao Qiao: (Kneels down immediately)
Cao Cao: What are you doing?
Xiao Qiao: I’m not doing this for Zhou Yu, I’m doing this for the sake of everyone.
Cao Cao: What if I don’t stop this war?
Xiao Qiao: (Pulls out Cao Cao’s sword)
Cao Cao: Stop playing a fool.
(After awhile, Xiao Qiao prepares the tea set)
Cao Cao: After I am victorious in this war, I will slowly enjoy the tea you’ve prepared.
Xiao Qiao: Try a cup of tea to relax yourselves a bit.
Cao Cao: Uhm.
Xiao Qiao: Ey, don’t rush. Observe the colour of the tea first, then smell the aroma of the
tea.
Cao Cao: Oh.
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, there seems to be trouble! The direction of the wind has
changed! It’s the Eastern wind!
(Cao Cao was shocked and rushed out his camp)
(Xiao Qiao looked out the window and gave a smile)
Scene 12
Huang Gai: Listen, when the ships reach Cao Cao’s fleet afterwards, if their ships do not

76
burn, nobody is allowed to jump off the ship. Do you guys have any questions? Have you
guys written your letters for your families? (Takes out the letters, tears it, throws it away)
Huang Gai: Start the journey, start the journey.
(Cao Cao was in the state of panic)
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, it’s Huang Gai’s ship.
Cao Cao: Huang Gai is definitely here to surrender, make way for his arrival.
(Huang Gai’s ship slowly approaches)
Huang Gai: Light up the fire!
(The front part of Huang Gai’s ship was lit on fire. His ship crashed into Cao Cao’s
fleet.)
(Cao Cao’s expression changed immediately)
Scene 13
The ships burn.
Scene 14
Cao Cao: Go back to our base camp and guard the gates with your lives!
Huang Gai: Sail towards Cao Cao’s main warship!
(Shouting)
Sun Quan: Everybody march forward!
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, I think we should just retreat.
Cao Cao: Draw back! Draw back!
Huang Gai: Cao Cao, don’t you think you can run away!
(Huang Gai rushed forward to chase after Cao Cao. However, his shoulder was shot by an
arrow which caused him to be unable to move due to his injury.)
Huang Gai: Ahhhh!
Sun Quan: Huang Gai!
(The ship beside Huang Gai exploded due to the force of the explosion. Huang Gai got
thrown into the river.
(Sun Quan’s emotions were affected, but he still remained calm)
Sun Quan: My warriors! Continue to march forward! Don’t let your comrades sacrifice
with vain! March!
(Zhou Yu pulled out his sword and led his army into the battlefield)
(The Battle of Red Cliff caused Cao Cao’s massive 800, 000 army to lose half of his men.
The alliance of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao’s army in a big victory. It was an
infamous war that not only provided a basis for the emergence of the Three Kingdoms,
but it clearly depicted that a weaker force was able to defeat a much bigger force. This is
also the most famous battle among the “Three Great Battles” during the Three Kingdoms
period.)
Scene 15
(Army camp)
Huang Gai: (Blinking) Wow, I’m still alive! How long have I been asleep? Han Dang, did
we win the war?
Han Dang: Yes, we won.
Huang Gai: We triumphed! We triumphed! Huhuhuhuhu

77
Scene 16
Lu Su: Zhuge Liang, will we be unsuccessful to capture Cao Cao if he escapes in this
manner?
Zhuge Liang: Rest assured Lu Su, I already arranged a person to prevent his escape.
Lu Su: Very well, Cao Cao has enjoyed his glorious days for so many years. Now, all this
has finally come to an end.
Zhuge Liang: (Deep thought) I don’t think so…
Scene 17
Cao Cao: Let’s take this small trail.
(They walked for a few moments and Guan Yu appeared right in front of them)
Cao Cao’s army: That’s… Green Dragon Crescent Blade… it’s Guan Yu!! (Terrified)
Protect the chancellor!
(The soldiers ran towards him but Guan Yu defeated them one by one)
Cao Cao: It’s been a long time since I’ve met you, Yun Chang. After so many things, we
still got the opportunity to meet each other here. I think that’s what we call- Fate.
(Guan Yu was silent)
Cao Cao: Do you want to kill me?
Guan Yu: I came to the Hua Rong passageway under the direct order of my military
strategist to kill you.
Cao Cao: Haha… Do you still remember the incident whereby you passed 5 gates and
killed 6 generals? They all seem to have happened yesterday. You really are Guan Yu, the
one who killed so many of my warriors with such ease. I never doubted your abilities. It’s
just a pity that I couldn’t persuade you stay after I rewarded you with so many wealth.
(The two of them were silent)
Cao Cao: Make your move. I will have no regrets dying under your sword. Everything
has to come to an end.
(Guan Yu was silent for a moment)
Guan Yu: (Places his sword to let Cao Cao pass) Just go. This will be the last time, if we
do meet again, I will not hesitate.
Cao Cao: Haha… we shall meet again
(Cao Cao bowed and walked away slowly)
Scene 18
Huang Gai met Zhou Yu at the river bank.
Zhou Yu: Are you recovering from your injuries?
Huang Gai: I am pretty much fine. Great general, Liu Bei and Sun Quan had a
disagreement on the allocation of Jing Province’s land. If this situation continues, I’m
afraid that our alliance will face problems.
Zhou Yu: There are no eternal friends or eternal enemies on the battlefield. This war is
only the beginning. Eventually, we will have to face Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang in battle
one day. That is a never-changing fact.
Huang Gai asked Zhou Yu to be dismissed…before he left…
Lu Su: Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu are two of the most intelligent people of our
generation. The coorperation between the two of you ensured the success of the Battle of

78
Red Cliff. However, if the both of you face each other in battle, what will be the
outcome?
Zhuge Liang: (Feeding the ducks and looking up upon the sky)
--THE END--
Our video trailer and poster
Our video trailer can be found in youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=B06VwYkwS4g&feature=youtu.be
Our poster

80
This is an additional poster that we made. We made it because it can be use for our e-
portfolio and make it more interesting for our movie screening.
Our padlet website
Our padlet website contains most of the information and sketches it can be found in
http://padlet.com/cncchinateam/jk58b38jaf4a

81
Reflection
From the sections that we read of the novel, we were highly impressed with how
often the film Red Cliff in China history. And the story of the Battle of Red Cliff, presents
some key themes in Chinese culture, including the value of Confucianism. They were
really strong in their culture. And the people in Han Dynasty acknowledge their respect
for one another in the story but also that they will some day have to battle each other. The
Chinese were also held a great respect for nature. Such as Zhuge Liang pays close
attention to the weather—when a fog is coming, when the wind will change—all things
that will work in their favor. All of these aspects of Chinese culture were worked into the
film to portray the Chinese as a disciplined, respectful, observant civilization that we
could learned from the film. However difficult the tasks were taken by the ancient people
in the Battle of Red Cliff, the Chinese still won’t give up on their life easily. We
appreciate what they bring to us in this contemporary life. After we finish this
assignment, we also learn that time management and planning are essential. Teamwork is
also important, we need to communicate well in order to get the job done and fast. We
really enjoy the time we spent together and film a video that is related to our culture and
tradition.

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Reference link
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/three_kingdoms/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425637/
https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8#q=languages+in+china
https://www.google.com/search?
q=social+hierarchy+in+china&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=969&site=webhp&source=lnms
&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMI1MTn3ZGwyAIVkZ6OCh2PfAm2
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/DynastyWarriorsWeiKingdom
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/DynastyWarriorsWuKingdom
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/DynastyWarriorsShuKingdom
http://elements.science.psu.edu/psu-pku/student-resources/resources-for-penn-state-
students/chinese-culture-tradition-and-customs
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-admin.html
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/architecture/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1514753/

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