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Cognitive Behavior and Human
Computer Interaction Based on
Machine Learning Algorithm

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Cognitive Behavior and Human
Computer Interaction Based on
Machine Learning Algorithm
Edited by
Sandeep Kumar, Rohit Raja,
Shrikant Tiwari and Shilpa Rani

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

v
Contents
Preface xv
1 Cognitive Behavior: Different Human-Computer
Interaction Types 1
S. Venkata Achyuth Rao, Sandeep Kumar
and GVRK Acharyulu
1.1 Introduction: Cognitive Models and Human-Computer User
Interface Management Systems 2
1.1.1 Interactive User Behavior Predicting Systems 2
1.1.2 Adaptive Interaction Observatory Changing Systems 3
1.1.3 Group Interaction Model Building Systems 4
1.1.4 Human-Computer User Interface
Management Systems 5
1.1.5 Different Types of Human-Computer User Interfaces 5
1.1.6 The Role of User Interface Management Systems 6
1.1.7 Basic Cognitive Behavioral Elements of Human-
Computer User Interface Management Systems 7
1.2 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Processing User Interacting
Device System (DPUIDS) 9
1.2.1 Cognitive Modeling Automation of Decision Process
Interactive Device Example 9
1.2.2 Cognitive Modeling Process in the Visualization
Decision Processing User Interactive Device System 11
1.3 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Support User Interactive
Device Systems (DSUIDS) 12
1.3.1 The Core Artifacts of the Cognitive Modeling
of User Interaction 13
1.3.2 Supporting Cognitive Model for Interaction
Decision Supportive Mechanism 13
1.3.3 Representational Uses of Cognitive Modeling for
Decision Support User Interactive Device Systems 14

vi Contents
1.4 Cognitive Modeling: Management Information User
Interactive Device System (MIUIDS) 17
1.5 Cognitive Modeling: Environment Role With User
Interactive Device Systems 19
1.6 Conclusion and Scope 20
References 20
2 Classification of HCI and Issues and Challenges in Smart
Home HCI Implementation 23
Pramod Vishwakarma, Vijay Kumar Soni, Gaurav Srivastav
and Abhishek Jain
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Literature Review of Human-Computer Interfaces 26
2.2.1 Overview of Communication Styles and Interfaces 33
2.2.2 Input/Output 37
2.2.3 Older Grown-Ups 37
2.2.4 Cognitive Incapacities 38
2.3 Programming: Convenience and Gadget Explicit Substance 40
2.4 Equipment: BCI and Proxemic Associations 41
2.4.1 Brain-Computer Interfaces 41
2.4.2 Ubiquitous Figuring—Proxemic Cooperations 43
2.4.3 Other Gadget-Related Angles 44
2.5 CHI for Current Smart Homes 45
2.5.1 Smart Home for Healthcare 45
2.5.2 Savvy Home for Energy Efficiency 46
2.5.3 Interface Design and Human-Computer Interaction 46
2.5.4 A Summary of Status 48
2.6 Four Approaches to Improve HCI and UX 48
2.6.1 Productive General Control Panel 49
2.6.2 Compelling User Interface 50
2.6.3 Variable Accessibility 52
2.6.4 Secure Privacy 54
2.7 Conclusion and Discussion 55
References 56
3 Teaching-Learning Process and Brain-Computer Interaction
Using ICT Tools 63
Rohit Raja, Neelam Sahu and Sumati Pathak
3.1 The Concept of Teaching 64
3.2 The Concept of Learning 65
3.2.1 Deficient Visual Perception in a Student 67
3.2.2 Proper Eye Care (Vision Management) 68

Contents vii
3.2.3 Proper Ear Care (Hearing Management) 68
3.2.4 Proper Mind Care (Psychological Management) 69
3.3 The Concept of Teaching-Learning Process 70
3.4 Use of ICT Tools in Teaching-Learning Process 76
3.4.1 Digital Resources as ICT Tools 77
3.4.2 Special ICT Tools for Capacity Building of Students
and Teachers 77
3.4.2.1 CogniFit 77
3.4.2.2 Brain-Computer Interface 78
3.5 Conclusion 80
References 81
4 Denoising of Digital Images Using Wavelet-Based
Thresholding Techniques: A Comparison 85
Devanand Bhonsle
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Literature Survey 87
4.3 Theoretical Analysis 89
4.3.1 Wavelet Transform 90
4.3.1.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform 90
4.3.1.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform 91
4.3.1.3 Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform 94
4.3.2 Types of Thresholding 95
4.3.2.1 Hard Thresholding 96
4.3.2.2 Soft Thresholding 96
4.3.2.3 Thresholding Techniques 97
4.3.3 Performance Evaluation Parameters 102
4.3.3.1 Mean Squared Error 102
4.3.3.2 Peak Signal–to-Noise Ratio 103
4.3.3.3 Structural Similarity Index Matrix 103
4.4 Methodology 103
4.5 Results and Discussion 105
4.6 Conclusions 112
References 112
5 Smart Virtual Reality–Based Gaze-Perceptive Common
Communication System for Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorder 117
Karunanithi Praveen Kumar and Perumal Sivanesan
5.1 Need for Focus on Advancement of ASD
Intervention Systems 118

viii Contents
5.2 Computer and Virtual Reality–Based Intervention Systems 118
5.3 Why Eye Physiology and Viewing Pattern Pose Advantage
for Affect Recognition of Children With ASD 120
5.4 Potential Advantages of Applying the Proposed Adaptive
Response Technology to Autism Intervention 121
5.5 Issue 122
5.6 Global Status 123
5.7 VR and Adaptive Skills 124
5.8 VR for Empowering Play Skills 125
5.9 VR for Encouraging Social Skills 125
5.10 Public Status 126
5.11 Importance 127
5.12 Achievability of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variation in Viewing Pattern of Youngsters With ASD 128
5.13 Achievability of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variety in Eye Physiological Indices for Kids With ASD 129
5.14 Possibility of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variations in the Anxiety Level for Youngsters With ASD 132
References 133
6 Construction and Reconstruction of 3D Facial and
Wireframe Model Using Syntactic Pattern Recognition 137
Shilpa Rani, Deepika Ghai and Sandeep Kumar
6.1 Introduction 138
6.1.1 Contribution 139
6.2 Literature Survey 140
6.3 Proposed Methodology 143
6.3.1 Face Detection 143
6.3.2 Feature Extraction 143
6.3.2.1 Facial Feature Extraction 143
6.3.2.2 Syntactic Pattern Recognition 143
6.3.2.3 Dense Feature Extraction 147
6.3.3 Enhanced Features 148
6.3.4 Creation of 3D Model 148
6.4 Datasets and Experiment Setup 148
6.5 Results 149
6.6 Conclusion 152
References 154

Contents ix
7 Attack Detection Using Deep Learning–Based Multimodal
Biometric Authentication System 157
Nishant Kaushal, Sukhwinder Singh and Jagdish Kumar
7.2.1 Expert One 160
7.2.2 Expert Two 160
7.2.3 Decision Level Fusion 161
7.3 Experimental Analysis 162
7.3.1 Datasets 162
7.3.2 Setup 162
7.3.3 Results 163
7.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 163
References 164
8 Feature Optimized Machine Learning Framework
for Unbalanced Bioassays 167
Dinesh Kumar, Anuj Kumar Sharma,
Rohit Bajaj and Lokesh Pawar
8.2 Related Work 169
8.3 Proposed Work 170
8.3.1 Class Balancing Using Class Balancer 171
8.3.2 Feature Selection 171
8.3.3 Ensemble Classification 171
8.4 Experimental 172
8.4.1 Dataset Description 172
8.4.2 Experimental Setting 173
8.5 Result and Discussion 173
8.5.1 Performance Evaluation 173
8.6 Conclusion 176
References 176
9 Predictive Model and Theory of Interaction 179
Raj Kumar Patra, Srinivas Konda, M. Varaprasad Rao,
Kavitarani Balmuri and G. Madhukar
9.3 Predictive Analytics Process 182
9.3.1 Requirement Collection 182
9.3.2 Data Collection 184
9.3.3 Data Analysis and Massaging 184

x Contents
9.3.4 Statistics and Machine Learning 184
9.3.5 Predictive Modeling 185
9.3.6 Prediction and Monitoring 185
9.4 Predictive Analytics Opportunities 185
9.5 Classes of Predictive Analytics Models 187
9.6 Predictive Analytics Techniques 188
9.6.1 Decision Tree 188
9.6.2 Regression Model 189
9.6.3 Artificial Neural Network 190
9.6.4 Bayesian Statistics 191
9.6.5 Ensemble Learning 192
9.6.6 Gradient Boost Model 192
9.6.7 Support Vector Machine 193
9.6.8 Time Series Analysis 194
9.6.9 k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) 194
9.6.10 Principle Component Analysis 195
9.7 Dataset Used in Our Research 196
9.8 Methodology 198
9.8.1 Comparing Link-Level Features 199
9.8.2 Comparing Feature Models 200
9.9 Results 201
9.10 Discussion 202
9.11 Use of Predictive Analytics 204
9.11.1 Banking and Financial Services 205
9.11.2 Retail 205
9.11.3 Well-Being and Insurance 205
9.11.4 Oil Gas and Utilities 206
9.11.5 Government and Public Sector 206
9.12 Conclusion and Future Work 206
References 208
10 Advancement in Augmented and Virtual Reality 211
Omprakash Dewangan, Latika Pinjarkar, Padma Bonde
and Jaspal Bagga
10.2.1 Classification of Data/Information Extracted 215
10.2.2 The Phase of Searching of Data/Information 216
10.3 Results 218
10.3.1 Original Copy Publication Evolution 218
10.3.2 General Information/Data Analysis 224

Contents xi
10.3.2.1 Nations 224
10.3.2.2 Themes 227
10.3.2.3 R&D Innovative Work 227
10.3.2.4 Medical Services 229
10.3.2.5 Training and Education 230
10.3.2.6 Industries 232
10.4 Conclusion 233
References 235
11 Computer Vision and Image Processing
for Precision Agriculture 241
Narendra Khatri and Gopal U Shinde
11.2 Computer Vision 243
11.3 Machine Learning 244
11.3.1 Support Vector Machine 245
11.3.2 Neural Networks 245
11.3.3 Deep Learning 245
11.4 Computer Vision and Image Processing in Agriculture 246
11.4.1 Plant/Fruit Detection 249
11.4.2 Harvesting Support 252
11.4.3 Plant Health Monitoring Along With Disease
Detection 252
11.4.4 Vision-Based Vehicle Navigation System
for Precision Agriculture 252
11.4.5 Vision-Based Mobile Robots
for Agriculture Applications 257
11.5 Conclusion 259
References 259
12 A Novel Approach for Low-Quality Fingerprint Image
Enhancement Using Spatial and Frequency Domain
Filtering Techniques 265
Mehak Sood and Akshay Girdhar
12.2 Existing Works for the Fingerprint Ehancement 269
12.2.1 Spatial Domain 269
12.2.2 Frequency Domain 270
12.2.3 Hybrid Approach 271
12.3 Design and Implementation of the Proposed Algorithm 272
12.3.1 Enhancement in the Spatial Domain 273
12.3.2 Enhancement in the Frequency Domain 279

xii Contents
12.4 Results and Discussion 282
12.4.1 Visual Analysis 283
12.4.2 Texture Descriptor Analysis 285
12.4.3 Minutiae Ratio Analysis 285
12.4.4 Analysis Based on Various Input Modalities 293
12.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 293
References 296
13 Elevate Primary Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning 301
Lokesh Pawar, Pranshul Agrawal, Gurjot Kaur
and Rohit Bajaj
13.2 Related Works 302
13.3 Proposed Work 303
13.3.1 Class Balancing 304
13.3.2 Classification 304
13.3.3 Eliminating Using Ranker Algorithm 305
13.4 Experimental Investigation 305
13.4.1 Dataset Description 305
13.4.2 Experimental Settings 306
13.5 Result and Discussion 306
13.5.1 Performance Evaluation 306
13.5.2 Analytical Estimation of Selected Attributes 311
13.6 Conclusion 311
13.7 Future Work 312
References 312
14 Comparative Sentiment Analysis Through Traditional
and Machine Learning-Based Approach 315
Sandeep Singh and Harjot Kaur
14.1 Introduction to Sentiment Analysis 316
14.1.1 Sentiment Definition 316
14.1.2 Challenges of Sentiment Analysis Tasks 318
14.2 Four Types of Sentiment Analyses 319
14.3 Working of SA System 321
14.4 Challenges Associated With SA System 323
14.5 Real-Life Applications of SA 324
14.6 Machine Learning Methods Used for SA 324
14.7 A Proposed Method 326
14.8 Results and Discussions 328
14.9 Conclusion 333
References 334

Contents xiii
15 Application of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision
to Identify Edible Bird’s Nest 339
Weng Kin Lai, Mei Yuan Koay, Selina Xin Ci Loh,
Xiu Kai Lim and Kam Meng Goh
15.2 Prior Work 342
15.2.1 Low-Dimensional Color Features 342
15.2.2 Image Pocessing for Automated Grading 343
15.2.3 Automated Classification 343
15.3 Auto Grading of Edible Birds Nest 343
15.3.1 Feature Extraction 344
15.3.2 Curvature as a Feature 344
15.3.3 Amount of Impurities 344
15.3.4 Color of EBNs 345
15.3.5 Size—Total Area 346
15.4 Experimental Results 347
15.4.1 Data Pre-Processing 347
15.4.2 Auto Grading 349
15.4.3 Auto Grading of EBNs 353
15.5 Conclusion 355
Acknowledgments 356
References 356
16 Enhancement of Satellite and Underwater Image Utilizing
Luminance Model by Color Correction Method 361
Sandeep Kumar, E. G. Rajan and Shilpa Rani
16.3.1 Color Correction 364
16.3.2 Contrast Enhancement 365
16.3.3 Multi-Fusion Method 366
16.4 Investigational Findings and Evaluation 367
16.4.1 Mean Square Error 367
16.4.2 Peak Signal–to-Noise Ratio 368
16.4.3 Entropy 368
16.5 Conclusion 375
References 376
Index 381

xv
Preface
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the academic discipline, which
most of us think of as UI design, that focuses on how human beings and
computers interact at ever-increasing levels of both complexity and sim-
plicity. Because of the importance of the subject, this book aims to pro-
vide more relevant information that will be useful to students, academics,
and researchers in the industry who wish to know more about its real-
time application. In addition to providing content on theory, cognition,
design, evaluation, and user diversity, this book also explains the under-
lying causes of the cognitive, social and organizational problems typically
devoted to descriptions of rehabilitation methods for specific cognitive
processes. Also described are the new modeling algorithms accessible
to cognitive scientists from a variety of different areas. Advances in HCI
involve interdisciplinary research, the results of which are published in
theoretical and applied articles covering a broad spectrum of interactive
systems. Therefore, this book is inherently interdisciplinary and publishes
original research in computing, engineering, artificial intelligence, psy-
chology, linguistics, and social and system organization as applied to the
design, implementation, application, analysis, and evaluation of interactive
systems. Since machine learning research has already been carried out for
a decade at the international level in various applications, the new learning
approach is mainly used in machine learning-based cognitive applications.
Since this will direct the future research of scientists and researchers work-
inginneuroscience,neuroimaging,machinelearning-basedbrainmapping
and modeling, etc., this book highlights the framework of a novel robust
method for advanced cross-industry HCI technologies. These implemen-
tation strategies and future research directions will meet the design and
application requirements of several modern and real-time applications for
a long time to come. Therefore, this book will be a better choice than most
available books that were published a long time ago, and hence seldom
elaborate on the current advancements necessary for cognitive behavior
and HCI algorithms. Included in the book are:

xvi Preface
• A review of the state-of-the-art in cognitive behavior and
HCI processing models, methods, techniques, etc.
• A review and description of the learning methods in HCI.
• The new techniques and applications in cognitive behavior
along with their practical implementation.
• The existing and emerging image challenges and opportuni-
ties in the cognitive behavior and HCI field.
• How to promote mutual understanding and networking
among researchers in different disciplines.
• The facilitation of future research development and
collaborations.
• Real-time applications.
To conclude, we would like to express our appreciation to all of the con-
tributing authors who helped us tremendously with their contributions,
time, critical thoughts, and suggestions to put together this peer-reviewed
edited volume. The editors are also thankful to Scrivener Publishing and its
team members for the opportunity to publish this volume. Lastly, we thank
our family members for their love, support, encouragement, and patience
during the entire period of this work.
Sandeep Kumar
Rohit Raja
Shrikant Tiwari
Shilpa Rani
October 2021

1
Sandeep Kumar, Rohit Raja, Shrikant Tiwari and Shilpa Rani (eds.) Cognitive Behavior and Human
Computer Interaction Based on Machine Learning Algorithm, (1–22) © 2022 Scrivener Publishing
LLC
1
Cognitive Behavior: Different
Human‑Computer Interaction Types
S. Venkata Achyuth Rao1
*, Sandeep Kumar2
and GVRK Acharyulu3
1
CSE, SIET, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andra Pradesh, India
3
Operations & Supply Chain, MBA (Healthcare & Hospital Management),
School of Management Studies, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract
Cognitive behavior plays a significant and strategic role in human-computer
interaction devices that are deployed nowadays, with artificial intelligence, deep
learning, and machine learning computing techniques. User experience is the
crucial factor of any successful interacting device between machine and human.
The idea of providing a HCUIMS is to create interfaces in terms of the bottom
level of any organization as Decision Processing User Interacting Device System
(DPUIDS), next at middle level management, Decision Support User Interacting
Device Systems (DSUIDS), lastly at executive level, Management Information
User Interacting Device System (MIUIDS), where decisions can take at uncer-
tainty at various catastrophic situations. Here are specific gaps demonstrated in
the various user’s processes in communicating with computers and that cogni-
tive modeling is useful in the inception phase to evolve the design and provide
training.
This is provided with the fulfillment of various interactive devices like
Individual Intelligences Interactions (I3), Artificial and Individual Intelligences
Interaction (AI3), Brain-Computer Interaction (BCI), and Individual Interactions
through Computers (I2C) in a playful manner to meet the corporate challenges in
all stakeholders of various domains with better user experience.
*Corresponding author: drsvarao@gmail.com

2 Cognitive Behavior and Human Computer Interaction
Keywords: Cognitive behavior, user experience, interacting devices, modeling,
intelligence
1.1 Introduction: Cognitive Models and Human-
Computer User Interface Management Systems
Cognitive models are useful in assessing to make predictions ease at
top-level management systems in several aspects or many variables to
interact and provide the approximate behavioral aspects observed in
various experimental empirical studies. In a real-world lifetime sit-
uation, many factors are influenced to produce outcome reports as a
behavioral analysis report. This is done neural processing data with
the representation of patterns. These models outcome in terms of pro-
cesses and products interact with various people which are shown in
the empirical experiments. These below are necessary tools for psy-
chologists to interact with various designers who care about cognitive
models. These models for HCI have an adequate different goal to use
necessary interfaces better for users. In general, there are at least three
cognitive models in service as a general goal [1].
• Interactive user behavioral predicting systems
• Adaptive interaction observatory changing systems
• Group interaction model building systems
1.1.1 Interactive User Behavior Predicting Systems
Human behavior predicting system interface is designed and deployed
as the interaction and communication between users and a machine, an
automatic dynamic, versatile system, through a user-machine interface [2].
There are strongly related real-world assumptions, and aspects are there
to distinguish the domain of user-machine automatic dynamic, versatile
systems, and user-computer interaction. For 50 years onward, the investi-
gations on research in this domain are going on with different interactive
human predicting systems that are evolved with the necessary propagated
embedded events via a hardware and software interaction built-in displays.
The best and emerging ambient designs of user interaction automatic pre-
dicting system applications have a right market place and gain values ver-
tically in all the verticals for many products and services in various sectors

Cognitive Behavior 3
like medical, transportation, education, games, and entertainment, which
are the needs of the industry [3].
1.1.2 Adaptive Interaction Observatory Changing Systems
An adaptive interactive observatory system acquires its psychological
aspects to the independent user based on inferences of the user prototype
acquisition and reports involving activity in learning, training, inference,
or necessary constraints of the decision process. The primary and need-
ful goal of adaptive interaction observatory changing system interfacing
adaptation is to consider unique perceptual or physical impairments of
individual users; it allowed them to use a dynamic system more flexibly,
efficiently, with minimal errors and with less frustration. An adaptive inter-
action observatory system interface is an embedded software artifact that
improves its functionality to interact with an individual user by prototype
model, thereby constructing a user model based on partial psychological
considerable experience with that user [4].
As there are widespread of www, internet, and gopher services among
the population day by day, more sophisticated variety of softwares, emerg-
ing technologies involve hardware events, gadgets, widgets, and events that
are more and more highly interactive and responsive. Only limited early
individual novice people are doing programs on punch cards and submit-
ting late nights and overnight jobs, and subsequently time-sharing sys-
tems and debug monitors, text editors have become slower and slower and
depend on multiple cores and moving forward to parallel processing. The
latest emerging operating systems and real-time operating systems support
various interactive software like what you see and what you get. The editor
system software is too high for interactive computer games, most efficient
and eminent embedded systems, automotive responsive, interactive, and
adaptive conservative systems in layered interactive graphical user inter-
faces, and such subscribers and listeners are the key roles of adaptive inter-
action observatory changing systems. Such systems have been treated as
an essential part of any business and academic lives with a trillion people
depend on them to move toward their daily lives. Most academic work
on machine learning still focuses on refining techniques and humiliating
the steps that may happen at foreseen and after their invocation. Indeed,
most investigations, conferences, workshops, and research interests, espe-
cially media and entertainment, virtual reality, simulation, modeling,
and design, still emphasize differences between broader areas of learning
methods. Eventually, evidenced by the decision-tree induction, the design

analysis of algorithms, case-based reasoning methods, and statistical and
probabilistic schemes often produce very similar results [5].
1.1.3 Group Interaction Model Building Systems
This chapter’s main objective is to describe the existing cognitive frame-
work activities on group modeling information systems using synergy
responsive dynamics. Such information systems are very few and neces-
sary to be applied in hybrid organizations in order to support to increase in
a wide range of business expansion and to take their strategic decisions. In
this cognitive group interaction model building theory, the vital method-
ological dynamics were first located under the individual user interactions
and then classified to allow an intensive idea to be given as a requirement
analysis report for group activity prototype being a building system con-
sideration [6]. The outcome of this brainstorming dynamics indicates the
existing methods to propose a global view of interaction model systems are
very rare. Also, three complex issues are needed to discuss: the inception of
knowing the users’ knowledge, the interaction establishment of a consen-
sus among users, and the main aspects of providing necessary facilitation.
A group interaction model building system is a dynamic system that is
characterized by the following:
1. The responsive nature and strong interactions among the
actors of the group;
2. An integration exists with necessary interactions, interrela-
tions, and a strong dependency together;
3. An internal abstractive complex cohesiveness is subjected to
their feedback; and
4. Fuzziness of the delayed behavioral reactions among the
groups to assess or predict.
An organized framework is described here as a generalization of any orga-
nized approach, providing inference process and cohesive interactions in the
detailed guidelines related to any aspect of group interaction model building.
This analysis aims to obtain a broad view of a global vision of investigating
the research that applied group interaction modeling systems. Using system
dynamics allows drawing keenness to the lack of advanced interactive device
management aspects to support the relating behavior aspects.
The group modeling system approach’s dynamic behavior is character-
ized below, emphasizing group interaction model systems.
The modeling process using two types of information systems [7]:

1. Modeling information systems versus group interaction
model information systems.
2. Expert modeling systems versus team expert modeling
information systems.
1.1.4 Human-Computer User Interface Management Systems
Human-Computer User Interface (HCUI) design mainly emphasizes fore-
seeing what computer interaction users need to do and approve that the
human-computer interface has several elements that are flexible and easy
to know, view, navigate, update, manage and modify, and use to provide
facilitation in the form of events and widgets. HCUI accomplishes the
related features from interpreting, layout design, interaction design, visual
design, and information architecture.
A HCUIMS (HCUI Management System) is treated as not as a system
but rather an interactive software architecture (an HCUIMS is also called a
HCUI Architecture) “in which the design, deployment of various applica-
tions’ user interface is precise and clearly distinguished from that of other
applications’ underlying its functionality.” Such an eminent division’s cohe-
sive objective is to enhance the maintenance ease and adaptability with
other softwares. Most of the Modern HCUIMS Architectures are designed
with integrated development environments. With the help of abstraction
of a user interface from the applications logic, syntax, and semantics, the
code generation is better supported for customization. Even these architec-
tures have been proven and useful with a high degree of interaction and had
semantic feedback at manipulating interfacing boundaries between applica-
tions and HCUIs are difficult or impossible to maintain [8].
1.1.5 Different Types of Human-Computer User Interfaces
1. Interface for Command Line
2. Interface for Menu Driven
3. Interface for Touch-Screen Driven
4. Interface for Graphical User Purpose
5. Interface for Event-Driven Purpose
6. Interface for Sensor-Based Users
7. Interface for Voice-Based Users
8. Interface for Natural Language Users

9. Interface for Form-Based Users
10. Interface for Gesture Driven Users
11. Interface for Mobile Users
12. Interface for Data Base Users
13. Interface for VR Design
1.1.6 The Role of User Interface Management Systems
User interface management system architecture’s role is broader than a
narrow concern concerning hardware, embedded system software appli-
cations, design analysis and algorithms, software procedures, packages,
distributed servers, and other programs. The majority of domains with
respective disciplines are contributed widely to the discipline of manage-
ment informative systems, including the following:
1. Traditional ancestor science and technology related disci-
plines such as functional forms, lambda expressions, pred-
icative calculus, systems theory, operation research, and
econometrics;
2. Technology such as electronics, information technology,
bioinformatics, nano technology, and computer science;
3. Emerging technologies like security management studies
that include cognitive networking, link taping, a man-in-
the-middle attack, brute force, cross-site request forgery,
and doom-based attack; and
4. Social engineering and behavioral theory of ergonomics,
linguistics, etc.
User interface management systems development is exceptionally dif-
ferent because the Information Systems are to be continued adequate
modeling and working staff need to serve an efficient role in the enter-
prise management system organizations [9]. The roles and responsibilities
needed to be performed efficiently as given below. Some of them are dis-
cussed below.
1. Information system programmers and system analysts need
to spare longer to interact with stakeholders individually or
group-wise to elicit more useful information to design and

evolve the system interaction meaningful and rapid respon-
sive purpose.
2. Determine what information is useful to take decision-
making in uncertain times is a challenging task. For this,
information system staff forcing to spare longer time and a
great deal to interact with system users.
3. Development and deployment approaches likely building
prototyping models are based on either rapid application
development model feedback or iterative, incremental feed-
back from connected users on interaction efficiency con-
cerning their needs.
4. The resultant outcome in the form of Information is visu-
alized as an essential asset by executive information system
management people at the top-level directors.
5. The visualized information systems are displayed, not only
at the given organizations but also use or deployed in many
organizations, as it follows strategically rather than just had
an operational role of the given organization.
6. If an uncertain condition, catastrophic, or pandemic envi-
ronment propagates in uncertainty to take decisions at top-
level management, these systems allowed you to give an
optional decision-making to be implemented to interactive
among connected users.
1.1.7 Basic Cognitive Behavioral Elements of Human-
Computer User Interface Management Systems
HCUIMS is more than just the user interface management system inter-
face. There are a gap and significant difference between the user interface
and a computer interaction system. As the above discussed, finally, what
we consider the HCUIMS to be broad includes any interfaces among users
(developers and users) that may require the systems till the life. Hence,
operational research scientists, investigators of system development, imple-
mentation, acceptance, use, and impact lot in management personnel’s
decision-making, capture broad HCI issues and concerns. In a nutshell,
the broad view of human interaction activities has five components among
them: human (users), technology (H/W, S/W, and other related), interac-
tion (communication), task (to accomplish), and context (domain-based).
Finally, from an organizational point of view, there are four essential
contexts identified; these are seen in Figure 1.1 [10]:

• Organizational context,
• Technology context,
• Social context,
• Global context.
When designing your interface in any one of the above contexts, it
should be consistent and predictable in the user choice of interacting ele-
ments. Initially, the experts need to train them to use the functionality,
operation of various events; if whether they are aware of it or not, users
must have to be trained; once they become familiar with elements; if they
act in a certain way, they need to adopt those elements when appropriate
will help to accomplish with efficiently in utmost satisfaction.
Interface elements include but are not limited to the following:
• Technology and advanced technology: input, output, infor-
mation, etc.
• Task/job: task goals and task characters
• Human: Demographics, physical/motor, cognitional level,
and emotional level
Task/Job
Technology
Human
Task goals
Task characteristics
Demographics
Physical/Motor
Cognition Level Emotion Level
Org Context
Social Context
Global Context
Context
Advanced Tech
Basic Tech
Gender, age, culture
Comp. experience
Education
Motor control
Ergonomics
Cognitive style
Perception, Attention
Memory, Knowledge
Mental models
Learning, Error
Info-seeking behavior
Productivity
Performance
Affectivity
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Fear, anxiety
Excited/bored
Happy/sad
Satisfaction
Flow/engagement
Org. goals
Org. culture & norm
Policy
Management support
National culture & norm
Universal accessibility
Info visualization
Perceptual interface
Embodied interface
Speech technology
Personalization interface
Affective computing
Design
Usability
Use
Evaluation
Impact
Privacy
Trust
Ethics
Input, Output
Interaction styles
End-user computing
Org computing
Figure 1.1 Cognitive behavioral elements of broad view of human-computer interface in
management [10].

• Context: Organizational context, technology context, social
context, and global context.
However, design usability is rapidly increasing day by day and refer
primarily to the ease with connecting users accomplish their intended
tasks and relatively closely associated with the use of evaluation impact
calculated with the usability testing. Therefore, many perceive usability as
a rather tactical aspect of any human-computer interface management sys-
tem product design: the global context, social context, technology context,
and organizational context. However, usability may not complete with the
encompassment of all UI elements relating to ease of use. User interface
elements’ outcome gives out things like flexibility, adaptability, compatibil-
ity and can ease to learn and recognize information in a possible manner
and economic affordability also comes into this category [10].
1.2 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Processing User
Interacting Device System (DPUIDS)
Cognitivemodelingishelpfulinthedecisionprocessingsystemsthroughuser
interface device systems. Data science and behavioral sciences are viewed as
significant parts of any decision making. It gives us a powerful new tool and
these are suppressing tedious tasks to make it as simple by analytic indication
through behavior changes and represent their consequences day by day and
presented to their visuals. Machine learning and data science studies help
predict future outcomes by using analytics from widespread large data sets
to assess the desired outcomes to accomplish personalized behavioral inter-
ventions. This may not be a concern for most businesses’ aspects; some of
the programs are adequate and applicable to everyday issues. Through cog-
nitive behavior assessment, the investigators and researchers are designed
new algorithms to recognize the circumstances around their environments
and subsequently change the negative energy to positive energy to bring out
more outcomes to meet the predicted outcome. It allows us to quickly do
basic arithmetic and read emotional intelligence, body language, postures
and gestures, and complete sentences.
1.2.1 Cognitive Modeling Automation of Decision Process
Interactive Device Example
For a typical discussion, if anyone of the person, energy is low from any
number of tasks or processes or over successive or meetings or engaging

intensive concentration, his or her mental energy will be going to be
decreased to the point that point the automatic system needs to take over
the carry out next task. Where cognitive decision processing user interface
device systems are designed and developed with algorithmic prediction,
there can begin to identify policymakers’ characteristics, factors, and like
benefit and appropriately target the interacting people.
The paramedical structure describes the business intelligence user com-
munity decision processing system. Data analytics is a process of monitor-
ing,theinceptionofinspection,cleaningofdatalikeimbalances,identifying
skewness, external noise, transforming the data and information through
online analytical process and online transaction process, and modeling
data to extract useful information through supporting decision-making.
Data analysis process has multiple facets and strategic approaches, encom-
passing diverse techniques under a variety of cubes, names, under a differ-
ent business, science, and social science domains. Suppose a typical user
does not have the expertise or the resources to employ dedicated infor-
mation technology resources to develop reports, tools, or customization
applications. He or she can take the help of software tools, and the visual-
ization of events will help make decisions. In this respect, automatic inter-
active visualizations are helped on behalf of users.
One aspect of decision processing user interaction device systems is a
collection of integrated embodiments of events. Those who respond to a
system and collect interactive visualizations methods include receiving
a selection of required data through the report processing generation sys-
tem. Integrated data consists of database storage systems and their active
listening interfaces are given between the source senders to the received
listener. Those storage databases and respective interfacing devices invoke
the necessary methods, automatically generated functional activity then
accomplish the user tasks. They are easy to determine an associated visual-
ization for the selected data based on heuristics; it is said that a set of rules
is used to determine the associated visualization most appropriately for
interacting decision process systems [12].
Decision processing and interacting device systems identify complex
data as more accessible, understandable, and usable. These systems are used
in the domains like business, organizations, and various endeavors, and
massive amounts of data are being collected, processed, and stored. This
trend is growing exponentially with the adoption of the internet, intranet,
advancing networking technologies, powerful mobile devices, wearable
devices, and the like many vast device’s interconnectivity. The world makes
it into a Global village and most of the devices are connected in the Internet
of Things (IoT) and through Sensor Networks. The applications of the

interactive device systems are one of the sets of cognitive-behavioral and
neural network-related machine learning, deep learning and type of con-
volutional networks, and recurrent neural networks that are running an
enterprise, such as without limitation, payrolls, inventory, marketing, sales
and distribution, vendor management, accounting, supply chain manage-
ment, and resource planning applications (Figure 1.2) [13].
1.2.2 Cognitive Modeling Process in the Visualization Decision
Processing User Interactive Device System
Cognitive models are useful artifacts used to understand a better way to
accomplish a real-world object task in our world. In the context of knowl-
edge representation and automated reasoning. The use of visualization
tools is used to create useful patterns in the extraction of knowledge.
The important modeling visualization tools are described below with
their functionality and objective role of decision processing interaction role
in various devices that are shown in the below diagram (Figure 1.3) [15].
The flow chart description is step by step.
1. Views to mental model, thereby computing sensory input
devices to visualize data to discover useful information.
Understand and justify.
2. A collection of methods, procedures, algorithms, and learn-
ing methods on the data preprocessing, interpretation, visu-
alization, storage, analysis, and transformation as compared
to desired outcomes.
Data
Internal
External
Private
Data Management
Other Computer Based System
Model Management
Knowledge Management
Dialog Management
Manager (User) & Tasks
Figure 1.2 Decision processing system user interface device management as external
customer [13].

3. Visualize model outputs to understand and communicate
the necessary computational models. Finally, the visualiza-
tion model has been resultant as information.
1.3 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Support User
Interactive Device Systems (DSUIDS)
Cognitive models are used to support user interactive device systems in
the form of computer programs, applications, algorithms, events, and sen-
sors or devices or components or controls or tools that simulate human
performance based on cognitive skills. They are useful through human-
computer interaction to assist users in predicting tasks and finding mean-
ingful and useful patterns. If these models are evolved through emerging
design methodologies compared with historical interfaces, excellent and
strange results are produced with high interactive graphical visualization
tools. This strategic approach is abstracted and encapsulated as a yield of
the cognitive model decision supported interface device, analogous to and
based on a Cognitive Model Decision Support User Interface Management
Visualize Data
(discover, understand, justify)
Data:
Visualize Model Output
(understand, communicate)
Visualize Model
(understand, communicate)
Computational
Model
Views Mental
Model
Key:
Motor Control Visual Flow Data Flow
Figure 1.3 Cognitive modeling process in the visualization decision processing user
interacting device system [15].

System (DPUIMS). The following are models and structural representation
of interactive management interactive device system. The systems will help
exploit the synergy between the branches, and interdisciplinary domain
areas have interactions among the users [15].
1.3.1 The Core Artifacts of the Cognitive Modeling
of User Interaction
There are various artifacts helped as tools to provide the development
of interaction among user interfaces. Some tools can be designed and
deployed through a task simulation mechanism in the development of
cognitive models. There is no other linkage mechanism that may support
and interpret cognitive models to the wide range of interfaces in a large
organization’s decision support systems (Table 1.1).
For an initial consideration for an Integration purpose, the following is
featured process [16]:
1. Creation of computer user interface tools.
2. Task simulation involvement mechanism in a model eye
during run-time is necessary interaction as per the model.
3. Need communication mechanism to be passed with infor-
mation in the cognitive model and simulation of the task.
1.3.2 Supporting Cognitive Model for Interaction Decision
Supportive Mechanism
Cognitive decision supportive mechanism implementation is based on
essential elements; they are composed with the cognitive architecture via a
cognitive modeling tool, and then communication mechanism combined
Table 1.1 The core artifacts provided at the cognitive modeling of user
interaction [16].
Artifact Purpose
Cognitive model It provides the simulation of the cognitive performance
and user’s behavior to perform the task.
Task simulation It provides the task for the cognitive model. Also, the
user interface will be used in the model.
Linkage
mechanism
It provides the pathway between the model and
simulation to communicate for human perception
and action. It simulates human perception and action.

with the hand and eye is implemented, thereby find the respective HCUI
to interact with users. This environment model with task simulation tools
effectively runs on heterogeneous and homogeneous environments (oper-
ating systems, real-time operating systems, various servers and clients,
multiple computers, databases, etc.). It is finally integrated with the user
interaction management system interface and computer-based manage-
ment interaction management systems.
Supporting cognitive model (Figure 1.4) for interaction of decision sup-
portive architecture is embodied with the following three necessary steps.
The initial step to provide the model with supporting decision-making
capabilities for perception and action among human-computer interaction
with the task simulation is to extend the necessary cognitive tools as archi-
tecture to become a complete model by adding an eye with a simulated hand.
In the second step of the cognitive model to the simulation, the simu-
lated eye and hand observations are to be recorded, and that information is
to pass into the cognitive model for necessary actions.
The model’s final step is categorized into two specific parts as simulated
eye and hand implemented in that environment as the simulation by using
necessary simulation tools, whereas the cognitive model can be separated.
Here, there occurs a communication mechanism between two such sepa-
rated specific parts as in the form of interaction done simulated eye and
hand with cognitive modeling [16].
1.3.3 Representational Uses of Cognitive Modeling for
Decision Support User Interactive Device Systems
Some of the representations in cognitive modeling topics are described
with descriptions in the following diagram [17].
User
User
Interface
Communication
Mechanism
Cognitive
Model
UIMS
CMIMS
Cog. Modeling
Tool
Model of User
Figure 1.4 Supporting cognitive model for the interaction of decision supportive
mechanism [16].

Table
1.2
Representational
uses
of
cognitive
modeling
for
decision
support
user
interactive
device
systems
[17].
Topic
Representational
expectations
Comments
Model
understand
the
context
Objectives
in
the
form
of
sentential
statements,
to
verify
the
relationship,
data
discovery,
and
investigation
of
data.
To
high-level
requirements
for
visualization
model
or
architecture.
The
dominant
type
of
visualization
is
based
on
data
analysis
and
exploration.
The
ambiguity
possible
with
sentential
representations
can
be
an
advantage
without
ambiguity.
Model
structure
definition
The
relationship
provided
in
model
supportability
through
data
analysis,
visualization
of
the
model,
decomposition
of
the
problem,
and
variable
specifications.
The
dominant
type
of
visualization
model
may
be
computed
probably
with
the
help
of
given
fullest
resources
utilization.
The
activity
usually
received
total
resources
what
we
thought
was
the
significant
portion.
Visual
tools
range
from
“Balloons
and
Strings
representation
of
relatedness”
to
tables
of
storage
format,
spreadsheets,
and
visual
framework
of
activities.
Realization
of
the
model
Identification
of
solution
with
the
help
of
a
more
concrete
model
as
adequate
parameter
estimation.
The
dominant
visualization
type
is
to
be
built
by
continuing
the
suitable
model
at
various
levels
of
hierarchy.
Supports
for
the
hierarchical
problem
decomposition
into
chunks
at
various
levels
visualization.
(Continued)

Table
1.2
Representational
uses
of
cognitive
modeling
for
decision
support
user
interactive
device
systems
[17].
(Continued)
Topic
Representational
expectations
Comments
Assessment
of
the
model
Provided
correctness,
feasibility,
and
acceptability
in
validation
of
the
model.
The
stakeholder
target
is
justified
through
context
given
by
the
right
modeler
with
colleagues,
customers,
and
users.
Implementation
of
the
model
The
suitable
model
is
implemented
and
managed
its
transmission
into
active
usage.
Completeness
of
visualization
to
assist
marketing
and
training.
Good
speed
and
benefits
concerning
turnover
in
personals
the
number
of
new
users
of
the
model.

• Understand model context
• Define structural model
• Realization of the model
• Assessment of the model
• Model implementation
1.4 Cognitive Modeling: Management Information
User Interactive Device System (MIUIDS)
Today, all industry stakeholders consider the different interfaces since it
provides feedback on a new product’s effectiveness in real life. However,
one must not forget the adoption of interface communication from charac-
ter user interface data to voice user interface information. The information
is a key to the process and storage of any organization. The stakeholder,
mainly customer experience, is immediate valuable feedback and product
safety and low maintenance are complemented strategically designed with
the necessary management user interactive device system. The essential
elements of the management user interactive device system are described
with the necessary diagram (Figure 1.5).
• Memory
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
In comparisons of actual with predicted performance, bars for actual per-
formance are always wider. Comments are added to the displays to explain
abnormal conditions, explain graphic depictions, reference related displays,
and inform pending changes. For example, a display may show that signups
may be less than three as forecasted. However, the staff member responsible
for the display knows that a down payment from Peru for three aircraft is an
end route and adds this information as a comment on the display. Without
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Figure 1.5 Basic elements of management information user interactive device system.

added comments, situations can arise, referred to as “paper tigers”, because
they appear to require managerial attention though they do not. The MIDS
staffbelievesthat“transmittingdataisnotthesameasconveyinginformation”
[8]. The displays have been created with the executives’ critical success factors
in mind. Some of the measures, such as profits and aircrafts sold, are obvious.
Other measures, such as employee participation in
company-sponsored pro-
grams, are less obvious and reflect the MIDS staff’s efforts to understand and
accommodate the executives’ information needs fully.
Keys to the success of MIDS descriptions of successful systems are useful
to people responsible for conceptualizing, approving, and developing similar
systems. Perhaps even more critical are insights about what makes a system a
success. A committed senior executive sponsor wanted a system like MIDS,
committed the necessary resources, participated in its creation, and encour-
aged its use by others. It carefully defined system requirements. Several consid-
erationsgovernedthedesignofthesystem.Ithadtobecustom-tailoredtomeet
the information needs of its users. Ease of use, an essential item to executives
who were wary of computers, was critical. Response time had to be fast. The
displays had to be updated quickly and efficiently as conditions changed. They
have carefully defined information requirements. There has been a continuing
effort to understand management’s information requirements. Displays have
been added, modified, and deleted over time. Providing information relevant
to management has been of paramount importance (Figure 1.6). The staff that
Sensor
Memory
Short Term
Memory
Long Term
Memory
Sensor
Input
Attention Encoding
Retrieval
Some
Information may
be lost over time.
Unrehearsed
Information is
Lost
Unattended
Information is
Lost
Maintenance Rehearsal
Figure 1.6 Model of memory, information passes through distinct stages in order for it to
be stored in long-term memory.

developed the operated and evolved MIDS combines information systems
skills and functional area knowledge. The computer analysts are responsible
for the system’s technical aspects, while the information analysts are responsi-
ble for providing the information needed by management. This latter respon-
sibilitydemandsthattheinformationanalystsknowthebusinessandmaintain
close contact with information sources and users [18].
The initial version of MIDS successfully addressed the company presi-
dent’s most critical information needs and strengthened his support for the
system. There is little doubt that developing a fully integrated system for a
full complement of users would have substantial delays and less enthusi-
asm for the system.
Careful computer hardware and software selection is essential in this
model. The decision to proceed with MIDS development was made when
the right color terminals at reasonable prices became available. At that
time, graphics software was very limited, and it was necessary to develop
the software for MIDS in-house. MIDS development could have been post-
poned until hardware and software with improved performance at reduced
cost appeared, but this decision would have delayed providing manage-
ment with the information needed. Also affecting the hardware selection
was the organization’s existing hardware and the need to integrate MIDS
into the overall computing architecture. While it is believed that excellent
hardware and software decisions have been made for MIDS, different cir-
cumstances at other firms may lead to different hardware and software
configurations. Future plans for MIDS continues to evolve along the lines
mentioned previously. Improvements in display graphics are also planned
through the use of a video camera with screen digitizing capabilities.
Several other enhancements are also projected. A future version of MIDS
may automatically present variance reports when actual conditions deviate
by more than user-defined levels. Audio output may supplement what is
presented by the displays. The system may contain artificial intelligence
components. There may be a large screen projection of MIDS displays with
better resolution than is currently available. The overriding objective is to
provide Lockheed Georgia management with the information they need to
effectively and efficiently carry out their job responsibilities.
1.5 Cognitive Modeling: Environment Role With
User Interactive Device Systems
Environment plays a crucial role in interacting with various kinds of inter-
active device systems. Behind this, there are four “E’s” that motivate the

theories and assumptions of cognition modeling [19]; these are mainly the
following:
• Embodied,
• Embedded,
• Extended, and
• Enactive.
So, various interactive devices like Individual Intelligences Interactions
(I3), Artificial and Individual Intelligences Interaction (AI3), Brain-
ComputerInteraction(BCI),andIndividualInteractionsthroughComputers
(I2C) in a playful manner are provided to meet the corporate challenges in
all stakeholders of various domains with better user experience.
1.6 Conclusion and Scope
Cognitive modeling plays a significant and strategic role in human-
computer interaction devices deployed these days and in the future, with
artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning computing
techniques. Data science and data analytics provided an accurate visual-
ization analysis with customer feedback experiences to know the expedi-
tions of the users with their interactions of the above interactive devices.
User experience is the crucial factor of any successful interacting device
between machine and human because decisions can be uncertain due to
various situations. One of the key strengths of the cognitive model interac-
tive device system is its many practical applications. It is used in the field
experiment to investigate the effects of cognitive interviewing techniques
training on detectives’ performance in eyewitness interviews. This means
that studies taking the cognitive approach are somewhat scientific and have
good internal validity in the long future deterministic decision-making in
all the levels of management decisions.
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23
Sandeep Kumar, Rohit Raja, Shrikant Tiwari and Shilpa Rani (eds.) Cognitive Behavior and Human
Computer Interaction Based on Machine Learning Algorithm, (23–62) © 2022 Scrivener Publishing
LLC
2
Classification of HCI and Issues
and Challenges in Smart Home
HCI Implementation
Pramod Vishwakarma1
*, Vijay Kumar Soni1
, Gaurav Srivastav1
and Abhishek Jain2
1
Department of AIT-CSE, Chandigarh University, Mohali (SAS Nagar), India
2
Department of Computer Science, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Abstract
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) implies an association with humans or
individuals with computer or machine. Human-computer cooperation is like-
wise called as computer-human connection or CHI. HCI is the arranging, plan-
ning, and improving human-computer gadgets, predominantly interface of
the computer, page, ATM interface, portable interface, etc. The principle point
of HCI is to improve the cooperation among utilization and machine or pro-
cessing association. HCI additionally treated plan and assessed execution of
computer screen or other UI. This article manages the part of HCI, its job, and
current guidelines. The paper likewise informs us concerning the human gadget
cooperation.
Keywords: Human-Computer-Interaction, human cooperation, design,
ease of use, ease of use designing, information science, user amicability,
MMI, CHI
2.1 Introduction
Computer innovation is persistently advancing. New processors, gadgets,
and applications are arising every day. Besides, electronic gadgets, similar
*Corresponding author: pramod.e9758@cumail.in

to computers, portable telephones, tablets, PDAs, and GPSs, are utilized
by more individuals and with new purposes such that they are practically
fundamental in our lives. When we talk about computers or then again
innovation and how individuals use it, we have unmistakably discussed
collaboration. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) includes the inves-
tigation, arranging, and plan of the communication among clients and
computers. Communication among clients and computers happens at the
UI, which incorporates both programming and equipment. The interface
is the space where communication among people and machines happens
and the achievement or disappointment of an item depends significantly
on its interface. There have been changes in how items work, look, act,
and respond to individuals who use them. Through years ago, numer-
ous improvements had occurred here, a large number of them identi-
fied with equipment and new gadgets for communication, yet besides in
the field of analogies, ideal models, cooperation’s styles, guidelines, and
so on. Progress in gadget improvement has changed cooperation tech-
niques like mice and consoles to new advancements that allow clients
to collaborate in a more available way without extensive learning and
transformation. From the old info orders style through direct control or
enlarged reality, numerous enhancements had changed how we associate
with innovation from the old and hefty monochrome screens to current
smart phones. However, this transformation has not been completed at
this point. Luckily, there are likewise numerous regions where we can
improve to make the association cycle simpler, more agreeable, and bet-
ter for the last client. All in all, numerous difficulties can be refined in the
field of human-computer association. A house is one of the fundamental
components of present-day life. Today, the home’s customary idea has
been advanced to be more brilliant and broadened by present-day data
innovation. The smart home was first referenced in the 1990s [38] and as
indicated by the Smart Home Association, the Smart Home is “the mix
of innovation and administrations through home systems administration
for a superior nature of living” [43]. The brilliant home plan depends
on dissecting the necessities for present-day living, which incorporate
development, comfort, Internet correspondence, advanced gadgets, and
mechanized gadgets. The smart home’s idea consolidates business items
with framework administrations and the executives to help extra pre-
requisites in the territories of productivity, insight, security, and intu-
itiveness applied in an eco-accommodating design. These necessities
mirror another pattern of assumptions for everyday environments that
have advanced with our advanced society’s turn of events. Savvy home
items have as of late seen an increment in distributed investigations and

HCI in Smart Home 25
creatively applied for work on, making the Smart Home a quick creat-
ing and well-known region of exploration. Lately, the improvement of
the data society and advances in ecological insight have prompted the
fast development of framework based applications and administrations,
which has brought an assortment of new human-computer cooperation
(HCI) measurements play. Astute conditions improve the significance of
HCI in the data society because of the presence of new types of uses that
can accommodate our everyday needs in a wide range of conditions and
application areas. As indicated by a report by the European Commission
for Information Society, the idea of ecological insight gives another point
of view to underlining a more significant level of easy to understand
association, more adequate assistance uphold, more hearty client author-
ity, and expanded help for HCI best practices [43]. In a wise climate, indi-
viduals are presented to various types of articles and conditions, in which
the climate can distinguish and respond to consistently and straightfor-
wardly. The brilliant home is turning into a significant application field
in the cutting edge data society. Numerous new computerized items and
administrations are being created on the side of these coordinated and
wise registering conditions, thus presenting new difficulties to Smart
Home turn of events and the utilization of HCI best practices.
In our cutting-edge society, individuals will, in general, favor straight-
forwardness. The improvement of the smart home obliges the prerequisites
for simplicity of living while at the same time giving another and reformed
way of life. Most importantly, the Smart Home can boost family time by
streamlining the activity of electronic apparatuses. All-inclusive control
cushions can be utilized to work an assortment of brilliant gadgets, for
example, TVs, computers, climate control systems, and lights. We can save
time by working such gadgets through a savvy home control framework to
invest more energy with our loved ones.
Likewise, a Smart Home can be profoundly modified by close to home
inclinations. For instance, clients can change the shade of lights or the
computerized backdrop’s substance at whatever point they need to with
just a couple of snaps.
Likewise, we can make specific subjects or styles in various rooms in a
brilliant home. At long last, the smart home can deliver a safer climate for
the family. With the advances in checking and warning frameworks, we
can check our home conditions utilizing cell phones while being cease-
lessly from home. Likewise, the smart home can help children or debili-
tated individuals bolt or open the entryways and windows just as remind
the older to kill the oven or then again lights. So, the smart home can
essentially improve personal satisfaction.

2.2 Literature Review of Human-Computer Interfaces
“Human-computer collaboration can be seen as two amazing data pro-
cessors (human and computer) endeavoring to speak with one another
through a tight transfer speed, exceptionally obliged interface” [15]. HCI
is characterized by [9] as “a control worried about the plan, assessment,
and execution of processing frameworks for human use and with the
investigation of significant wonders encompassing them” [8]. Another
definition is given by [7] that HCI is “the control of planning, assessing
and actualizing intelligent computer frameworks for human use, too the
investigation of significant wonders encompassing this order”[7]. “HCI
includes the planned usage and assessment of intuitive frameworks with
regards to the clients’ errand and work” [8]. There is disarray what HCI
is, a science, a plant science, or a designing order. The definition of sci-
ence is “HCI is tempered by guess, giving designing style hypotheses and
instruments for originators” [3]. HCI is a plan science, “building up an
art-based methodology and new exploration strategies to assess existing
frameworks. In their expected and assignments setting, utilizing the out-
comes to educate originators for the cutting edge regarding frameworks”
characterized via Carroll and Campbell [4]. HCI as a designing control,
Long and Dowell [5] characterize as “...the plan of people and computers
interfacing to perform work adequately” while they deteriorate the order
into the plan of people cooperating with computers and plan of comput-
ers associating with people. HCI concentrates on how individuals inter-
face with figuring innovation and how a computer framework is planned
all the more effectively, more basically, and all the more naturally. These
communications have explicit accentuation on the “cooperation at the
interface” with the innovation from a more extensive perspective. Today,
HCI has pulled in significant consideration by specialists, and “it is per-
haps the most basic difficulties confronting software engineering and
designing” (IEEE).
While planning UI of these frameworks, clients’ psychological cycles
with computers should be considered because generally, clients’ cred-
its do not match to computer ascribes. Additionally, we should consider
that computer frameworks can have non-intellectual consequences for the
client, for instance, the client’s reaction to virtual universes. Reeves et al.
[6] indicated that “people have a solid propensity to react to computers in
comparable manners as they do to different people” [6]. HCI is an inter-
disciplinary field that interrelates with numerous controls such as brain
research, software engineering, psychological brain science, designing,
artificial brainpower, and ergonomics. As of late, other orders contribute

to humanism, human sciences, artistry sciences, and so on. Thus, it consol-
idates the social just as psychological parts of figuring. An essential factor
in HCI configuration is the interrelation among Psychology and Computer
science, as Carroll et al. [14] state:
“Mental hypothesis and techniques … can give an establishment to
better interface plan; however, proportionally, interface configuration
gives a rich and point by point good area wherein to evaluate and refine
mental hypotheses of complex learning conduct. Maybe the two con-
trols are presently adult enough to consider a genuine relationship.”
Due to the quick advancement of equipment, programming advances
and their diminishing expenses, improvement of new methods like
discourse and sound preparing and computer vision, individuals will
increasingly utilize computers in their regular day-to-day existences
that are from different fields not too acquainted with computers.
Likewise, “because of some explanation, a few clients cannot have the
option to interface with machines utilizing a mouse and keyboard”
[10–12]. This will prompt planning new multimodal human-
computer
associations that include distinctive info methods like discourse or
voice, paper-like composition or pen, and computer vision (enabling
the computer to see its environmental factors and decipher them),
eye-input innovation, and motion. A multimodal HCI application
reacts to enter in more than one correspondence method as it were
of sight, contact, hearing, and smell that can contribute to a computer
through individual info gadgets. Recently, work area applications have
utilized mechanical information strategies through a console, mouse,
and visual showcase and utilizing natural WIMP familiar interfaces.
Toward the start, there was a solitary client—computer association in
the typical HCI applications. Presently, we have a multi-client multi-
modal association to the computer using new equipment advancements
(cameras, haptic sensors, olfactory, receivers, and others) which give
“the guarantee for affecting a characteristic instinctive correspondence
among human and machine”. Jason et al. (2005) proposed new age of
interfaces that incorporate computer vision, in which HCI a “corre-
spondence among human and a machine”. Likewise, Preece et al. [7]
concur when expressing “Virtual conditions and computer-
generated
realities regularly offer a feeling of direct actual presence, tangible sig-
nals in three measurements, and a characteristic type of collaboration
(for instance employing common signals)”. This suggests new nature
of interfaces of these frameworks, as Faconti et al. [13] say: “UIs of
numerous application frameworks have started to incorporate various
gadgets which can be utilized together to include single articulations.

Such interfaces are normally named multimodal because they utilize
various kinds of correspondence channels to get data”. As the quantity
of the intuitive computer-based frameworks is developing, human exer-
cises are quickly getting interceded by computers. HCI is worried “with
the plan, usage, and assessment of those intelligent computer-based
frameworks, just as with the multi-disciplinary investigation of differ-
ent issues influencing this connection” [1], while the principal concern
is to guarantee “convenience”, operability, discoverability, effortlessness,
and learnability also security, utility, viability, effectiveness, availability,
and ease of use [1] and adaptability (alludes to varieties in errand con-
summation techniques upheld by the framework).
• Human-Computer Interaction
A decent UI may profit from multiple points of view as it builds profitabil-
ity and decreases blunders. Very much planned interfaces permit the client
to perform well. The three principle modules in HCI are close to home,
computers, and connection (communication). All modules are portrayed
succinctly.
• Human: The client who utilizes the framework.
• Computer: Hardware on which programming is working.
• Interaction: How client interface, utilizes, or speaks with the
framework.
The fundamental HR utilized through HCI incorporates Perception
(gaining information utilizing faculties) and Cognition (the way toward
downplaying the handling of Information and Physiology). Discernment
is textual style classification and size, shading contrast. The thinking asset’s
correspondences ought to be distinct with reliable reaction decisions for
the user [49].
• HCI: The Interactive Tools
HCI is the interdisciplinary field fused with software engineering,
data science, and brain research. In a general sense, human-
computer
communication is answerable for implementing new UI with bet-
ter convenience and intelligence. Likewise, HCI is called man-ma-
chine communication now daily; as separated from computer, so many
machine associations are managed interfaces. HCI additionally consider
as creating distinct and predictive strategies and hypotheses of coopera-
tion. The experts in this field essentially plan and create a site, graphical

HCI
-
Applications
Better
and
wider
interface
Reliability
Usability
in
Interface
Interactive
HID
Advance
Information
Design
and
Channels
Figure
2.1
The
utility
of
HCI.

interfaces intuitive. HCI is, as of late, increase fame in figuring science
because of its more extensive advantage. The current analyst is planning
new plan techniques in this field, trying different things with new equip-
ment gadgets (Figure 2.1).
• Role of HCI:
The fundamental point and objective of human-computer association
(Figure 2.2) is as per the following:
• For planning better UI and computer symbol (graphical
interface);
• To make better ease of use of interface;
• Methodologies and cycle for planning interfaces;
• For making computer and ATM UI gorgeous, shaded and
intelligent;
• Methods for executing interface;
• For quicker data use through the better data configuration
dependent on solid data engineering;
• Advance, first, and solid interface readiness.
• HCI and Modern Principles
As indicated by the prestigious ease of use and HCI designing master, it is
smarter to follow these standards for a better and elaborate HCI plan.
Human/Peoples
HCI
Useful and proper
understanding & interaction
Interaction with
Computer Interface, ATM Interface, Mobile
Interface, search Engines
Figure 2.2 The basic of HCI and related spaces.

• Legible Displays: Fundamentally, the showcase decipher-
ability ought to be clear and usable;
• According to Christopher, it is fundamental that the sign
ought to be clear and usable;
• Top-down preparation is required; fundamentally, the sign
ought to be clear and usable;
• It is fundamental to follow the sign in more than once and in
numerous elective structures;
• It is vital to eliminate the straightforwardness in the middle
of the articles or numbers;
• Fundamentally, the presentation should seem as though the
variable that it addresses;
• If moving of subterranean insect part is fundamental, then it
is fundamental to follow the move in an example and bear-
ing viable with the client’s real assumption or mental model;
• There ought to be sufficient significance in the expense of
readiness of interfaces;
• It is fundamental to pick the articles which are not difficult
to available and time powerful;
• Divided consideration between two data source might be
essential for the consummation of one assignment;
• There ought to be conceivable outcomes of access data across
different sources;
• A menu agenda and comparative sort of show might be use-
ful to the client to number any articles or interface;
• According to Christopher, the standard of prescient sup-
porting permit the client to zero in on current conditions,
yet besides consider conceivable future condition;
• Another plan or interface ought to be pretty much the same
or satisfy the consistency for the client’s instance in future
use.
• HCI and HID
For a better human-computer connection and machine interface, we
need reliable and better collaboration gadgets. Both the host and gad-
gets should be significantly more helpful and intelligent. The HID
convention makes usage of gadgets essential. The host, which implies
computer and another machine, ought to be less intricate for better
correspondence with the gadgets, including console, mouse, joystick,
and others.

The gadget is straightforward to utilize and straightforward because
these gadgets will lead all the correspondence. The host needs to recover
the HIID descriptor from the gadget and parse it before speaking with the
gadget. The principal stream of this is first beginning by input at that point
Legible Display
Top down processing
Accessible Objects
Remove the similarity in
between the objects
Development of
sophisticated HCI System
Figure 2.3 The making of intelligent ease of use.
Computer Science Information Science
Psychology Cognitive Science
Interdisciplinary
Areas of HCI
Figure 2.4 The connected fields of HCI and ease of use designing.

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will not be blown away with the wind nor burst with the flail, but I
will abide both."
Every man is instinctively aware and by his admiration makes it
known, that the kind of character which chooses right, willing to
suffer for it, is man's noblest quality. The words in which such
character has found utterance are man's spiritual battle cries. Esther,
going before the King, saying, "If I perish, I perish" (Esther 4:16);
the three Hebrews, facing the fiery furnace saying, "Our God whom
we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace; and he
will deliver us out of thy hand, O king. But if not, be it known unto
thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods" (Dan. 3:17, 18); Peter
and the apostles, facing the angry Council, saying, "We must obey
God rather than men" (Acts 5:29); Anaxarchus, the martyr, crying,
"Beat on at the case of Anaxarchus; Anaxarchus himself you cannot
touch"; Luther, defying the Emperor, "Here stand I; I can do no
other"—most words of men are easily dispensable, but no words like
these can man afford to spare. They are his best. And this sort of
goodness has been possible, because God had not made the world
as our complaints sometimes would have it. For such character, a
system where goodness costs is absolutely necessary. A world where
goodness was paid cash in pleasant circumstance would have no
such character to show. Right and wrong for their own sakes would
be impossible; only prudence and imprudence for happiness' sake
could there exist. Out of the same door with the seeming injustice of
life goes the possibility of man's noblest quality—his goodness "in
scorn of consequence." Many special calamities no one on earth can
hope to understand. But when one has granted that fitness to grow
character is the only worthy test of creation, it evidently is not so
simple as at first it seemed to improve the fundamental structure of
the world.
VI
Indeed, when one in imagination assumes the task of
omnipotence and endeavors to construct a universe that shall be

fitted for the growth of character, he cannot long hesitate concerning
certain elements which must be there. A system of regular law
would have to be the basis of that world, for only in a law-abiding
universe could obedience be taught. If the stars and planets
behaved "like swarms of flies" and nothing could be relied upon to
act twice in the same way, character and intelligence alike would be
impossible. In this new world, remolded, "nearer to our heart's
desire," progress also would be a necessity. A stagnant world cannot
grow character. There must be real work to do, aims to achieve;
there must be imperfections to overpass and wrongs to right. Only in
a system where the present situation is a point of departure and a
better situation is a possibility, where ideal and hope, courage and
sacrifice are indispensable can character grow. In this improved
world of our dreams, free-will in some measure must be granted
man. If character is to be real, man must not in his choice between
right and wrong be as Spinoza pictured him, a stone hurled through
the air, which thinks that it is flying; he must have some control of
conduct, some genuine, though limited, power of choice. And in this
universe which we are planning for character's sake, individuals
could not stand separate and unrelated; they must be woven into a
community. Love which is the crown of character, lacking this, would
be impossible. What happens to one must happen to all; good and ill
alike must be contagious in a society where we are "members one of
another."
No one of these four elements could be omitted from a world
whose test was its adaptability for character. Men with genuine
power of choice, fused into a fellowship of social life, living in a law-
abiding and progressive world—on no other terms imaginable to
man could character be possible. Yet these four things contain all the
sources of our misery. Physical law—what tragic issues its stern,
unbending course brings with terrific incidence on man! Progress—
how obviously it implies conditions imperfect, wrong, through which
we have to struggle toward the best! Free-will—what a nightmare of
horror man's misuse of it has caused since sin began! Social
fellowship—how surely the innocent must suffer with the guilty, how

impossible for any man to bear the consequence of his own sin
alone! We may not see why these general conditions should involve
the particular calamities which we bewail, but even our finite minds
can see thus far into the mystery of suffering: all our trouble springs
from four basic factors in the universe, without any one of which,
great character would be impossible.
While, therefore, if one deny God, the mystery of goodness lacks
both sense and solution; one may affirm God and find the mystery
of evil, mysterious still but suffused with light. God is working out a
spiritual purpose here by means without which no spiritual purpose
is conceivable. Fundamentally creation is good. We misuse it, we fail
to understand its meaning and to appropriate its discipline, and
impatient because the eternal purpose is not timed by our small
clocks, we have to confess with Theodore Parker, "The trouble
seems to be that God is not in a hurry and I am." In hours of
insight, however, we perceive how little our complaints will stand the
test of dispassionate thought. Our miseries are not God's inflictions
on us as individuals, so that we may judge his character and his
thought of us by this special favor or by that particular calamity. The
most careless thinker feels the poor philosophy of Lord
Londonderry's petulant entry in his journal: "Here I learned that
Almighty God, for reasons best known to himself, had been pleased
to burn down my house in the county of Durham." One must escape
such narrow egoism if he is to understand the purposes of God; one
must rise to look on a creation, with character at all costs for its aim,
and countless æons for its settling. In the making of this world God
has limited himself; he cannot lightly do what he will. He has limited
himself in creating a law-abiding system where his children must
learn obedience without special exemptions; in ordaining a
progressive system where what is is the frontier from which men
seek what ought to be; in giving men the power to choose right,
with its inevitable corollary, the power to choose wrong; in weaving
men into a communal fellowship where none can escape the
contagious life of all. What Martineau said of the first of these is true
in spirit of them all: "The universality of law is God's eternal act of

self limitation or abstinence from the movements of free affection,
for the sake of a constancy that shall never falter or deceive."
When once a man has risen to the vision of so splendid a purpose
in so great a world, he rejoices in the outlook. Granted that now he
sees in a mirror darkly, that many a cruel event in human life
perplexes still—he has seen enough to give solid standing to his
faith. What if an insect, someone has suggested, were born just
after a thunderstorm began and died just before it stopped—how
dark would be its picture of creation! But we who span a longer
period of time, are not so obsessed by thunderstorms, although we
may not like them. They have their place and serve their purpose;
we see them in a broader perspective than an insect knows and on
sultry days we even crave their coming. A broken doll is to a child a
cruel tragedy, but to the father watching the child's struggle to
accept the accident, to make the best of it and to come off
conqueror, the event is not utterly undesirable. He is not glad at the
child's suffering, but with his horizons he sees in it factors which she
does not see. So God's horizons infinitely overpass our narrow
outlooks. There is something more than whimsy in the theologian's
saying, which President King reports, that an insect crawling up a
column of the Parthenon, with difficulty and pain negotiating
passage about a pore in the stone, is as well qualified to judge of
the architecture of the Parthenon, as we of the infinitude of God's
plans. Seeing as much as we have seen of sense and purpose in the
structure of creation, we have seen all that our finite minds with
small horizons could have hoped. We have gained ample justification
for the attitude toward suffering which Dolly Winthrop in Silas
Marner has immortalized: "Eh, there's trouble i' this world, and
there's things as we can niver make out the rights on. And all as
we've got to do is to trusten, Master Marner—to do the right thing as
far as we know and to trusten. For if us, as knows so little, can see a
bit o' good and rights, we may be sure as there's a good and a
rights bigger nor what we can know—I feel it i' my own inside as it
must be so."

VII
We may not truthfully leave our subject in such a case that faith's
concern with human misery will seem to lie merely in giving
adversity an explanation. Faith is concerned not alone to explain
misery but to heal it. For while it is impossible without hardship to
develop character, there are woeful calamities on earth that do not
help man's moral quality; they crush and mutilate it; they are
barbarous intruders on the plan of God and they have no business in
his world. Some ills are such that no theory can reconcile them with
the love of God and no man ought to desire such reconciliation; in
the love of God they ought to be abolished. Slavery must be a
possibility in a world where man is free; but God's goodness was not
chiefly vindicated by such a theory of explanation. It was chiefly
vindicated by slavery's abolishment. The liquor traffic and war,
needless poverty in a world so rich, avoidable diseases that science
can overcome—how long a list of woes there is that faith should not
so much explain as banish! When some ills like drunkenness and war
and economic injustice are thrust against our faith, and men ask that
the goodness of God be reconciled with these, faith's first answer
should be not speculation but action. Such woes, so far from being
capable of reconciliation with God's goodness, are irreconcilable with
a decent world. God does not want to be reconciled with them; he
hates them "with a perfect hatred." We may not make ourselves
patient with them by any theory of their necessity. They are not
necessary; they are perversions of man's life; and the best defense
of faith is their annihilation.
Indeed, a man who, rebellious in complaint, has clamorously
asked an explanation of life's ills as the price of faith in God, may
well in shame consider God's real saints. When things were at their
worst, when wrong was conqueror and evils that seemed blatantly
to deny the love of God were in the saddle, these spiritual soldiers
went out to fight. The winds of ill that blow out our flickering faith
made their religion blaze—a pillar of fire in the night. The more evil
they faced, the more religion they produced to answer it. They were

the real believers, who "through faith subdued kingdoms, wrought
righteousness, obtained promises." In comparison with such, it is
obviously paltry business to drive a bargain with God that if all goes
well we will believe in him, but if things look dark, then faith must
go.
Many a man, therefore, who is no philosopher can be a great
defender of the faith. He may not weave arguments to prove that
such a world as this in its fundamental structure is fitted to a moral
purpose. But he can join the battle to banish from the world those
ills that have no business here and that God hates. He can help
produce that final defense of the Christian faith—a world where it is
easier to believe in God.

CHAPTER VII
Faith and Science
DAILY READINGS
The intellectual difficulties which trouble many folk involve the
relations of faith with science, but often they do not so much
concern the abstract theories of science as they do the particular
attitudes of scientists. We are continually faced with quotations from
scientific specialists, in which religion is denied or doubted or treated
contemptuously, and even while the merits of the case may be
beyond the ordinary man's power of argument, he nevertheless is
shaken by the general opinion that what ministers say in the pulpit
on Sunday is denied by what scientists say all the rest of the week.
In the daily readings, therefore, we shall deal with the scientists
themselves, as a problem which faith must meet.
Seventh Week, First Day
No one can hope to deal fairly with the scientists, in their
relationship with faith, unless he begins with a warm appreciation of
the splendid integrity and self-denial which the scientific search for
truth has revealed.
Canst thou bind the cluster of the Pleiades,
Or loose the bands of Orion?
Canst thou lead forth the Mazzaroth in their season?
Or canst thou guide the Bear with her train?
Knowest thou the ordinances of the heavens?
Canst thou establish the dominion thereof in the earth?
Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds,

That abundance of waters may cover thee?
Canst thou send forth lightnings, that they may go,
And say unto thee, Here we are?
Who hath put wisdom in the inward parts?
Or who hath given understanding to the mind?
Who can number the clouds by wisdom?
Or who can pour out the bottles of heaven,
When the dust runneth into a mass,
And the clods cleave fast together?
—Job 38:31-38.
Such is man's ancient wonder before the physical universe; and in
the endeavor to discover the truth about it science has developed
saints and martyrs whose selfless and sacrificial spirit is unsurpassed
even in the annals of the Church. Men have spent lives of obscure
and unrewarded toil to get at a few new facts; they have suffered
persecution, and, even after torture, have reaffirmed the truth of
their discoveries, as did Galileo, when he insisted, "The earth does
move." They have surrendered place and wealth, friends and life
itself in their passion for the sheer truth, and when human service
was at stake have inoculated themselves with deadly diseases that
they might be the means of discovering the cure, or have sacrificed
everything that men hold most dear to destroy an ancient, popular,
and hurtful fallacy. The phrase "pride of science" is often used in
depreciation of the scientists. There is some excuse for the phrase,
but in general, when one finds pride, dogmatism, intolerance, they
are the work of ignorance and not of science. The scientific spirit has
been characteristically humble. Says Huxley: "Science seems to me
to teach in the highest and strongest manner the great truth which
is embodied in the Christian conception of entire surrender to the
will of God. Sit down before the fact as a little child, be prepared to
give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever and to
whatever end nature leads, or you shall learn nothing.... I have only
begun to learn content and peace of mind since I have resolved at
all risks to do this." The Christian, above all others, is bound to

approach the study of the controversy between science and theology
with a high estimate of the integrity and disinterested unselfishness
of the scientists.
O God, we thank Thee for the world in which Thou hast placed us,
for the universe whose vastness is revealed in the blue depths of the
sky, whose immensities are lit by shining stars beyond the strength
of mind to follow. We thank Thee for every sacrament of beauty; for
the sweetness of flowers, the solemnity of the stars, the sound of
streams and swelling seas; for far-stretching lands and mighty
mountains which rest and satisfy the soul, the purity of dawn which
calls to holy dedication, the peace of evening which speaks of
everlasting rest. May we not fear to make this world for a little while
our home, since it is Thy creation and we ourselves are part of it.
Help us humbly to learn its laws and trust its mighty powers.
We thank Thee for the world within, deeper than we dare to look,
higher than we care to climb; for the great kingdom of the mind and
the silent spaces of the soul. Help us not to be afraid of ourselves,
since we were made in Thy image, loved by Thee before the worlds
began, and fashioned for Thy eternal habitation. May we be brave
enough to bear the truth, strong enough to live in the light, glad to
yield ourselves to Thee.
We thank Thee for that world brighter and better than all, opened
for us in the broken heart of the Saviour; for the universe of love
and purity in Him, for the golden sunshine of His smile, the tender
grace of His forgiveness, the red renewing rain and crimson flood of
His great sacrifice. May we not shrink from its searching and
surpassing glory, nor, when this world fades away, fear to commit
ourselves to that world which shall be our everlasting home. Amen.
—W. E. Orchard.
Seventh Week, Second Day
The Christian's appreciation of scientists should not stop short of
profound gratitude for their service to religion. If one reads Burns's

"Tam o' Shanter," with its "ghaists," "warlocks and witches," and
"auld Nick," and remembers that these demonic powers were
veritable facts of terror once, he will see in what a world of
superstitious fear mankind has lived. Bells were first put into church
steeples, not to call folk to worship, but to scare the devils out of
thunder-clouds, and the old cathedral bells of Europe are inscribed
with declarations of that purpose. The ancients hardly believed in
God so vividly as they believed in malicious demons everywhere.
Now the Gospel removed the fear of these from the first Christians;
it made men aware of a conquering alliance with God, so that
believers no longer shared the popular dread of unknown demons.
But so long as thunderstorms, pestilences, droughts, and every sort
of evil were supposed to be the work of devils, even the Gospel
could not dispel the general dread. Only new knowledge could do
that. While Christianity therefore at its best has removed the fear of
evil spirits, science has removed the fact of them as an oppressive
weight on life. Today we not only do not dread them, but we do not
think of them at all, and we have science to thank for our freedom.
By its clear facing of facts and tracing of laws, science has lifted
from man's soul an intolerable burden of misbeliefs and has cleansed
religion of an oppressive mass of credulity. True religion never had a
deadlier foe than superstition and superstition has no deadlier foe
than science. Little children, brought up in our homes to trust the
love of the Father, with no dark background of malignant devils to
harass and frighten them, owe their liberty to the Gospel of Jesus
indeed, but as well to the illumination of science that has banished
the ancient dreads.
These things have I spoken unto you, while yet abiding
with you. But the Comforter, even the Holy Spirit, whom the
Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things,
and bring to your remembrance all that I said unto you.
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give unto you: not as the
world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be

troubled, neither let it be fearful.—John 14:25-27.
To God the Father, God the Son, God the Spirit, we pour forth
most humble and hearty supplications, that He, remembering the
calamities of mankind, and the pilgrimage of this our life in which we
spend our days, would please to open to us new consolations out of
the fountain of His goodness for the alleviating of our miseries. We
humbly and earnestly ask that human things may not prejudice such
as are Divine, so that from the opening of the gates of sense, and
the kindling of a greater natural light, nothing of incredulity ... may
arise in our minds towards Divine mysteries; but rather, O Lord, that
our minds being thoroughly cleansed and purged from fancy, and yet
subject to the Divine will, there may be given unto faith the things
that are faith's, that so we may continually attain to a deeper
knowledge and love of Thee, Who art the Fountain of Light, and
dwellest in the Light which no man can approach unto; through
Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.—Francis Bacon, 1561.
Seventh Week, Third Day
If one approach the scientists, as we have suggested, with
appreciation of their devoted spirit and of their beneficent service,
he is likely to be fair and Christian in his judgment. For one thing, he
will readily understand why some of them are not religious men. The
laws of psychology are not suspended when religion is concerned;
there as elsewhere persistent attention is the price of a vivid sense
of reality. When, therefore, a man habitually thinks intensely of
nothing but biological tissue, or chemical reactions, or the diseases
of a special organ, the results are not difficult to forecast. Darwin's
famous confession that in his exacting concentration on biology he
utterly lost his power to appreciate music or poetry is a case in
point. Said Darwin, "My mind seems to have become a kind of
machine for grinding general laws out of a large collection of facts."
It is needless to say that such a mind is not likely to be more vividly
aware of God than it is to feel music's beauty or poetry's truth. The

plain fact is that if any man should persistently restrict himself to a
physical science, should never hear a symphony or an oratorio,
should shut out from his experience any dealing with music or
enjoyment of it, he would in the end lose all musical capacity, and
would become a man whose appreciation of music was nil and
whose opinion on music was worthless. Just such an atrophy of life
is characteristic of intense specialists. When one understands this he
becomes capable of intelligent sympathy with scientists, even when
he does not at all agree with their religious opinions. Jude gives us a
remarkable injunction, plainly applicable here. "On some have mercy
who are in doubt."
But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy
faith, praying in the Holy Spirit, keep yourselves in the love
of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto
eternal life. And on some have mercy, who are in doubt; and
some save, snatching them out of the fire; and on some
have mercy with fear; hating even the garment spotted by
the flesh.
Now unto him that is able to guard you from stumbling,
and to set you before the presence of his glory without
blemish in exceeding joy, to the only God our Saviour,
through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion
and power, before all time, and now, and for evermore.
Amen.—Jude 20-25.
O God, who so fillest all things that they only thinly veil Thy
presence; we adore Thee in the beauty of the world, in the
goodness of human hearts and in Thy thought within the mind. We
praise Thee for the channels through which Thy grace can come to
us; sickness and health, joy and pain, freedom and necessity,
sunshine and rain, life and death.
We thank Thee for all the gentle and healing ministries of life; the
gladness of the morning, the freedom of the wind, the music of the
rain, the joy of the sunshine, and the deep calm of the night; for

trees, and flowers, the clouds, and skies; for the tender ministries of
human love, the unselfishness of parents, the love that binds man
and woman, the confidence of little children; for the patience of
teachers and the encouragement of friends.
We bless Thee for the stirring ministry of the past, for the story of
noble deeds, the memory of holy men, the printed book, the
painter's art, the poet's craft; most of all for the ministry of the Son
of Man, who taught us the eternal beauty of earthly things, who by
His life set us free from fear, and by His death won us from our sins
to Thee; for His cradle, His cross, and His crown.
May His Spirit live within us, conquer all the selfishness of man,
and take away the sin of the world. Amen.—W. E. Orchard.
Seventh Week, Fourth Day
The tendency of scientific specialization to shut out the
appreciation of life's other values has one notable result: the
opinions of scientific specialists in the physical realm on matters of
religion are generally not of major importance. There is a popular
fallacy that an expert in one realm must be listened to with
reverence on all subjects. But the fact is that a great physicist is not
by his scientific eminence thereby qualified to talk wisely on politics
or literature or religion; rather, so far as a priori considerations are
concerned, he is thereby disqualified. Mr. Edison cannot say anything
on electricity that is insignificant; but when he gave an interview on
immortality he revealed to everyone who knew the history of
thought on that subject and the issues involved in it, that on matters
outside his specialty he could say things very insignificant. The more
one personally knows great specialists, the more he sees how
human they are, how interest in one thing shuts out interest in
others, how the subject on which the mind centers grows real and
all else unreal, how very valuable their judgment is on their
specialties, and how much less valuable even than ordinary men's is
their judgment on anything beside. This truth does not concern
religion only; it concerns any subject which calls into play

appreciative faculties that their science does not use. For a man,
therefore, to surrender religious faith because a specialist in another
realm disowns it is absurd. If one wishes, outside of those whose
vital interest in religion makes them specialists there, to get
confirmation from another class of men, let him look not to
physicists but to judges. They are accustomed to weigh evidence
covering the general field of human life; and among the great
judicial minds of this generation, as of all others, one finds an
overwhelming preponderance of religious men.
But unto us God revealed them through the Spirit: for the
Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. For
who among men knoweth the things of a man, save the
spirit of the man, which is in him? even so the things of God
none knoweth, save the Spirit of God. But we received, not
the spirit of the world, but the spirit which is from God; that
we might know the things that were freely given to us of
God. Which things also we speak, not in words which man's
wisdom teacheth, but which the Spirit teacheth; combining
spiritual things with spiritual words. Now the natural man
receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are
foolishness unto him; and he cannot know them, because
they are spiritually judged.—I Cor. 2:10-14.
O Eternal and glorious Lord God, since Thy glory and honor is the
great end of all Thy works, we desire that it may be the beginning
and end of all our prayers and services. Let Thy great Name be
glorious, and glorified, and sanctified throughout the world. Let the
knowledge of Thee fill all the earth as the waters cover the sea. Let
that be done in the world that may most advance Thy glory. Let all
Thy works praise Thee. Let Thy wisdom, power, justice, goodness,
mercy, and truth be evident unto all mankind, that they may
observe, acknowledge, and admire it, and magnify the Name of
Thee, the Eternal God. In all the dispensation of Thy Providence,
enable us to see Thee, and to sanctify Thy Name in our hearts with

thankfulness, in our lips with thanksgiving, in our lives with
dutifulness and obedience. Enable us to live to the honor of that
great Name of Thine by which we are called, and that, as we profess
ourselves to be Thy children, so we may study and sincerely
endeavor to be like Thee in all goodness and righteousness, that we
may thereby bring glory to Thee our Father which art in heaven;
that we and all mankind may have high and honorable thoughts
concerning Thee, in some measure suitable to Thy glory, majesty,
goodness, wisdom, bounty, and purity, and may in all our words and
actions manifest these inward thoughts touching Thee with suitable
and becoming words and actions; through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.—Lord Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale, 1609.
Seventh Week, Fifth Day
So far in our thought we have tacitly consented to the popular
supposition, that the scientists are at odds with religion. Many of
them unquestionably are. But in view of the obsessing nature of
scientific specialties, the wonder is not that some scientists are non-
religious; the wonder is that so many are profoundly men of faith in
God. The idea that scientists as a whole are irreligious is untrue.
Lists of testimonials from eminent specialists in favor of religion are
not particularly useful, for, as we have said, the judgment of
specialists outside their chosen realm is, at the most, no more
valuable than that of ordinary men. But if anyone tries to rest his
case against religion on the adverse opinions of great scientists, he
easily can be driven from his position. Sir William Crookes, one of
the world's greatest chemists, writes: "I cannot imagine the
possibility of anyone with ordinary intelligence entertaining the least
doubt as to the existence of a God—a Law-Giver and a Life-Giver."
Lord Kelvin, called the "Napoleon of Science," said that he could
think of nothing so absurd as atheism; Sir Oliver Lodge, perhaps the
greatest living physicist and certainly an earnest believer, writes,
"The tendency of science, whatever it is, is not in an irreligious
direction at the present time"; Sir George Stokes, the great physicist

(died 1903), affirmed his belief that disbelievers among men of
science "form a very small minority"; and Sir James Geikie, Dean of
the Faculty of Science at Edinburgh University, impatiently writes, "It
is simply an impertinence to say that 'the leading scientists are
irreligious or anti-Christian.' Such a statement could only be made by
some scatter-brained chatterbox or zealous fanatic." The fact is that,
in spite of the tendency of high specialization to crowd out religious
interest and insight, our great scientists have never thrown the mass
of their influence against religion, and today, in the opinion of one of
their chief leaders, are growing to be increasingly men of religious
spirit. Whatever argument is to be based on the testimony of the
scientists is rather for religion than against it.
For this cause I also, having heard of the faith in the Lord
Jesus which is among you, and the love which ye show
toward all the saints, cease not to give thanks for you,
making mention of you in my prayers; that the God of our
Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you a
spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him;
having the eyes of your heart enlightened, that ye may
know what is the hope of his calling, what the riches of the
glory of his inheritance in the saints, and what the
exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe.—
Eph. 1:15-19.
O Lord, who by Thy holy Apostle hast taught us to do all things in
the Name of the Lord Jesus and to Thy glory; give Thy blessing, we
pray Thee, to this our work, that we may do it in faith, and heartily,
as to the Lord, and not unto men. All our powers of body and mind
are Thine, and we would fain devote them to Thy service. Sanctify
them and the work in which we are engaged; let us not be slothful,
but fervent in spirit, and do Thou, O Lord, so bless our efforts that
they may bring forth in us the fruit of true wisdom. Strengthen the
faculties of our minds, and dispose us to exert them for Thy glory
and for the furtherance of Thy Kingdom. Save us from all pride and

vanity and reliance upon our own power or wisdom. Teach us to
seek after truth, and enable us to gain it; while we know earthly
things, may we know Thee, and be known by Thee through and in
Thy Son Jesus Christ, that we may be Thine in body and spirit, in all
our work and undertakings; through Jesus Christ. Amen.—Thomas
Arnold, 1795.
Seventh Week, Sixth Day
Far more important than the opinions of individual scientists for
religion or against it, is the fact that scientists are coming
increasingly to recognize the limitations of their field. The field of
science is limited; its domain is the system of facts and their laws,
which make the immediate environment of man's life; but with the
Origin of all life, with the character of the Power that sustains us and
with the Destiny that lies ahead of us science does not, cannot deal.
The most superficial observance shows how little any great soul lives
within the confines of science's discoveries. Carlyle, after his great
bereavement, writes to his friend Erskine:
"'Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name, Thy will
be done'—what else can we say? The other night in my sleepless
tossings about, which were growing more and more miserable, these
words, that brief and grand Prayer, came strangely to my mind, with
an altogether new emphasis; as if written and shining for me in mild
pure splendor, on the black bosom of the Night there; when I, as it
were, read them word by word—with a sudden check to my
imperfect wanderings, with a sudden softness of composure which
was much unexpected. Not for perhaps thirty or forty years had I
once formally repeated that prayer—nay, I never felt before how
intensely the voice of man's soul it is; the inmost aspiration of all
that is high and pious in poor human nature." But supposing that the
facts of science were all of reality and the laws of science all of
truth, what sort of prayer could Carlyle have offered? Another has
suggested the form which the Lord's Prayer would take in a world
that lacked religious faith: "Our brethren who are upon the earth,

hallowed be our name; our Kingdom come; our will be done on
earth; for there is no heaven. We must get us this day our daily
bread; we know we cannot be forgiven, for Law knows no
forgiveness; we fear not temptation, for we deliver ourselves from
evil; for ours is the Kingdom and ours is the power, and there is no
glory and no forever. Amen." In such a barren prayer the whole of
man's life is not represented.
Let no man deceive himself. If any man thinketh that he is
wise among you in this world, let him become a fool, that he
may become wise. For the wisdom of this world is
foolishness with God. For it is written, He that taketh the
wise in their craftiness: and again, The Lord knoweth the
reasonings of the wise, that they are vain. Wherefore let no
one glory in men. For all things are yours; whether Paul, or
Apollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or death, or things
present, or things to come; all are yours; and ye are Christ's;
and Christ is God's.—I Cor. 3:18-23.
O Thou Infinite Spirit, who occupiest all space, who guidest all
motion, thyself unchanged, and art the life of all that lives, we flee
unto thee, in whom we also live and move and have our being, and
would reverence Thee with what is highest and holiest in our soul.
We know that Thou art not to be worshiped as though Thou needest
aught, or askedst the psalm of praise from our lips, or our heart's
poor prayer. O Lord, the ground under our feet, and the seas which
whelm it round, the air which holds them both, and the heavens
sparkling with many a fire—these are a whisper of the psalm of
praise which creation sends forth to Thee, and we know that Thou
askest no homage of bended knee, nor heart bowed down, nor
heart uplifted unto Thee. But in our feebleness and our darkness,
dependent on Thee for all things, we lift up our eyes unto Thee; as a
little child to the father and mother who guide him by their hands,
so do our eyes look up to Thy countenance, O Thou who art our
Father and our Mother too, and bless Thee for all Thy gifts. We look

to the infinity of Thy perfection with awe-touched heart, and we
adore the sublimity which we cannot comprehend. We bow down
before Thee, and would renew our sense of gratitude and quicken
still more our certainty of trust, till we feel Thee a presence close to
our heart, and are so strong in the heavenly confidence that nothing
earthly can disturb us or make us fear. Amen.—Theodore Parker.
Seventh Week, Seventh Day
The difficulty which many Christians feel concerning science
centers around their loyalty to the Bible. They still are under the
domination of the thought that the Christian idea of the Bible is the
same as the Mohammedan idea of the Koran or the Mormon idea of
Joseph Smith's sacred plates. The Koran was all written in heaven,
word for word, say orthodox Mohammedans, before ever it came to
earth. As for the Mormon Bible, God buried the plates on which he
wrote, said Smith, and then disclosed their hiding place, and his
prophet translated them verbatim, so that the Mormon book is
literally inerrant. But this is not the Christian idea of the Bible.
Inspiration is never represented in Scripture as verbal dictation
where human powers and limitations are suspended, so that like a
phonographic plate the result is a mechanical reproduction of the
words of God. Rather God spoke to men through their experience as
they were able to understand him, and as a result the great
Christian Book, like a true Christian man, represents alike the
inbreathing of the Divine and the limitation of the human. So the
Epistle to the Hebrews clearly states that God did what he could in
revealing partially to partial men what they could understand:
God, having of old time spoken unto the fathers in the
prophets by divers portions and in divers manners, hath at
the end of these days spoken unto us in his Son, whom he
appointed heir of all things, through whom also he made the
worlds.—Heb. 1:1, 2.

Of all limitations that are entirely obvious in the ancient Hebrew-
Christian world, the current view of the physical universe is the most
unescapable. To suppose that God never can reveal to men anything
about the world, transcending what the ancient Hebrews could
understand, is to deny the principle which Jesus applied even to the
more important realm of spiritual truth: "I have yet many things to
say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now" (John 16:12).
O Thou who hast visited us with the Dayspring from on high, who
hast made light to shine in the darkness, we praise Thy holy name
and proclaim Thy wonderful goodness.
We bless Thee for the dawning of the light in far-off ages as soon
as human eyes could bear its rays. We remember those who bore
aloft the torch of truth when all was false and full of shame; those
far-sighted souls who from the mountain tops of vision heralded the
coming day; those who labored in the darkened valleys to lift men's
eyes to the hills.
We thank Thee that in the fulness of the times Thou didst gather
Thy light into life, so that even simple folk could see; for Jesus the
Star of the morning and the Light of the world.
We commemorate His holy nativity, His lowly toil, His lonely way;
the gracious words of His lips, the deep compassion of His heart, His
friendship for the fallen, His love for the outcast; the crown of
thorns, the cruel cross, the open shame. And we rejoice to know as
He was here on earth, so Thou art eternally. Thou dost not abhor
our flesh, nor shrink from our earthly toil. Thou rememberest our
frailty, bearest with our sin, and tastest even our bitter cup of death.
And now we rejoice for the light that shines about our daily path
from the cradle to the grave, and for the light that illumines its
circuit beyond these spheres from our conception in Thy mind to the
day when we wake in Thy image; for the breathing of Thy spirit into
ours till we see Thee face to face: in God, from God; to God at last.
Hallelujah. Amen.—W. E. Orchard.

COMMENT FOR THE WEEK
I
The innermost questions which some minds raise about religion
cannot be answered without candid discussion of the obvious
contrasts between faith and science. The conflict between science
and theology is one of the saddest stories ever written. It is a record
of mutual misunderstanding, of bitterness, bigotry, and persecution,
and to this day one is likely to find the devotees of religion
suspicious of science and scientists impatient with the Church.
If we are to understand the reason for this controversy between
science and theology, we must take a far look back into man's
history. Stephen Leacock remarks that whenever a professor
discusses anything, he has to retreat at least 2,000 years to get a
running start. Our retreat must be farther than that; it carries us to
the earliest stage in which we are able to describe the thoughts of
men. At the beginning men attributed to superhuman spirits all
activities in the world which they themselves did not perform. If the
wind blew, a spirit did it; if the sun rose, a spirit moved it; if a storm
came, a spirit drove it. Natural law was non-existent to the primitive
man; every movement in nature was the direct result of somebody's
active will. From the mysterious whispering of a wind-swept field to
the crashing thunder, what man did not cause the gods did.
If, therefore, a primitive man were asked the cause of rain, he had
but one answer: a god made it rain. That was his scientific answer,
for no other explanation of rain could he conceive. That was his
religious answer, for he worshiped the spirit on whom he must
depend for showers. This significant fact, therefore, stands clear: To
primitive man a religious answer and a scientific answer were
identical. Sunrise was explained, not by planetary movements which
were unknown, but by the direct activity of a god, and the Dawn
then was worshipped in the same terms in which it was explained.
The historic reason for the confusion between science and religion at
once grows evident. At the beginning they were fused and braided

into one; the story of their relationship is the record of their gradual
and difficult disentangling.
Wherever peace has come between science and religion, one finds
a realm where the boundaries between the two are acknowledged
and respected. Ask now the question, What makes it rain? There is a
scientific answer in terms of natural laws concerning atmospheric
pressure and condensation. There is also a religious answer, since
behind all laws and through them runs the will of God. These two
replies are distinct, they move in different realms, and are held
together without inconsistency. As Sabatier put it, "Since God is the
final cause of all things, he is not the scientific explanation of any
one thing." In how many realms where once confusion reigned
between the believers in the gods and the seekers after natural
laws, is peace now established! Rain and sunrise, the tides and the
eclipses, the coming of the seasons and the growing of the crops—
for all such events we have our scientific explanations, and at the
same time through them all the man of religion feels the creative
power of God. Peace reigns in these realms because here no longer
do we force religious answers on scientific questions or scientific
answers on religious questions. Evidently the old Deuteronomic law
is the solution of the conflict between science and religion: "Cursed
be he that removeth his neighbor's landmark" (Deut. 27:17).
II
Left thus in the negative, however, this might seem to mean that
we are to divide our minds into air-tight compartments, and allow no
influences from one to penetrate another. But science and religion
do tremendously affect each other, and no honest dealing ever can
endeavor to prevent their mutual reaction. Our position is not thus
negative; it affirms a positive and most important truth. Life has
many aspects; science, art, religion, approach it from different
angles, with different interests and purposes; and while they do
influence each other, they are not identical and each has solid
standing in its own right. When science has grown domineering, as

though her approach to reality were the only one and her
conclusions all of truth, the poets have had as much distaste for her
as have the theologians. Shelley, who called himself an atheist, had
no interest in religion's conflict with the extreme claims of science;
yet listen to his aroused and flaming language as he pleads the case
for poetry against her: "Poetry is something divine.... It is the
perfect and consummate surface and bloom of all things; it is as the
odor and color of the rose to the texture of the elements which
compose it, and the form and splendor of unfaded beauty to the
secrets of anatomy and corruption. What were virtue, love,
patriotism, friendship—what were the scenery of this beautiful
universe which we inhabit; what were our consolations on this side
of the grave—and what were our aspirations beyond it, if poetry did
not ascend to bring light and fire from those eternal regions where
the owl-winged faculty of calculation dare not even soar?" This
involves no denial of science's absolute right to her own field—the
"texture of the elements which compose" the rose, and the "secrets
of anatomy." But it is a justified assertion that this field of science is
not all of reality, and that what the "owl-winged faculty of
calculation" can reach is not all of truth.
What is a sunset? Science sets forth the answer in tables where
the light waves that compose the colors are counted and the
planetary movements that bring on the dusk are all explained.
Poetry answers in a way how different!
"I've dreamed of sunsets when the sun, supine,
Lay rocking on the ocean like a god,
And threw his weary arms far up the sky,
And with vermilion-tinted fingers,
Toyed with the long tresses of the evening star."[4]
Is one of these answers more true than the other? Rather it is
absurd to compare their truth; they are not contradictory; they
approach the same fact with diverse interests, and seek in it
different aspects of reality. Each has its rights in its own field. And so
far is it from being true that science has a clear case in favor of its

own superior importance, that Höffding, the philosopher, remarks,
"It well may be that poetry gives more perfect expression to the
highest Reality than any scientific concept can ever do."
Any great fact is too manifold in its meanings to be exhausted by
a single method of approach. If one would know the Bible
thoroughly, he must understand the rules of grammar. Were one to
make grammar his exclusive specialty, the Bible to him, so far as he
held strictly to his science, would be nouns and verbs, adverbs,
adjectives, and prepositions, and the law-abiding relationships
between them. This mere grammarian would know by such a
method one aspect of the Bible, but how little of the Book would
that aspect be! No rules of grammar can interpret the thirteenth
chapter of First Corinthians or explain the story of the Cross. The
facts and laws of the Book's language a grammarian could know, but
the beauty and the soul of it, the innermost transforming truth of it,
would be unperceived.
So life is too rich and various to be exhausted by any one
approach. Science seeks facts and arranges them in systems of
cause and effect. Poetry sees these bare facts adorned with beauty,
she suffuses them with her preferences and her appreciations.
Religion sees the whole gathered up into spiritual unity, filled with
moral purpose and good will, and in this faith finds peace and power.
There need be no conflict between these various approaches; they
are complementary, not antagonistic; and no man sees all the truth
by any one of them alone. So a chemist might come to a spring to
analyze it; a painter to rejoice in its beauties and reproduce them on
his canvas; and a man athirst might come to drink and live. Shall
they quarrel because they do not all come alike? Let them rather see
how partial is the experience of each without the others!
III
In the mutual trespassing which has caused our problem, religion
has had her guilty share, and the reason is not difficult to find. God
did not have to give a modern scientific education to his ancient

Hebrew saints before he could begin to reveal to them something of
his will and character. And they, writing their experience and thought
of him, could not avoid—as no generation's writers can avoid—
indicating the view of the physical world which they and their
contemporaries held. It is easy, therefore, from scores of Scripture
passages to reconstruct the early Hebrew world. Their earth was flat
and was founded on an underlying sea. (Psalm 136:6; Psalm
24:1, 2; Gen. 7:11); it was stationary (Psalm 93:1; Psalm 104:5);
the heavens, like an upturned bowl, "strong as a molten mirror" (Job
37:18; Gen. 1:6-8; Isa. 40:22; Psalm 104:2), rested on the earth
beneath (Amos 9:6; Job 26:11); the sun, moon, and stars moved
within this firmament, of special purpose to illumine man (Gen.
1:14-19); there was a sea above the sky, "the waters which were
above the firmament" (Gen. 1:7; Psalm 148:4), and through the
"windows of heaven" the rain came down (Gen. 7:11; Psalm 78:23);
beneath the earth was mysterious Sheol where dwelt the shadowy
dead (Isa. 14:9-11); and all this had been made in six days, a short
and measurable time before (Gen. 1). This was the world of the
Hebrews.
Because when the Hebrews wrote the Bible their thoughts of God,
their deep experience of him, were interwoven with their early
science, Christians, through the centuries, have thought that faith in
God stood or fell with early Hebrew science and that the Hebrew
view of the physical universe must last forever. In the seventeenth
century, Dr. John Lightfoot, Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Cambridge, said: "Heaven and earth, center and circumference,
were created all together, in the same instant, and clouds full of
water.... This work took place and man was created by the Trinity on
October 23, 4004 B. C., at nine o'clock in the morning." Of what
tragedy has this identification of science with religion been the
cause!
When astronomy began to revolutionize man's idea of the solar
universe, when for the first time in man's imagination the flat earth
grew round and the stable earth began moving through space
seventy-five times faster than a cannon-ball, Pope Paul V solemnly

rendered a decree, that "the doctrine of the double motion of the
earth about its axis and about the sun is false and entirely contrary
to Holy Scripture." When geology began to show from the rocks'
unimpeachable testimony the long leisureliness of God, laying the
foundations of the world, a Christian leader declared geology "not a
subject of lawful inquiry," "a dark art," "dangerous and
disreputable," "a forbidden province," "an awful evasion of the
testimony of revelation." This tragic record of theology's vain conflict
with science is the most pitiable part of the Church's story. How
needless it was! For now when we face our universe of magnificent
distances and regal laws has religion really suffered? Has a flat and
stationary earth proved essential to Christianity, as Protestants and
Catholics alike declared? Rather the Psalmist could not guess the
sweep of our meaning when now we say, "The heavens declare the
glory of God and the firmament showeth his handiwork" (Psalm
19:1).
In the last generation the idea of evolution was the occasion of a
struggle like that which attended the introduction of the new
astronomy. How was the world made? asked the ancient Hebrew,
and he answered, By the word of God at a stroke. That was his
scientific answer, and his religious answer too. When, therefore, the
evolving universe was disclosed by modern science, when men read
in fossil and in living biological structure the undeniable evidence of
a long history of gradually changing forms of life, until the world was
seen not made like a box but growing like a tree, many men of
religion thought the faith destroyed. They identified the Christian
Gospel with early Hebrew science! Today, however, when the general
idea of evolution is taken for granted as gravitation is, how false this
identification obviously appears! Says Professor Bowne, "An Eastern
king was seated in a garden, and one of his counselors was speaking
of the wonderful works of God. 'Show me a sign,' said the king, 'and
I will believe.' 'Here are four acorns,' said the counselor; 'will your
Majesty plant them in the ground, and then stoop down and look
into this clear pool of water?' The king did so. 'Now,' said the other,
'Look up.' The king looked up and saw four oak trees where he had

planted the acorns. 'Wonderful!' he exclaimed; 'this is indeed the
work of God.' 'How long were you looking into the water?' asked the
counselor. 'Only a second,' said the king. 'Eighty years have passed
as a second,' said the other. The king looked at his garments; they
were threadbare. He looked at his reflection in the water; he had
become an old man. 'There is no miracle here, then,' he said angrily.
'Yes,' said the other; 'it is God's work whether he do it in one second
or in eighty years.'"
Such an attitude as this is now a commonplace with Christian folk.
A vast and growing universe through which sweep the purposes of
God is by far the most magnificent outlook for faith that man has
ever had. The Gospel and Hebrew science are not identical; the
Gospel is not indissolubly bound to any science ancient or modern;
for science and religion have separable domains.
"A fire-mist and a planet,
A crystal and a cell,
A jelly-fish and a saurian,
And caves where cave men dwell.
Then a sense of Love and Duty
And a face turned from the clod,
Some call it Evolution
And others—call it God."
The same story of needless antagonism is now being written
about religion and natural law. When science began plotting nature's
laws, the control of the world seemed to be snatched from the
hands of deity and given over to a system of impersonal rules. God,
whose action had been defined in terms of miracle, was forced from
one realm after another by the discovery of laws, until at last even
comets were found to be not whimsical but as regular in their law-
abiding courses as the planets, and God seemed to be escorted to
the edge of the universe and bowed out. When Newton first
formulated the law of gravitation, the artillery of many an earnest
pulpit was let loose against him. One said that Newton took "from
God that direct action on his works so constantly ascribed to him in

Scripture and transferred it to material mechanism" and that he
"substituted gravitation for Providence." But now, when science has
so plainly won her case, in her own proper field; when we know to
our glory and profit so many laws by which the world is governed,
and use our knowledge as the most splendid engine of personal
purpose and freedom which man ever had, we see how great our
gain has been. Nor is it more a practical than a religious gain. God
once was thought of chiefly in terms of miraculous action; he came
into his world now and again, like the deus-ex-machina of a Greek
tragedy, to solve a critical dilemma in the plot. Now all the laws we
know and many more are his regular ways of action, and through
them all continuously his purpose is being wrought. As Henry
Drummond exclaimed, "If God appears periodically, he disappears
periodically. If he comes upon the scene at special crises, he is
absent from the scene in the intervals. Whether is all-God or
occasional God the nobler theory?"
Nothing, therefore, can be more pathetic than the self-styled
"defenders of the faith" who withstand the purpose of reverent
students to give scientific answers to scientific questions. Such men
are not really defending the faith. They are doing exactly what
Father Inchofer did when he said, "The opinion that the earth moves
is of all heresies the most abominable"; what Mr. Gosse did when he
maintained, in explanation of geology's discoveries, that God by the
use of stratified rock and fossils deliberately gave the earth the
appearance of development through long ages, while really he made
it in six days; what Mr. Southall did when, in the face of established
anthropology, he claimed that the "Egyptians had no Stone age and
were born civilized"; what the Dean of Chichester did when he
preached that "those who refuse to accept the history of the
creation of our first parents according to its obvious literal intention,
and are for substituting the modern dream of evolution in its place,
cause the entire scheme of man's salvation to collapse." These were
not defending the faith; they were making it ridiculous in the eyes of
intelligent men and were embroiling religion in controversies where
she did not belong and where, out of her proper realm, she was

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