Cognitive constructivism – Jerome.S. Bruner
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1. Jerome Bruner was an influential American psychologist who developed the theory of cognitive constructivism, which posits that learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas based on their current and background knowledge. 2. Bruner proposed that cognitive development occurs in three stages - enactive (learning by doing), iconic (using mental images and models), and symbolic (using symbols and language) - and that instruction should help students transition between these stages. 3. Key aspects of Bruner's theory included the spiral curriculum, discovery learning, scaffolding, and using concept formation to help students categorize information. His work emphasized how instruction could be tailored to students' developmental levels and prior experiences.
Cognitive constructivism – Jerome.S. Bruner
- 1. Cognitive constructivism – Jerome.S. Bruner Suresh Babu G Assistant Professor CTE CPAS Paippad, Kottayam
- 2. Jerome Seymour Bruner (1915 –2016) • Jerome Seymour Bruner was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. • Jerome Bruner was one of the first proponents of constructivism. • Known for : Contributions to cognitive psychology and educational psychology; Coining the term "scaffolding“ “LEARNERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO DISCOVER FACTS AND RELATIONSHIPS FOR THEMSELVES.” JEROME BRUNER
- 3. Six aspects of Cognitive Development – Jerome.S.Bruner 1. Cognitive development is characterized by increasing independence of a response from a stimulus. 2. Cognitive development is characterized by any internal storage and information processing system that can describe reality quite closely. 3. Cognitive development involves an increasing capacity to express by words or symbols what one has done and what one will do.
- 4. 4. Cognitive development depends upon systematic interaction with members of society. 5. Cognitive development is quite closely related to language development. 6. Cognitive development is marked by increasing ability to perform concurrent activities and to allocate attention sequentially to various activities.
- 5. Bruner's theory • Bruner's theory on constructivism encompasses the idea of learning as an active process wherein those learning are able to form new ideas based on what their current knowledge is as well as their past knowledge. • He developed Concept Attainment Model in teaching.
- 7. Stages or Mode of Cognitive Development - Bruner • Bruner suggested the ability to represent knowledge develops in three stages. 1) ENACTIVE REPRESENTATION 2) ICONIC REPRESENTATION 3) SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
- 8. (1) ENACTIVE REPRESENTATION • Earliest ages • Children learn about the world through actions or physical objects and the outcomes of these actions • Children represent objects in terms of their immediate sensation • Represented in Muscles and involve Motor Responses • ie, Riding a bicycle, tying a knot tasting the apple
- 9. (2) ICONIC REPRESENTATION Learning can be obtained by using models and pictures Learner can now use mental images to stand for certain objects or events Allows one to recognize objects when they are changed in minor ways e. g. Mountains with and without snow at the top
- 10. (3) SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION Learner has developed the ability to think in abstract terms Uses symbol system to encode knowledge Most common symbol systems are language and mathematical notation
- 11. Bruner advised that teachers utilize and bring together concrete, pictorial then symbolic activities to facilitate learning Before children can comprehend abstract mathematical operations Teachers can first have the numbers represented enactively (w/ blocks) an then, iconically (in pictures) and children can later handle number concepts (symbolic)
- 12. SPIRAL CURRICULUM - BRUNER Bruner stressed that teaching should always lead to boosting cognitive development. Curriculum should be organized in a spiral manner so that the student continually builds upon what they have already learned. teachers must revisit the curriculum by teaching the same content in different ways depending on students developmental levels.
- 14. DISCOVERY LEARNING Discovery Learning refers to obtain knowledge for oneself. Teacher plans and arranges activities in such a way that students search, manipulate, explore and investigate. Once Students possess prerequisite knowledge careful structuring of material. Allows them to discover important principles. LEARNING BECOMES MORE MEANINGFUL (when) students explore their learning environment rather than listen passively to teachers.
- 15. THEORY OF INSTRUCTION BRUNER (1966) states that a theory of instruction should address four major aspects: 1. PREDISPOSITION TO LEARN- introduced the ideas of “readiness learning”. 2. STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE- the ways in w/c a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner. 3. EFFECTIVE SEQUENCING- No one sequencing will fit every learner, but in general, the lesson can be presented in increasing difficulty. 4. REINFORCEMENT - Rewards and punishment should be selected and paced appropriately.
- 16. KINDS OF CATEGORIES 1. IDENTITY CATEGORIES - include objects based on the attributes or features. (Example, for an object to be included in the category "car" it must have an engine, 4 wheels, and be a possible means of transportation) 2. EQUIVALENT CATEGORIES - (provide rules for combining categories MOTOR VEHICLE = CAR, TRUCK, VAN SCIENCE = AN APPLE green, ripe, dried, 3. CODING SYSTEMS – categories that serve to recognize sensory input people interpret the world largely in terms of similarities and differences.
- 17. Concept Attainment - Bruner According to Bruner, concept attainment is the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to distinguish exemplars from non- exemplars of various categories. Students compare examples that contains the attributes of a concept. Students get categorization skill based on concept.
- 18. Steps of Concept Attainment 1. Select and define a concept. 2. Select the attributes. 3. Develop positive and negative examples. 4. Introduce the process to the students. 5. Present the examples and list the attributes. 6. Develop a concept definition. 7. Give additional examples 8. Discuss the process with class. 9. Evaluate
- 19. Principles of Instruction stated by Bruner 1. Readiness Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn. 2. Spiral Organization Instruction must be structured so that it can easily grasped by the student. 3. Going beyond the Information Given Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation (calculation/estimation) and or fill in the gaps.
- 20. Implication of Bruner's learning theory on teaching • Learning is an active process. • Learners make appropriate decisions and postulate hypotheses and test their effectiveness. • Learners use prior experience to fit new information into the pre-existing structures. • Scaffolding is the process through which able peers or adults offer supports for learning. • The notion of spiral curriculum states that a curriculum should revisit basic ideas, building on them until the student grasps the full formal concept. • Although extrinsic motivation may work in the short run, intrinsic motivation has more value
- 21. Implications on the learning process Bruner’s learning theory has direct implications on the teaching practices. Instruction must be appropriate to the level of the learners. The teachers must revisit material to enhance knowledge Material must be presented in a sequence giving the learners the opportunity to: a. acquire and construct knowledge, b. transform and transfer his learning.
- 22. Students should be involved in using their prior experiences and structures to learn new knowledge. Help students to categorize new information in order to able to see similarities and differences between items. Teachers should assist learners in building their knowledge. This assistance should fade away as it becomes unnecessary. Teachers should provide feedback that is directed towards intrinsic motivation. Implications on the learning process
- 23. Suresh Babu