Comm via printed media 05
- 1. Communication via Printed Media 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Hasan Hüseyin Erkaya Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi 2019 1
- 2. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline: 3000 BC and earlier • The Mesopotamians use round cylinder seals for rolling an impress of images onto clay tablets. • In other early societies in China and Egypt, small stamps are used to print on cloth. Second century AD • A Chinese man named Ts’ai Lun is credited with inventing paper. Seventh century • A small book containing the text of the Gospel of John in Latin is added to the grave of Saint Cuthbert. In 1104 it is recovered from his coffin in Durham Cathedral, Britain. The Cuthbert Gospel is currently the oldest European book still in existence. 2 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history
- 3. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline 3 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history St Cuthbert Gospel
- 4. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Eleventh century • A Chinese man named Pi-Sheng develops type characters from hardened clay, creating the first movable type. The fairly soft material hampers the success of this technology. Twelfth century • Papermaking reaches Europe. Thirteenth century • Type characters cast from metal (bronze) are developed in China, Japan and Korea. The oldest known book printed using metal type dates back to the year 1377. It is a Korean Buddhist document, called Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters. 4 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history
- 5. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline 5 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters.
- 6. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Fifteenth century • Woodcut had already been in use for centuries in China and Japan • 1423: The oldest known European woodcut specimen • The ink was made of lampblack (soot from oil lamps) mixed with varnish or boiled linseed oil. • Books are still rare since they need to be laboriously handwritten by scribes. 6 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history A hand-colored woodcut print
- 7. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Fifteenth century • 1436: Gutenberg begins work on a printing press. It takes him 4 years to finish his wooden press which uses movable metal type. • 1448: Gutenberg sets up a printing shop in Mainz • 1455: Gutenberg goes bankrupt • 1457: First (spot) color printing by Johann Faust and his son-in-law Peter Schoffer • 1461: First books with woodcut illustrations by Albrecht that are colored in manually. • 1464: Printing arrives in Italy 7 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Gutenberg’s letterpress
- 8. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Fifteenth century • 1467: First engravings (metal) • 1469: Use of roman type which no longer looks like the handwritten characters • 1472: Book printing takes off in Spain • 1476: William Caxton introduced metal type in England • 1499: Aldus Manutius & Francesco Griffo printed smaller, more portable books 8 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Caxton showing his printing press to King Edward IV
- 9. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Sixteenth century • 1507: Lucas Cranach invents the chiaroscuro woodcut – drawings are reproduced using two or more blocks printed in different colors. • 1525: Albrecht Dürer publishes a book on the geometry of letters. Seventeenth century • 1605: First newspaper Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg. That same year the first German newsletter, the Avisa, is published. • 1642: Ludwig von Siegen invents mezzotint, a technique to reproduce halftones by roughening a copper plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a ‘rocker’. The tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean. • 1661: First printed banknotes 9 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history
- 10. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Eighteenth century • 1710: the German painter and engraver Jakob Christof Le Blon used the mezzotint method to engrave three metal plates for color printing: red, yellow and blue. It’s the foundation for modern color printing. • 1725: Duplicating printing plates using stereotyping • 1798: Lithography was discovered 10 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history A mold to duplicate the letterpress page
- 11. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Nineteenth century • 1800: Stanhope press – Iron-frame – 200 impressions per hour – more durable and can print larger sheets • Inspired, other press manufacturers soon switch to a similar type of construction 11 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Stanhope press
- 12. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Nineteenth century • 1814: First cylinder presses by Friedrich Gottlob Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer – Steam powered – 1100 double-sided sheets per hour • 1817: Koenig & Bauer return to Germany and start building presses in an abandoned monastery in Würzburg. Their company is nowadays known as KBA. 12 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history First cylinder presses
- 13. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Nineteenth century • 1816: The cast iron Columbian Press, invented by George Clymer, can produce 250 prints per hour. • 1832: Automating binding • 1837: Chromolithography • 1841: Anastatic printing – early forerunner of photocopying. • 1843: First use of photos in a book and first Christmas cards 13 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Columbian Press
- 14. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Nineteenth century • 1843: first lithographic rotary printing press • 1847: 2000 copies per hour per cylinder • 1856: the first web press, 15000 double-sided prints/hr • 1867: commercial typewriter • 1875: paper folder aded to web press • 1886: the Linotype typesetter • 1887: mimeograph (stencil printing) 14 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history Lithographic rotary printing press
- 15. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Timeline Twentieth century • 1900: Kolbus bindery machines • 1903: Offset lithography is born • 1906: Offset rotary press • 1907: Using silk for screen printing • 1938: Xerography is invented by Chester F. Carlson • 1949: First scans of color images • 1975: IBM 3800 – continuous form laser printer, 2000 lines per minute • 1977: Xerox 9700 – cut-sheet 300 dpi laser printer, 120 pp/min, duplex, graphics • 1985: Apple’s postscript LaserWriter $6995 affordable graphics printing • 1986: LITHOMAN commercial web offset printing press • 1990:135 page-per-minute black & white print-on-demand publishing system. • 1990: color laser printers (plain paper) • 1993: Digital printing takes off • 2000: Waterless web offset printing 15 https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history
- 16. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes Each printing process has three main steps: • Prepress: Preparing the material and designing the page • Used to be done manually: handset type and/or typesetting machines, process cameras for imaging functions, film processing, manual color correction, film assembly and page and signature Iayout. • Digital imaging with computers and software has almost completely replaced all manual operations, but prepress still is similar for all printing processes. • Press: Printing operation • 1) Plate, pressure or impact processes like conventional offset lithography, letterpress, flexography, gravure and screen printing; • 2) Plateless or dynamic processes like electrophotography, ink-jet, ion or electron charge deposition, magnetography, thermal transfer printing, thermal dye sublimation and electro-coagulation. • Postpress: folding, binding, trimming • The prepress and postpress steps are very similar for all printing processes. 16 International Paper Company, Pocket Pal, Memphis, TN: 2003
- 17. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes Conventional printing processes • Image area is separated from the non-image area • (1) Planographic in which the printing and nonprinting areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties. Examples are offset lithography, collotype and screenless printing; • (2) Relief in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non-printing areas are below the surface. Examples are letterpress and flexography; • (3) Intaglio in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing areas are etched or engraved below the surface. Examples are gravure and steel- die engraving; • (4) Porous in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens through which ink can penetrate, and the non-image areas are a stencil over the screen to block the flow of ink in those areas. Examples are screen printing and stencil duplicator. 17 International Paper Company, Pocket Pal, Memphis, TN: 2003
- 18. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes Conventional printing processes examples 18 International Paper Company, Pocket Pal, Memphis, TN: 2003 LITHOGRAPHY (Smooth Edges) FLEXOGRAPHY Rotary Letterpress (Ring of Ink) GRAVURE (Serrated Edges) SCREEN PRINTING (Screen Edges)
- 19. ink receptive water repellent area 19 ink repellent water receptive area press plate Planographic printing 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes The water repellent part has 0.3 mm thickness
- 20. 20 Planographic -- offset lithography • Water and oily ink do not mix • Pressplate has the water repellent and oil repellent areas on the same plane • Pressplate is dampened first and then inked • The ink sticks to the water repellent areas • The ink is printed on a rubber cylinder first (the name offset comes from this action) • The image on the rubber cylinder is transferred to the paper • Good contact between the pressplate and rubber cylinder • Good contact between the rubber cylinder and the paper • Long pressplate life, crisp images • Sheet-fed and roll-fed (web) printing possible 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 21. 21 full color printing 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 22. raised printing area 22 non-printing area press plate Relief printing 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 23. 23 Relief – letterpress • Gutenberg’s method • the image or printing areas are raised above the non-printing areas • can print from cast metal type, molded duplicate plate, photopolymer plates • Viscous oil-base and UV inks are used • The ink rollers come in contact with the raised areas only • The inked Image is transferred directly to the paper • Press types: platen, flatbed cylinder, rotary, and belt • Makeready process takes very long time 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 24. 24 Relief – flexography • a form of rotary web relief printing like letterpress • uses flexible rubber or resilient photopolymer relief pressplates • uses fast-drying low viscosity solvent, water- based, or UV inks fed from an anilox inking system. • can print on almost anything that can go through a web press: decorated toilet tissue, bags, pressure sensitive labels, corrugated board, foil, cellophane,polyethylene and other plastic films 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 25. etched printing area 25 non-printing area press plate Intaglio printing 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 26. 26 Intaglio – gravure printing • image areas consist of cells or wells etched or engraved into a copper cylinder (press plate) • the unetched surface of the cylinder represents the non-printing areas. • The image cylinder rotates in a bath of ink. • The excess ink is wiped off the surface • The ink remaining in recessed cells forms the image by direct transfer to the paper Three types of etching: • (1) chemical etching that produces cells of the same size or area with varying depths or cells with varying area and depth; • (2) electromechanical engraving (EME) which produces cylinders with cells that vary in area and depth; • (3) direct digital laser etching 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 27. porous printing area 27 nonporous non-printing area press stencil Porous printing 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 28. 28 Porous – screen printing • uses a porous screen of fine silk, nylon, dacron or stainless steel mounted on a frame. • A stencil (template) is produced, either manually or photomechanically, in which the non-printing areas are protected by the stencil. • Printing is on paper or other substrate under the screen by applying ink with a paint-like consistency, spreading and forcing it through the fine mesh openings with a rubber squeegee (blade). • Can be automated for multi-color printing • Screen printing is used for apparel, signage and specialty materials 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 29. 29 Other conventional Processes – copying • Carbon paper was used to produce multiple copies • Photostat printing: camera + light sensitive paper difficult and expensive (blueprint) • Electrophotography, also called xerography (photocopy): a corona charged photoconductor drum is exposed to the image through some lens. The illuminated parts lose the charge while the dark regions attract the toner. Then the toner is transferred to the paper. Finally, the toner is fused onto the paper. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 30. 30 Other conventional Processes – duplicating • Before the introduction of photocopy machines, duplicators had been used to produce small number of print copies in an inexpensive way. • Offset duplicator is a small offset press in sizes up to 12x18 inches. • Copier/duplicators automate duplicating by combining' a copier and a duplicator. • The stencil duplicator, or mimeograph, which works by forcing ink through a porous stencil usually prepared on a typewriter, or by spark discharge • The spirit duplicator uses a master prepared using special carbon papers which contain soluble dyed resins of different colors. When the master gets in contact with the paper that is wet with solvent, the resin is dissolved in part and the image is transferred to the paper. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes Gestetner's Rotary Cyclostyle stencil duplicator No. 6
- 35. 35 Digital Printing • a combination of digital imaging and digital press. • has already almost completely replaced conventional prepress. • has created an intermediate type of printing process with digital prepress and conventional press. Digital imaging has made possible the filmless imaging of • (1) printing plates for conventional presses and • (2) dynamic image carriers for digital presses. Filmless digital imaging processes • (1) computer-to-plate (CTP), • (2) computer-to-plate-on-press (DI for Direct Imaging) • (3) computer-to-print (EP for Electronic Printing). • All the categories use essentially the same prepress digital files on the computer. 5. Introduction to Printing Processes Printing Processes
- 36. 36 YouTube Video links • Monotype typecaster (14 minutes) • Clamshell manuel letterpress (5 minutes) • Clamshell letterpress foot operated (3 minutes) • Clamshell letterpress motorized (2 minutes) • Automated clamshell letterpres (3 minutes) • Linotype typesetter technical details (35 minutes) • Web printing plant (4 minutes) • Gestetner stencil duplicator (1 minute) • Heidelberg KS Cylinder letterpress (4 minutes) • Mimeographing techniques 1958 (15 minutes) • Newspaper printing before computers (17 minutes) • How books were printed before computers (11 minutes) • Newspaper printing after computers (4 minutes) 5. Introduction to Printing Processes
- 37. 37 Thanks for your attention Hasan Hüseyin Erkaya Eskişehir Osmangazi University March 2019 37