Common errors in citations

Citing an I Statement
I used purposeful sampling to ensure my
participants were instructors most familiar
with ELL strategies (Smith, 2010).
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/evidence

try separating your actions from
what the research has suggested
According to Smith (2010), purposeful
sampling helps researchers gain qualified
participants who meet a set of criteria;
therefore, I used this sampling technique
to select the instructors most familiar with
ELL strategies.

Or
Because purposeful sampling helps
researchers gain qualified participants
who meet a set of criteria (Smith, 2010), I
used this sampling technique to select the
instructors most familiar with ELL
strategies.

Citing a Paraphrase From a
Previous Paper
Jones stated that the nursing shortage has
led some government officials to propose
recruiting nurses from other countries,
including Mexico and Canada (Thompson,
2012).

Jones (as cited in Thompson, 2012) stated
that the nursing shortage has led some
government officials to propose recruiting
nurses from other countries, including
Mexico and Canada.

Citing the speaker on a video
• Sample sentence
In the video, West (2011) said that to appeal
to visual learners, educators should use
pictures, video, and bright colors in their
mathematics lessons.

Correct
In a taped interview, West (Laureate Education,
Inc., 2011) stated that educators should use
pictures, video, and bright colors in their
mathematics lessons.
• Or
According to West (Laureate Education, Inc.,
2011), educators should use pictures, video, and
bright colors in their mathematics lessons.

When using citations
• Introduce
• Integrate
• Explain

Paraphrased Citations:
• Paraphrased material must be cited.
• Citations for paraphrased material should always
include both the author and the year.
In-text citation can be placed within the sentence
or at the end:
Yes: According to Johnson (2012), mirror neurons
may be connected with empathy and imitation.
Yes: Mirror neurons may be connected with
empathy and imitation in human beings
(Johnson, 2012).

Direct Quotations
Yes: Christensen (2010) regarded the
"infiltration of only red light" (p. 32) as a
success in the experiment.
No: Christensen (2010) regarded the
"infiltration of only red light" as a success
in the experiment (p. 32).

Problems with dropped quotes
• Dropped quotes are quotations with no
lead ins or introductions.
http://jeanneguerin.com/1b/MLAerrors.htm

Paragraph with direct quotations
not integrated:
• Teachers in ESL classrooms need more access
to professional development. According to Grant
(2009), "The percentage of ESL students in high
schools has gone up 75% in the last ten years"
(p. 338). Gramber (2010) said, "The scope of
ESL education is changing rapidly" (p. 2834).
Judes (2008) suggested, "ESL teachers often do
not have updated certification." A study found
that "Non-native English speakers require a
different pedagogy than native speakers"
(Bartlett, 2004, p. 97).
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/evidence/integrate

Integrate
• Paragraph with direct quotations not integrated:
Teachers in ESL classrooms need more
access to professional development. According to Grant
(2009), "The percentage of ESL students in high schools
has gone up 75% in the last ten years" (p. 338).
Gramber (2010) said, "The scope of ESL education is
changing rapidly" (p. 2834). Judes (2008) suggested,
"ESL teachers often do not have updated certification." A
study found that "Non-native English speakers require a
different pedagogy than native speakers" (Bartlett, 2004,
p. 97).

Paragraph with direct quotations
revision (revisions in bold):
Teachers in ESL classrooms need more access to professional
development. According to Grant (2009), "The percentage of ESL
students in high schools has gone up 75% in the last ten years" (p.
338). This increase has caused a shift in the tradition training of
ESL educators. Speaking of this shift, Gramber (2010) said, "The
scope of ESL education is changing rapidly" (p. 2834). With such a
fast change in training and requirements, districts often neglect
to keep their teachers up to date. Judes (2010) suggested, "ESL
teachers often do not have updated certification" (p. 33). However,
teachers must have up-to-date techniques and be familiar with
the most recent theories in the field of ESL education. A
recent study found that "Non-native English speakers require a
different pedagogy than native speakers" (Bartlett, 2011, p.
97), thus showing the need for teachers to be current in their
training and pedagogy. One of the best ways to accomplish
this update and keep educators aware of currents trends and
theories in their fields is through professional development.

Paragraph with paraphrased
materials not integrated

Better version
The causes of childhood obesity are various. Greg (2005)
found that children need physical activity to stay healthy.
However, children's inactive lifestyles and the time
they spend in front of a screen seem to consume the
time they could otherwise spend playing outdoors or
involved in physical activities. In fact, this lack of
physical activity has a direct effect on body fat index
(BMI). One study found that the amount of time spent in
front of the television or computer had a direct correlation
to an individual's BMI (Stephens, 2003). While screen
time is correlated with high BMI, Parsons
(2003) still debated whether nature or nurture affects
childhood obesity more. Though Parsons admitted that
scientists have linked genetics to obesity, he also
explains that parents often reinforce bad lifestyle habits
(Parsons, 2003).

Unexplained Quotation
Embryonic stem cell research uses the stem
cells from an embryo, causing much
ethical debate in the scientific and political
communities (Robinson, 2011).
"Politicians don't know science" (James,
2010, p. 24). Academic discussion of both
should continue (Robinson, 2011).

Explained quotation
Embryonic stem cell research uses the stem cells from an
embryo, causing much ethical debate in the scientific
and political communities (Robinson, 2011). However,
many politicians use the issue to stir up
unnecessary emotion on both sides of the issues.
James (2010) explained that "politicians don't know
science," (p. 24) so scientists should not be listening
to politics. Instead, Robinson (2011) suggested that
academic discussion of both embryonic and adult
stem cell research should continue in order for
scientists to best utilize their resources while being
mindful of ethical challenges.
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/evidence/explain

Explained Paraphrase
Trow (1939) measured the effects of emotional
responses on learning and found that student
memorization dropped greatly with the
introduction of a clock. Errors increased even
more when intellectual inferiority regarding
grades became a factor (Trow, 1939). The group
that was allowed to learn free of restrictions from
grades and time limits performed better on all
tasks (Trow, 1939). Therefore, negative
learning environments and students'
emotional reactions can indeed hinder
achievement.
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/evidence/explain

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/930/10/

More examples of in-text citations
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/930

References
• Evidence,
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcen
• Quote or paraphrase,
http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/refchoice.htm
• Problems with dropped quotes,

Common errors in citations

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Common errors in citations