![6
0
10
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50
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70
80
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1970
1980
1990
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2010
2017
2030
Graph of performance of microprocessor from past to future
VIII. CONCLUSION
Thus we can conclude the comparative study of
microprocessors by the table above. Form the above
explanation, we can see the drastically change of
microprocessors from 1970s till 2017. In near future we will
see more microprocessor chips that will be faster. The
efficiency of microprocessor will increase.
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.elprocus.com/microprocessor-history-and-
brief-information-about-its-generations/J. Clerk Maxwell,
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor#Notes
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microprocessors
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology
[5] https://meetingtomorrow.com/content-library/history-of-
the-microprocessor
[6] http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/processor.php](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/comparativestudyofmicroprocessorperspectiveofhistoricalpreference-201006173952/85/Comparative-study-of-microprocessor-perspective-of-historical-preference-6-320.jpg)
Comparative study of microprocessor perspective of historical preference
- 1. Comparative study of microprocessor perspective of historical preference. Sumaiya Ismail, Mahmudul Hasan, Nahifa Binte Ahammed, Motiur, Razia Shultana Priya Department of Computer Science and Engineering IUBAT – International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh. E-mail: {15203088,15203101,15203087,15203082,15203106}@iubat.edu Abstract— The microprocessor is the most useful component of a computer. It is an integrated circuit which contains resistor, transistors, capacitors, inductors etc. the first microprocessor was used in a small computer many years back. Now there are millions of microprocessor in this era. In this paper we will make a comparative study of the microprocessors taking all of the historical background. Keywords-integrated; semiconductors; logic operations; data; device; microprocessors; clock speeds. I. INTRODUCTION A microprocessor is a small chip in a large computer. It contains all the functionalities of a CPU. Microprocessor takes data as input and then processes all the instruction accordingly. From the history of before we can say that at first microprocessor did only calculation for the computer. But at present the microprocessors are uses for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. II. RELATED WORKS This article is totally new concept of a microprocessor study taking historical preferences. III. DESCRIPTON 1) Generation of Microprocessor 1st Generation: This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of microprocessor’s history 2nd Generation: This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in which very efficient 8-bit microprocessors were implemented like Motorola 6800 and 6801. 3rd Generation: During this period 16 bit processors were created and designed using HMOS technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL 8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed 4th Generation: From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32 bit microprocessors by using HCMOS fabrication. INTEL-80386 and Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the popular processors. 5th Generation: From 1995 to until now this generation has been bringing out high-performance and high-speed processors that make use of 64-bit processors. Some of the processors from the fifth generation of processors with their specifications are briefly explained below. 2) Intel Celeron Intel Celeron is introduced in April 1998. It refers to a range of Intel’s X86 CPUs for value personal computers. Figure 1 Intel Celeron From the year 2000 to up to now, here is a brief history of Intel Celeron processors. The year 2000 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 4-Intel Celeron Processor (533MHz) Feb14-Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (450, 500 MHz) June19-Low Voltage Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (500 MHz) The year 2001 marked the introduction of the following processors:
- 2. 2 Jan 3-Intel Celeron Processor (800 MHz) Oct 2-Intel Celeron processor (1.2 GHz) The year 2002 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 3-Intel Celeron Processor (1.30 GHz) Nov 20-Intel Celeron Processor (2.10, 2.20 GHz) The year 2002 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 14: Mobile Intel Celeron processor (2 GHz) Low Voltage Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (866 MHz) Nov 12: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (2.50GHz) Ultra-Low Voltage Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (800 MHz) The year 2004-2007 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan4, 2004: Intel Celeron M processor 320 and 310 (1.3, 1.2 GHz) July 20, 2004: Intel Celeron M processor Ultra Low voltage 353 (900 MHz) March- Intel Celeron M processor 430-450 (1.73-2.0 GHz) Nov 23: Intel Celeron D Processor 345 (3.06 GHz) The year 2008 marked the introduction of the following processor: Jan 2008 Celeron Core 2 DUO (Allendale) 3) Pentium Pentium was introduced on March 2, in 1993. Pentium succeeded the Intel 486; The 4 indicates the fourth generation micro architecture in the microprocessor’s history. Pentium refers to an Intel’s single core x 86 microprocessor, which is based on the fifth generation micro-architecture. This processor’s name was derived from the Greek word penta, means five. The original Pentium processor was succeeded by the Pentium MMX in 1996. This processor has a data bus of 64 bits. Cycles are used for cache operations and transfer 32 bytes (size of the Pentium cache line) in 4 clocks. All cache operations are burst cycles for the Pentium. Figure 2 Pentium Processor The year 2000 marked the introduction of the following processors: March 20: Intel Pentium III processor (866, 850MHz) March 8: Intel Pentium III processor (1GHz) Nov 20: Intel Pentium 4 Processor (1.50, 1.40GHz) The year 2001 marked the introduction of the following processors: April 23: Pentium 4 Processor 1.7 July 2: Pentium 4 Processor (1.80, 1.60GHz) Aug 27: Intel Pentium 4 Processor (2, 1.90 GHz) The year 2002 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 7: Intel Pentium 4 processor (2.20, 2GHz) Jan 8: Intel Pentium III processor for servers (1.40 GHz) April 2, 2002: Intel Pentium 4 Processor (2.40, 2.20 GHz) Jan 21: Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Pentium III processor-M Low Voltage Mobile Pentium III processor (866, 850MHz) Nov 14, 2002: Intel Pentium 4 processor (3.06 GHz with HT technology) The year 2003 marked the introduction of the following processors: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor-M (2. 40 GHz) May 21: Intel Pentium 4 Processor with Hyper Threading (2.80 C GHz, 2.60 C GHz, 2.40 C GHz)
- 3. 3 Nov 3: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition (3.20 GHz) The year 20004 marked the introduction of the following processors: Feb 2, 2004: Intel Pentium 4 Processor (90nm) (3.40 GHz, 3.20 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 2.80 GHz) Intel Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition (0.13 micron) (3.40 GHz) April 7, 2004: Ultra Low Voltage Intel Pentium M Processor (1.10, 1.30 GHz) Nov 15, 2004: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition Supporting HT Technology (3.46GHz) The year 2005-06 marked the introduction of the following processors: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition supporting HT Technology (3.80GHz) April 2005: Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840 (3.20 GHz) The year 2007&08 marked the introduction of the following processors: Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 955 (3.46 GHz) Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 965 (3.73 GHz) 4) Xeon Xeon processor is a 400 MHz Pentium processor from the Intel for use in workstations and enterprise servers. This processor is designed for multimedia applications, engineering graphics, Internet and large data base servers. Figure 3 Xeon Processor Brief history of Xeon processors The year 2000-2001 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 12: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor (800 Mega Hertz) Sep 25, 2001: Intel Xeon Processor (2 Giga Hertz) May 24: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor (933 Mega Hertz) The year 2002-2004 marked the introduction of the following processors: Jan 09, 2002: Intel Xeon Processor (2.20 Giga Hertz) March 12, 2002: Intel Xeon Processor M (1.60 Giga Hertz) March 10, 2003: Intel Xeon Processor 3 GHz (400 MHz system bus) Nov 18: Intel Xeon Processor (2.80 Giga Hertz) Oct 6, 2003: Intel Xeon Processor (3.20 Giga Hertz) March 2, 2004: Intel Xeon Processor MP 3 GHz (4 MB L3 CACHE) The year 2005-2008 marked the introduction of the following processors: March 2005: Intel Xeon Processor MP (2.666 -3.666 Giga Hertz) October 2005: Dual Core Intel Xeon Processor (2.8 Giga Hertz) August 2006: Dual Core Intel Xeon-7140M (3.33- 3.40 Giga Hertz) This is all about the microprocessor’s history and the year- based processors’ production from INTEL. IV. FIGURE OF MICROPROCESSORS Figure 4 A block diagram of the architecture of the Z80 microprocessor
- 4. 4 Figure 5 The PICO1/GI250 chip introduced in 1971 Figure 6 First microprocessor by Intel, the 4004. Figure 7 Silicon and germanium alloy for microprocessors V. TABLE OF VARIOUS MICROPROCESOR MODELS A. Some microprocessors of 2010s Date Name Developer Clock 2017 z14 IBM 5.2 GHz 2017 POWER9 IBM 4 GHz 2017 Ryzen AMD 3.2–4.1 GHz 2015 z13 IBM 5 GHz Table 1 Microprocessors 2010s B. Some microprocessors of 2000s Date Name Developer Clock 2009 Phenom II AMD 2.5–3.2 GHz 2009 Opteron "Istanbul" AMD 2.2–2.8 GHz 2008 Phenom AMD 1.8–2.6 GHz 2008 z10 IBM 4.4 GHz Table 2 Microprocessors 2000s C. Some microprocessors of 1990s Date Name Developer Clock 1999 Pentium III Intel 450–600 MHz
- 5. 5 Date Name Developer Clock 1999 RS64-III IBM 450 MHz 1999 PowerPC 7400 Motorola 350–500 MHz 1999 Athlon AMD 500–1000 MHz Table 3 Microprocessors 1990s D. Some microprocessors of 1980s Date Name Developer Clock 1989 VAX DC520 "Rigel" DEC 35 MHz 1989 80486 Intel 25 MHz 1989 i860 Intel 25 MHz 1988 R3000 MIPS 12 MHz Table 4 Microprocessors 1980s E. Some microprocessors of 1970s . Date Name Developer Max clock (first version) 1979 Z8000 Zilog - 1979 8088 Intel 5 MHz Date Name Developer Max clock (first version) 1979 68000 Motorola 8 MHz 1978 6809 Motorola 1 MHz 1971 4004 Intel 740 kHz 1970 MP944 Garrett AiResearch 375 kHz Table 5 Microprocessors 1970s VI. PERFORMANCE Historically, AMD and Intel have switched places as the company with the fastest CPU several times. Intel currently leads on the desktop side of the computer CPU market, with their Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge series. In servers, AMD's new Opterons seem to have superior performance for their price point. This means that AMD are currently more competitive in low- to mid-end servers and workstations that more effectively use fewer cores and threads. Taken to the extreme, this trend also includes many core designs, with hundreds of cores, with qualitatively different architectures. VII. RECOMMENDATION We won't see a significant increase in clock frequency in future processor generations because of the Power Wall. Currently we are in the multi-core era where we have 2,4,8 cores on the single processor chip working in parallel to deliver the desired performance. But there is a problem with this trend also, we can't just scale the number of cores on a single chip because memory performance doesn't scale as well as CPU does so what we have is a Memory Wall, where memory performance acts as a bottleneck limiting the system performance and as the number of cores keep on increasing memory bandwidth available per core decreases resulting in lower system performance. About 10 billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008. Most new CPUs produced each year are embedded.
- 6. 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 2030 Graph of performance of microprocessor from past to future VIII. CONCLUSION Thus we can conclude the comparative study of microprocessors by the table above. Form the above explanation, we can see the drastically change of microprocessors from 1970s till 2017. In near future we will see more microprocessor chips that will be faster. The efficiency of microprocessor will increase. REFERENCES [1] https://www.elprocus.com/microprocessor-history-and- brief-information-about-its-generations/J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor#Notes [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microprocessors [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology [5] https://meetingtomorrow.com/content-library/history-of- the-microprocessor [6] http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/processor.php