CompFundamentals.ppt

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Prepared by:
Prof. Chrisna L. Fucio
Computer Fundamentals
and Programming
CSC 211

UNIT 1:
Basic Computer Concepts
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 Know the key historical development of computer.
 Learn the definition and nature of computer.
 Become familiar with the classifications of computer.
 Identify the principal areas of computer use.
 Identify the six elements of the computer system.
 Learn the five computer functions (operations) of the
hardware.
 Learn the details of data processing.
 Learn how to convert the number system.
 Know the three primary stages of applications
development.
OBJECTIVES:

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Overview of Information
and
Communication Technology
Lesson1:

I. Introduction
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Why do we need computers?
 The answer is clear. In all aspects of daily living –
education, work, pleasure, entertainment,
communication, marketing, business and the like,
computer is always presents. With the advent of
globalization, technological revolution has taken place.
Man has to be computer literate because that is the
demand of time. If he does not go with the tide, he will
be left behind.

I. Introduction
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Three measurements to assess the level of
computer literacy.
 AWARENESS. When you begin to study computers, you
will be aware of their importance, versatility and
pervasiveness in our society.
 KNOWLEDGE. You will learn what computers are and
how they function. This requires knowing some technical
jargons in order to understand the computer language.
 INTERACTION. The best way to understand computers
is to use is to directly for some simple applications, like
doing research via internet, mailing and chatting
electronically.

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What Is A Computer?
 An electronic device designed to manipulate data in order
to achieve a desired result based on the stored program
or instructions.
 An intelligent machine that is capable of connecting and
communicating.
 A powerful tool that can be used as basis for decision
making.
 A machine that can be programmed to accept data
(input), process it into useful information (output), and
store it (in a secondary storage device) for safe keeping
or reuse.

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What Is A Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under
the control of instructions (software) stored in its
own memory unit, that can accept data (input),
manipulate data (process), and produce information
(output) from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that function
together as a system.

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Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
Digital Camera
(input)

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What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
FOUR FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER:
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage

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Data and Information
 All computer processing requires data, which is a of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers,
words, images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase.
 Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is collection data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has
been created is put into some form, such as a printed
report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage
for future use.

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II. Nature of Computer
Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
The three fundamentals characteristics of computer:
1. SPEED – computer provides the processing speed
essential to our fast-paced society.
2. RELIABILITY – capable of producing accurate and
timely results.
3. STORAGE CAPABILITY – capable of storing
tremendous amounts of data which can be located and
retrieved efficiently.

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II. Nature of Computer
Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
These three characteristics have the following by-products:
 Productivity – more jobs can be performed at almost
the same duration of time. Multi-tasking results to
greater productivity.
 Decision-making – computer provides up-to-date
alternatives that will make the user select the best
option.
 Cost-reduction – computer helps us to hold down the
cost of labor, energy and paperwork. As a result,
computers help reduce the cost of goods and services.

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How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
 It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
 Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
 Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.

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III. Uses of Computer
Principal AREAS of computer use:
1. Graphics
2. Retailing
3. Energy
4. Paperwork
5. Transportation
6. Law enforcement
7. Money
8. Agriculture
9. Government
10. Education
11. Home
12. Health and
Medicine
13. Robotics
14. Sciences
15. Connectivity
16. Human Connection

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IV. History of Computer
PRE-HISTORY ERA
4th century B.C. to 1930s

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ABACUS
 An early aid for
mathematical computations
 A skilled abacus operator
can work on addition and
subtraction problems at the
speed of a person equipped
with a hand calculator
(multiplication and division
are slower).

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 The ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM, a
device used for registering and
predicting the motion of the stars and
planets, is dated to 1st century B.C.
 Arabic numerals were introduced in
Europe in the 8th and 9th century A.D.
and was used until the 17th century.

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NAPIER’S BONES
(1617 John Napier)
 Used in logarithms – a
technology that allows
multiplication to be
performed via addition
 Old model - printed tables
 Modern - curved on ivory
sticks

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SCHIKARD’S CALCULATING CLOCK
( 1623 Wilhelm Schikard)
 1st ever gear-driven
calculating machine
 Wilhelm Schickard, a
professor at the University
of Tubingen, Germany
builds a mechanical
calculator in 1623 with a
6-digit capacity. The
machine worked, but it
never makes it beyond the
prototype stage.

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SLIDE RULE
( 1630) William Oughtred
 William Oughtred an English
Mathematician invented the SLIDE
RULE, a device made of wood with
movable scale arranged to slide
opposite each other

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 Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building the
first mechanical calculator around 1500. Evidence of Da
Vinci’s machine was not found until papers were
discovered in 1967.
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
Da Vinci’s Calculator

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THE ZEROTH GENERATION
Mechanical Computers
(1642-1945)

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PASCALINE
(1642 Blaise Pascal)
 Gear-driven one function
calculator (addition only)
and powered by a hand-
operated crank.
 Blaise Pascal the first
person who build a Working
Calculating Machine when
he was 19 years old
 This device was designed
to help his father, a tax
collector for French
government

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Baron Gottfried Wilhelm Von
Leibniz (1646-1716)
 LEIBNIZ MACHINE
consisted of stepped cylinder
that could perform the four
fundamental operation and
square root
 Built another mechanical
machine that could multiply
and divide as well.
 In effect, Leibniz had built
the equivalent of a four-
function pocket calculator
three centuries ago.

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DIGESTING DUCK
(1727 Jacques de Vaucanson)
 Gifted French artist and inventor
 Son of a glove-maker, aspired to be a
clock-maker
 1727-1743 – Created a series of
mechanical automations that simulated
life.
 Best remembered is the “Digesting
Duck”, which had over 400 parts.
 Also worked to automate looms, creating
the first automated loom in 1745.

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POWER LOOM
(1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard)
 a.k.a. Jacquard Loom
 consists of weave of fabrics
and wooden punch cards
 First fully automated and
programmable Loom
 Used punch
cards to
“program” the
pattern to be
woven into
cloth

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2 TYPES OF COMPUTER PUNCH CARDS

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Charles Babbage
1791-1871
 English mathematician,
engineer, philosopher and
inventor.
 Originated the concept of
the programmable
computer, and designed
one.
 Could also be a Jerk.

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DIFFERENCE ENGINE
(1822 Charles Babbage)
 Numerical tables were
constructed by hand using large
numbers of human “computers”
(one who computes).
 Annoyed by the many human
errors this produced, Charles
Babbage designed a “difference
engine” that could calculate
values of polynomial functions.
 It was never completed,
although much work was done
and money spent.

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ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 Charles Babbage first
described a general
purpose ANALYTICAL
ENGINE in 1837, but
worked on the design
until his death in 1871.
It was never built.

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ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 As designed, it would have been
programmed using punch-cards and
would have included features such as
sequential control, loops, conditionals
and branching. If constructed, it would
have been the first “computer” as we
think of them today.
 Analytical Engine had four
components: the store (memory), the
mill (computation unit), the input
section (punch card reader) and
output section (punched and printed
output)

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 George Boole invents Boolean
Algebra in the late 1840s.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA was
destined to remain largely
unknown and unused for the
better part of a century, until a
young student called Claude E.
Shannon recognized its relevance
to electronics design.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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Augusta Ada Byron
Countess of Lovelace (1843)
 Daughter of the famed British poet,
Lord Byron
 Created a program for the
(theoretical) Babbage analytical
engine which would have
calculated Bernoulli numbers.
 Widely recognized as the world’s
first computer programmer.
 The modern programming
language Ada is named in her
honor.

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 The first practical typewriting
machine was conceived by three
American inventors and friends,
Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos
Glidden, and Samual W. Soule who
spent their evenings tinkering together.
 The friends sold their design to
Remington and Sons, who hired
William K. Jenne to perfect the
prototype, resulting in the release of
the first commercial typewriter in
1874.

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 Herman Hollerith’s
Tabulating Machines
were used for the 1890
U.S. Census in 6 weeks
compared with 7 ½
years for the 1880
Census which was
manually counted.
TABULATING MACHINES (1887)
 The machines used Jacquard’s punched
cards and metal rods which passed through
the holes to close an electrical circuit &
thus cause a count to advance.

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 William Seward
Burrough, an American
inventor designed a key-
driven machine that
produced a hard copy.
This was called “
ADDING:
CALCULATING
MACHINE”
ADDING MACHINE (1892)

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Z1 Computer …
1936 -Konrad Zuse
 Konrad Zuse, a German engineering student built a
series of Automatic Calculating Machines using
electromagnetic relays
 First freely
programmable
computer, electro-
mechanical punch
tape control.

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1942 - ABC Computer
 Designed by John
Atanassof and
Clifford Berry
 ABC Computer –
who was the first in
computing biz it is
not always as easy
as ABC.

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Alan Turing (1943)
 British mathematician and
cryptographer.
 Father of theoretical computer science.
 Contributions include:
 Turing Machine
 Turing Test (for AI)
 First detailed design of a stored
program computer (never built)
 The Turing Machine is a simpler
version of Kurt Gödel's formal
languages.
 Halting problem is undecidable.

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Harvard Mark I Computer
1944 – Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC) Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University,
which called it the Mark I. First universal calculator.
 It had
72mwords of
23 decimal
digits each
and had an
instruction
time of 6
seconds

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MARK I
(1944 Harvard & IBM)
 1st
programmable
digital computer
made in the US
 By Howard
Akein

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Colossus Mark I & II
1943/1944
 The Colossus
Mark I & II are
widely
acknowledged as
the first
programmable
electric
computers, and
were used at
Bletchley Park to
decode German
codes encrypted
by the Lorenz
SZ40/42.

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THE FIRST GENERATION
Vacuum Tubes
(1945-1955)

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ENIAC 1 Computer
1946 –John Presper Eckert Jr. &
John William Mauchly
 ENIAC was short for
Electronic Numerical
Integrator And
Computer.
 It was the first general
purpose (programmable to
solve any problem) electric
computer. It contained over
18,000 vacuum tubes,
1500 relays weighed 30
tones and drew 140 kW of
power to operate.

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TRANSISTOR (1947)
 The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone
Laboratories in 1947.
Transistor
 The First transistorized computer
was built at M.I.T.’S Lincoln
Laboratory, a 16-bit machine
along the lines of Whirlwind 1.
 It was called the TX-0
(Transistorized eXperimental
computer 0) and was merely
intended as a device to test the
much fancier TX-2

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1947 –The TRANSISTOR
 Invented by William Shockley
(seated) John Bardeen &
Walter Brattain at Bell Labs
for which they were awarded
the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 The transistor replaces bulky
vacuum tubes with a smaller,
more reliable, and power saving
solid sate circuit.

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1948
 MANCHESTER BABY
COMPUTER and
WILLIAm’s TUBE
 Invented by Frederic
Williams and Tom
Kilburn

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EDSAC
1949 –Maurice Wilkes
 Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic
Calculator /
Computer
 Built at the University
of Cambridge by
Maurice Wilkes

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1949
 Others included the JOHNIAC (John Von
Neumann Numerical Integrator
and Automatic Compute) at the Rand
Coporation
 and ILLIAC
(Illinois Automatic Computer)at the
Weizmann Institute in Israel.
ILLIAC
JOHNIAC

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UNIVAC (1951)
 UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer)
is developed in 1951
and can store 12,000
digits in random access
mercury-delay lines.
 The 1st computer to
employ magnetic tape

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UNIVAC (1951) 25 feet by 50 feet in
size
5,600 tubes,
18,000 crystal diodes
300 relays
Internal storage
capacity of 1,008
fifteen bit words was
achieved using 126
mercury delay lines

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1951 - UNIVAC Mercury delay
unit (1 of 7)
 UNIVAC mercury delay units containing 18 delay lines, each of
which stored 120 bits. Total of 2,160 bits, or 144 fifteen bit
words per memory unit.

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1951 – UNIVAC
 UNIVAC tape units.

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1951 – UNIVAC
 UNIVAC tube board and individual vacuum tube.

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EDVAC (1951)
 EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable
Automatic
Computer) is
completed for the
Ordinance Department
in 1952.
 By John Von
Neumann
EDVAC

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IAS MACHINE
 One of the people involved in ENIAC project,
John Von Neumann, went to Priceton
Institute of Advance Studies to built his own
version of EDVAC, the IAS (Institute of
Advanced Study) Machine.

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1953 – IBM 701 EDPM Computer
 IBM (International
Business Machines)
enters the market with its
first large scale electronic
computer.
 It was designed to be
incomparable with IBM's
existing punch card
processing system, so that
it would not cut into IBM's
existing profit sources.

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THE SECOND GENERATION
Transistors
(1955-1965)

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TRANSISTOR (1947)
 The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone
Laboratories in 1947.
Transistor

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1954 – FORTRAN
 John Backus & IBM invent the
first successful high level
programming language, and
compiler, that ran on IBM 701
computers.
 FORmula TRANslator was
designed to make calculating
the answers to scientific and
math problems easier.

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Kenneth Olsen (1957)
 He formed a company, Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) in 1957 to manufacture a
commercial machine like TX-0
 PDP-1 finally appeared in 1961 it had 4k of 18-
bitwords and a cycle like µsec and cost ֆ120,000
 PDP-8 introduced after a few years later, which
was a 12-bit machine, but much cheaper than
PDP-1 (ֆ16,000); It was a single bus, the
omnibus
 * a bus is a collection of parallel wires used to
connect the components of a computer.

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1960 – First Commercial
Transistorized Computers
 DEC introduced the PDP-1and
IBM released the 7090 which
was the fastest in the world.

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1962 – First computer game &
word processor
 Steve Russell at MIT invents
SPACEWAR Computer Game,
the first computer game running on
a DEC PDP-1.
 Because the PDP-1 had a typewriter
interface, editors like TECO (Text
Editor and Corrector) were
written for it.
 Steve Piner and L. Peter
Deutsch produced the first “word
processor” called Expensive
Typewriter (MIT's PDP-1 cost
$100,000).

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1964 – The mouse and
window concept
 Douglas Engelbart demonstrates
the worlds first “mouse”,
nicknamed after the “tail”.
 SRI (Stanford
Research Institute)
received a patent on
the mouse in 1970,
and licensed it to
apple for $40,000.

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 The IBM 360 is
introduced in April of
1964 and quickly
becomes the standard
institutional mainframe
computer. By the mid-
80s the 360 and its
descendent have
generated more than
$100 billion in revenue
for IBM.
IBM 360

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IBM
 The IBM’s reaction to the transistor was to build a
transistorized version of 709, the 7090 as mentioned above
and later the 7094
 The 7094 had a cycle time of 2 µsec and 32k of 36-bit
words of core memory.
 The 7090 and 7094 marked the end of the ENIAC-type
machines
 1401, this machine could read and write magnetic tapes,
read and punch cards and print output almost as fast as 7094
and at a fraction of the price. Its memory was 4k 8-bit bytes
(4kb), each byte contained 6-bit character, an and
administrative bit and a bit used to indicate end-of-word.

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6600
 In 1964 a new start-up company, Control Data
Corporation (CDC), introduced the 6600, a machine
that was nearly an order of magnitude faster than the
mighty 7094.
 It was love at first sight among the number crunches and
CDC was launched on its way to success. The secret to its
speed and the reason it was to much faster than 7094, was
that the inside CPU was highly parallel machine.
 The designer of 6600 is Seymour Cray, was legendary
figure, in the same league as Von Neumann.
 He devoted his entire life to building faster and faster
machines now called supercomputers, including the 6600,
7600 and Cray-1

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THE THIRD GENERATION
Integrated Circuits
(1965-1980)

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1958 – Integrated Circuit
 Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments & Robert Noyce
at Fairchild semiconductor
independently invent the first
integrated circuits or “the
chip”.
 Jack Kilby was awarded the
National Medal of Science
and was inducted into the
National Inventors Hall of
Fame, and received the 2000
Nobel Prize in Physics for his
work on the integrated circuit.

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Silicon IC’s - 1958
 The inventions of the Silicon Integrated Circuit by
Robert Noyce in 1958 allowed dozens of transistors to
be put on a single chip. This packaging made it possible
to build computers that were smaller, faster and cheaper
than their transistorized predecessors.

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 The Mini Era began with
the development of the
integrated circuit in
1959 by Texas
Instruments and Fairchild
Semiconductor both
announce
TI’s Integrated
Circuit

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 Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called
Sketchpad (makes engineering drawings with a
light pen) on a TX-2 mainframe at MIT’s Lincoln
Labs in 1962.
 By 1965, an integrated circuit that cost $1,000 in
1959 now costs less than $10.

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System/360
 IBM introduced a single product line, the System/360
based on integrated circuits, that was designed for both
scientific and commercial computing.
 The system /360 contained many innovations
 A company could replace 1401 with 360 Model 30 and its
7094 with a 360 Model 75
 Another innovation of 360 was multiprogramming, having
several programs in memory at once, so that when one is
waiting for input/output to complete, another could
compute.

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 1964 - Douglas Engelbart invented the “Computer
Mouse and Windows”, nicknamed the mouse because
the tail came out the end.
 Douglas Engelbart demonstrates a word processor in
1968.
 Also in 1968, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded
a company called Intel.
 Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox
PARC) in 1969.


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 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit RAM
chip in 1970.
 In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and the
4004, a 4-bit microprocessor. Two years later comes the
8008, an 8-bit processor.

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1969 - ARPANET
 The precursor to the Internet as we know it, funded
by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
now DARPA begins.
 The first four nodes were located at:
UCLA
Stanford Research Institute
UC Santa Barbara
University of Utah

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1970 – Intel 1103 Dynamic /
Computer Memory Chip
 Worlds first commercially
available dynamic RAM chip,
1024 bytes or 1KB

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 Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-
Data in 1971 to sell their computer traffic-
analysis sytems.
 Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-
level programming language for the Intel
Microprocessor.
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are
building and selling “blue boxes” in
Southern California in 1971.
 Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit
microprocessor in April of 1972.
Bill Gates
Steve Jobs

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1971 – Intel 4004 Computer
Microprocessor
 Worlds first microprocessor with
2,300 transistors, had the same
processing power as the 3,000
cubic-foot ENIAC.
 By Faggin, Hoff and Mazor

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1971 – the FLOPPY DISK
 By Allan Shugart and IBM
 Nicknamed the FLOPPY for its
“Flexibility”

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1973-1976 – Ethernet
 Robert Metcalfe at Xerox
invents Ethernet
Computing Networking so
that multiple computers can
talk to a new laser printer.
Originally, Ethernet used a
large coaxial cable and ran at
3Mbit/sec.
 Ethernet today runs over
twisted pair (usually CAT5, or
CAT6) and can achieve
speeds of 10Megabit/sec to
1Gigabit (1000 Mbit/sec).

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 Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8 and is featured
in the July 1974 Radio Electronics.
 In January 1975 Popular Electronics features the
MITS Altair 8800; it is hailed as the first “personal”
computer.
 Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC
programming language for the MITS Altair 8800.
Microsoft is born!!!
 Two year later, MS-DOS released, the operating system
for the original IBM PC.

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 Intel introduces the 8080 processor
 one of the first “single-chip” microprocessors
1974

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1974/1975 – Personal Computers
 Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and
IBM 5100 computers are
first marketed to individuals
(as opposed to corporations).
They are followed by the
Apple I,II, TRS-80, and
Commodore Pet computers
by 1977.

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 Sold for only $600
APPLE I (1976)
Original IBM
Personal Computer

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APPLE I, I and TRs-80 and
Commodore Pet Computers
(1976 /1977)
 First consumer
computer sold in
USA

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1977 – Growth of the ARPAnet

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 Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,195, including
16K of RAM but no monitor by 1977.
 Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet
program, Visicalc by the spring of 1979. 500
copies per month are shipped in 1979 and sales
increase to 12,000 per month by 1981.
 By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the personal
computer market.
Apple II - 1977

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1978 – First individual
productivity software
 By Dan Bricklin and
Bob Frankston
 Invented VisiCalc
Spreadsheet is the
“killer applications”
for personal
computers, especially
for small business
owners.

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1979 – First individual
productivity software
 By Seymour
Rubenstein and
Rob Barnaby
 WordStar Software
- word processor is
one of the “killer
applications” for
personal computers,
especially for small
business owners.

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THE FOURTH GENERATION
Very Large Scale Integration
(1980-?)

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1980
 By the 1980’s, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) had
made it possible to put first tens of thousands, then
hundreds of thousands and finally millions of transistors
on a single chip. This development led to smaller and
faster computers.

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 In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to
develop BASIC for its personal computer
project. The IBM PC is released in August,
1981. IBM PC - 1981
 The Apple Macintosh, featuring a simple graphical
interface using the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and
a built-in 9-inch B/W screen, debuts in 1984.
 Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in November, 1985.
 Microsoft’s sales for 1989 reach $1 billion.
MICRO ERA

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1981 – IBM PC
 The IBM PC is introduced
running the Microsoft Disk
Operating System (MS-DOS)
along with CP/M-86. The IBM
PC's open architecture made it
the de-facto standard platform,
and it was eventually replaced
by inexpensive clones.
 CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
 RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB
 Price: $5,000 - $20,000

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NETWORK ERA
 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched
network –Telenet.
 A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in
1979.
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for
ARPANET in 1982.

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1983 – Apple Lisa Computer
 The first home
computer with
GUI (Graphical
User Interface)

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1984 – Apple Macintosh
Computer
 Apple introduces the first
successful consumer
computer with a WIMP
user interface (Windows
Icons Mouse & Pointer),
modelled after the
unsuccessful Xerox Alto
computer.
 Motorola 68000 @8Mhz
 128KB Ram
 US$1,995 to US$2,495

98
1985 – Microsoft Windows
 Microsoft begins the
friendly war with Apple

99
1989 – The Difference Engine
(#2) is built
 Using Charles
Babbage's original
plans and 19th
century
manufacturing
tolerances, the
London History
Museum built two
functioning replicas
of the Difference
Engine.

100
 The number of network hosts breaks 10,000 in 1987; two
years later, the number of hosts breaks 100,000.
 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. CERN
releases the first Web server in 1991.
 By 1992, the number of network hosts breaks 1,000,000.
 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341,634% in
service traffic in its third year--1993.

101
V. COMPUTER
CAPABILITIES
1. Ability to perform certain logic operations
2. Ability to provide new time dimensions
3. Ability to store and retrieve information
4. Ability to control errors
5. Ability to check itself

102
VI. COMPUTER LIMITATIONS
1. Dependence on prepared instructions
2. Inability to derive meanings from
objects
3. Inability to generate information
4. It cannot correct wrong instructions

103
VII. DISADVANTAGES OF
USING THE COMPUTER
The use of computer also presents some
danger for people and environment:
1. Safety
2. Health risks
3. Environment
4. Use of power
5. Privacy violations

104
VIII. WHY COMPUTERS
SOMETIMES FAIL?
1. Input Errors - (GIGO) Garbage IN Garbage
OUT
2. Errors in instructing a computer
3. The communication gap
4. Improper controls
5. Lack of standards
6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support

105
IX. TEN (10) COMMANDMENTS
OF COMPUTER ETHICS
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm
other people
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s
computer work
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other
people’s files
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal

106
OF COMPUTER ETHICS
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear
false witness
6. Thou shalt not use or copy software for
which you have not paid
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer
resources without authorization
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s
intellectual output

107
OF COMPUTER ETHICS
9. Thou shalt think about the social
consequences of the program you write
10. Thou shalt use a computer in ways that
show consideration and respect.

108
Parts of Computer
Lesson 2:

109
I. SYSTEM
 Is a group of related components and
operations that interact to perform a
task.

110
I. SYSTEM
Six Elements Of Computer And
Communications System
1. People
2. Procedures
3. Data / information
4. Hardware
5. Software
6. Communication

111
I. SYSTEM
1. PEOPLE – are the most important part of,
and beneficiaries of, a computer and
communication system
 2 types: professionals and end-users

112
I. SYSTEM
2. PROCEDURES – are description of how things
are done. These are the steps for accomplishing a
result. Some procedures are may be expressed in
manuals or documentations. Manuals are called
documentations which contain instructions, rules
or guidelines to follow when using hardware or
software.

113
I. SYSTEM
3. DATA – are considered the raw materials
(whether in paper, electronic or other forms)
processed by the computer.
 INFORMATION – is summarized data or
otherwise manipulated data that is useful for
decision-making

Characteristics of useful
INFORMATION
114
1. Relevant
2. Timely
3. Accurate
4. Concise
5. Complete

115
I. SYSTEM
4. HARDWARE – consist of all machinery and
equipment in a computer system. It refers to the physical
equipment or components of electronic data processing.
5 categories of hardware are:
1. Input Hardware
2. Processing and Memory Hardware
3. Output Hardware
4. Secondary Storage Hardware
5. Communication Hardware

1. INPUT HARDWARE
116
 Input Hardware consist of
devices that allow people to
put data into the computer in
a form that the computer can
use.

117
1. KEYBOARD – an input device primarily used for typing,
composed of the letters of the alphabet, numbers and
functions key. Keypads, locking keys and special purpose
keys.
 Function Keys – F1, F2, F3 to F12
 Numeric Keypad – 0 to 9
 Locking Keys - caps lock, num lock, scroll lock
 Special Purpose Keys – Up, Down, Left and Right Arrow
key; Pg Up, Pg Dn; Home, end; Insert, Delete; Pause, ESC
 Combination Keys – ctrl, shift and alt
1. INPUT HARDWARE

118
2. MOUSE – it is a device that can be rolled about on a
desktop to direct a pointer on the computer display screen.
The pointer is a symbol, usually an arrow on the computer
screen that shows where data maybe entered next, such as
text in a word processing program. (LEFT CLICK -
Select/Run; RIGHT CLICK- popup menu)
 Optical
 Trackball
1. INPUT HARDWARE

119
3. SCANNERS – translate images of text, drawings and
photos into digital form. The images can be processed by a
computer, displayed on a monitor, stored on a storage
device or communicated to another computer.
1. INPUT HARDWARE

1. INPUT HARDWARE
120
4. GRAPHIC TABLET
5. DIGITAL CAMERA
6. VOICE RECOGNITION (MICROPHONE)
7. JOYSTICK
8. WEBCAM
9. STYLUS

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
121
 The brain of the computer are the processing
and the main memory devices, housed in the
computer system unit. The SYSTEM UNIT or
SYSTEM CABINET, houses the electronic
circuitry called the CPU, which does the actual
processing and the main memory which
supports the processing.
 CPU
 Primary Memory

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
122
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) – is
the processor or the computing part of the
computer. It controls and manipulates data
to produce information.
 The CPU is usually a single fingernail size
“chip” called the “microprocessor” and
other components necessary to make it work
and mounted on a main circuit board called a
“mother board” or “system board”.

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
123
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit) – performs arithmetic
compares values, and logically determines their
quality. It can also distinguish between positive and
negative numbers
 CU (Control Unit) – interprets the program
instruction and monitors their execution. It also
determines the time when data are read into
memory, when arithmetic is performed on the date
and when output is printed.

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
124
2. PRIMARY MEMORY working storage –
memory also known as MAIN MEMORY)
RAM (Random Access Memory) or primary
storage. Memory is the computer “work
space” where data and programs for
immediate processing are held.
 Once the computer is turned on the operating
system is copied to the RAM.
 It is VOLATILE - information inside it is lost
when computer’s power is turned off.

126
power
supply
hard
drive
motherboard
CD-ROM
drive
floppy
drive
cards
A Look Inside ..

127
RAM
BANK
CPU, Fan, Heatsink
Card Slots (ISA & PCI)
A Look Inside ..

128
What these components do?
 Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all
the circuitry and devices.
 Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for
everything on the computer – connects all the
other components together.
 CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this
does all the work of computing.

129
 is also known as “system board” or “main board”.
The MICROPEOCESSOR is attached to the equipment.
This where computer components and accessories or
peripherals can be attached. This components has slots
for the monitor, mouse, keyboard, optical drivers,
speakers and other components that can be connected
via USB (Universal Serial Bus)
MOTHERBOARD

PROCESSING & MEMORY
HARDWARE
132
M
O
T
H
E
R
B
O
A
R
D
The functions of some parts
of the motherboard is the
following:
 SOCKET Connector –
this where the
microprocessor is
attached to.
 RAM Memory Slots
– is where the
random access
memory is inserted.

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
133
M
O
T
H
E
R
B
O
A
R
D
The functions of some parts of the motherboard is the
following:
 NORTHBRIDGE and SOUTHBRIDGE CHIPSETS –
provide interface between the microprocessor, RAM and
peripherals bus.
 PCI Slots – a.k.a EXPANSION Slots for expansion
cards such as video card, sound, card and other
expansion cards

2. PROCESSING &
MEMORY HARDWARE
134
M
O
T
H
E
R
B
O
A
R
D
 The functions of some parts of the motherboard is the
following:
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Connectors –
this are slots for hard disk drive and optical drives.
 BACK PANEL Connector – monitor, mouse,
keyboard, speakers, headsets, printer, projector, etc.
can be connected, and other components that can be
connected via USB (Universal Serial Bus). There is
a slot at the back panel for connection to the Local
Area Network (LAN)
 AGP Slot – this is the slot for Accelerator Graphics
Port (AGP) video cards

135
 Random Access Memory – (short-term
memory) holds data and program instructions
that the computer is currently using.
RAM

136
 (long-term memory) holds all of the
information that needs to be stored between
uses of the computer.
HARD DRIVE

137
 (mouth/ears) allow you to give data to the
computer and take data away from the
computer
FLOPPY & CD-ROM Drives

140
 (fingers) Allows
other components
to be added to
the computer.
CARD SLOTS

141
 (face) Does all of the processing necessary to get
stuff looking nice on screen, quickly.
VIDEO CARD

142
 (vocal cords)
Allows
sounds from
HD or CD-
ROM to be
played.
SOUND CARD

143
 (telephone) allows computer to talk to other
computers over a wire.
NETWORK CARD

3. OUTPUT HARDWARE
144
 Output Hardware consist of
devices that translate information
processed by the computer into a
form that humans can
understands.
 There are THREE PRINCIPAL
TYPES of Output Hardware:
Screen, Printer and Sound

145
 Is a display unit used for viewing the activity
being done.
 TWO TYPES OF MONITOR:
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)
MONITOR
(SCREEN / DISPLAY UNIT)

146
PRINTER
 It is the device that converts computer output into
printed images; it is an output device that
produces documents, photographs, certificates
and many others. Some printers are “MULTI-
PURPOSE” printer.
 THREE COMMON TYPES OF PRINTER:
 Dot Matrix Printer
 Inkjet Printer
 Laser Printer

150
SOUND
 Many computers emit chirps and beeps.
Sound go beyond those noise and contain
sound processes and speakers that can play
digital music or human-like speech.

4. SECONDARY STORAGE
HARDWARE
151
 a.k.a EXTERNAL STORAGE
 Consist of devices that store data and
programs semi-permanently on disk or
tape. Some use the term “storage
media” and the diskette, hard disk,
magnetic tape, and optical disk.

152
1. Or a FLOPPY DISK is a removable round,
flexible disk that stores data as magnetized
spots.
DISKETTE

153
2. It is made out of metal and covered with a
magnetic recording surface, it is also holds data
represented by the presence (1) and absence (0)
of magnetized spots.
HARD DISK

154
 It is the permanent storage unit of the computer.
Also known as “hard drive” and “magnetic
disk”. Data is recorded by magnetizing the
spinning platter by the read/write head.
HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

155
3. It is made of flexible plastic coated on one side
with a magnetic material. Again data is
represented by the presence and absence of the
magnetized spots.
MAGNETIC TAPE

156
4. CD-ROM is disk written and read by lasers. CR-
ROM, which stands for COMPACT DISK READ
ONLY MEMORY, is one kind of optical-disk
format that is used to hold text, graphics and
sound.
OPTICAL DISK

157
 Different optical media can be read and written
on via laser. When recording data, with the disc
spinning at a constant speed the laser emitted
heats the disc’s (thus the term “burn”) magnetic
property.
OPTICAL DISK DRIVE (ODD)

4. SECONDARY STORAGE
HARDWARE
158
5. FLASH DRIVE / FLASH MEMORY
6. DVD – Digital Video Disc / Digital Versatile Disk
(DVD-ROM, DVD Recordable, DVD-RW)
7. CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW
8. External DVD Drives (Hard disk, external HD)
9. MEMORY CARD (CF-Compact Flash, Memory stick,
MMC-Multimedia Card, SD-Secure Digital,
MiniSD, MicroSD)

5. COMMUNICATION
HARDWARE
159
 Computer communications is the
following types:
 WIRED CONNECTION- such as
telephone wire or cable. (fiber optic and
coaxial cable)
 WIRELESS CONNECTION – such as via
radio waves. (router, cellphones with Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth)

5. COMMUNICATION
HARDWARE
160
 MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator) –
is a communication hardware required to
translate a computers digital signals into
analog form for transmission over
telephone wires (Digital transmission is
used represent data/information in a
discrete or digital form).

UNITS of Measurement
for Capacity
161
 Computer deals with “ON” and “OFF” (high-
voltage and low-voltage) electrical states,
which are represented in the hardware in
terms of 0’s and 1’s, called bits.
 Bits are combined in group of eight character
called bytes
 Computer system’s data/information storage
capacity is represented by bytes, kilobytes,
megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.

UNITS of Measurement
for Capacity
162
1. Kilobytes (K or Kb) is equivalent to
approximately 1000 bytes (or characters)
= 1024 (210) bytes
2. Megabyte is about 1 million bytes
3. Gigabyte is about 1 billion bytes
4. Terabyte (T or TB) is bout trillion bytes
5. Petabyte (PB) is about 1 quadrillion
bytes

163
I. SYSTEM
5. SOFTWARE – or programs consist of step-
by-step instructions that tell the computer how to
perform a task .
Two major types of software:
1. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
2. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

164
 The kind of software that people use to
perform a general purpose task, such as
word processing software used to prepare the
text for document, desktop publishing or payroll
processing.
There are two types of application software:
1. CUSTOMIZED SOFTWARE
2. PACKAGED SOFTWARE

CUSTOMIZED SOFTWARE
165
 Software designed for a particular
customer.
 In case we need to hire a computer
programmer or software creator to
develop a software for the customer

PACKAGED SOFTWARE
166
 Is the kind of “off-the-shelf” programed
developed for sale to the general public.
 Example are word processing and
spreadsheet programs.

167
 Application software is composed of different
computer programs that allow users to perform
different task like the following:
1. Word processing
2. Spreadsheets
3. Presentations and Movie Makers
4. Photo Editors
5. Web Browsing
6. Database

168
 Application software is composed of different
computer programs that allow users to perform
different task like the following:
7. Electronic Mail (e-mail)
8. Graphics Design
9. Desktop Publishing (DTP)
10. Personal Information Management (PIM)
11. Project Management
12. Games

EXAMPLES
169
1. MS word, Word Perfect, Lotus
Word Pro
2. MS Excel, Lotus1-2-3, Quatro
Pro
3. MS PowerPoint, and Movie
Makers
4. Adobe Photoshop, GIMP
5. Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Opera
6. MS Access, dBase, Fox Pro,
Oracle, Paradox

170
EXAMPLES
7. MS Outlook, NetscapeMail
8. Paintshop Pro, Photo
paint
9. MS Publisher,
10. MS Outlook, Lotus
Organizer
11. MS Project 2000,
12. Candy Crash,Tetris,
Farmville, DOTA,
Ragnarok, etc.

2. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
171
 consist of several programs, that runs and
manages the computer, it is also known as
“OPERATING SYSTEM”.
 The OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) acts as the
master control program that runs the computer.
The purpose of the operating system is to allow
applications to operate by standardizing access
to shared resources such as disks and memory.

2. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
EXAMPLES
172
 Examples of OS are: MS-DOS, Windows 95, 98,
2000, MS Windows VISTA, XP, NT, Me, LINUX,
UNIX, MAC OS

173
II. DATA PROCESSING
 Is the manipulation of data into more useful form.
 It is the modern name for paperwork, and involves
the collecting, processing and distributing of facts
and figures to achieve a desired result.
 It includes not only numerical calculations but also
orations such as the classification of data and the
transmission of data from one place to another.
(analyzing, verifying and classifying)

174
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
PROCESSING
INPUT OUTPUT

175
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
 INPUT – in this step the initial data or input data
are prepared in some convenient form of
processing.
 PROCESSING – in this step the input data are
changed and usually combined other information,
to produce data in a more useful form.
 OUTPUT – the results of the preceding processing
steps are collected.

176
EXPANDED DATA
PROCESSING CYCLE
ORIGINATION
INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCESSING
DISTRIBUTION
STORAGE
Note:
FLOWLINES
between
processing &
storage =
interaction of
the two steps

177
EXPANDED DATA
PROCESSING CYCLE
 ORIGINATION – is the step which refers to the
process of collecting the original data. (an original
recording of data is called “source document”)
 DISTRIBUTION – this step refers to the distribution
of the output data. (recording of the output data are
often called “report document”)
 STORAGE – is the crucial in many data processing
procedures. Data processing results are frequently
placed in storage to be used as input data for further
processing at later date.

AREAS OF DATA
PROCESSING
178
1. BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING – is characterized
by the need to establish, retain and process files of
data for producing useful information. It involves a
large volume of data, limited arithmetic operations
and a relatively large volume of output.
2. SCIENTIFIC DATA PROCESSING – in science,
data processing involves volume of input and many
logical or arithmetic calculations. Unlike business
problems, most of scientific problem are non-
repetitive requiring a “one-time” solution

DATA PROCESSING
OPERATIONS
179
1. RECORDING – refers to the transfer of data onto
some form or document.
2. VERIFYING – since recording, is usually a manual
operation, it is important that recorded data be
carefully checked for any errors.
3. DUPLICATING – this operation consist in
reproducing the data onto many forms or document.
4. CLASSIFYING – this operation separates data into
various categories; identifying and arranging items like
characteristic into groups or classes

DATA PROCESSING
OPERATIONS
180
5. SORTING – arranging data in a specific order. It is
usually necessary to arrange or re-arrange them to
predetermined sequence to facilitate processing.
6. CALCULATING – arithmetic manipulation of the
data.
7. SUMMARIZING & REPORTING – a collection of
data is condensed & certain conclusion from the
data are represented in a meaningful format.
Reducing masses of data to a more usable form –
summarizing.

DATA PROCESSING
OPERATIONS
181
8. MERGING – this operation takes two or more sets
of data, all sets having been sorted by the same
key, and put them together to form a single sorted
set of data.
9. STORING – placing similar data into files for
future reference.
10. RETRIEVING – recovering stored data and/or
information when needed.
11. FEEDBACK – is the comparison of the output(s)
and goal set in advance.

METHODS OF DATA
PROCESSING
182
1. BATCH PROCESSING - is a technique in which
data to be processed or programs to be executed
are collected into groups to permit convenient,
efficient and serial processing.
2. ONLINE PROCESSING – refers to equipment or
devices under the direct control of the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It has been
developed for certain uses as an answer to the
batch processing deficiencies.

METHODS OF DATA
PROCESSING
183
3. REAL-TIME PROCESSING - is a method of data
processing which has capability of a fast response
to obtain data from an activity or a physical
process, perform computations & return a
response rapidly enough to affect the outcome of
the activity or process.
4. DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING – the most
complex level of computer processing, generally
consist of remote terminals linked to a large central
computer system to help the user conduct inquiries
about accounts, process jobs or others.

184
III. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
 There is an almost bewildering variety of
computers and the number of models available is
rapidly growing. Computers may be classified
according to their purpose, kind of processing they
do or types of data they use and also to the size of
the machine and speed of its internal speed.
Three Classifications of computers:
1. By PURPOSE
2. By DATA HANDLED
3. By CAPACITY

185
By PURPOSE
1. GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – these
machines have capability of dealing with a variety
of different problems, and are able to act in
response to programs created to meet different
needs.
2. SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – as name
implies, is designed to perform a tasks. The
programs of instructions is built into, or
permanently stored in the machine.

186
By DATA HANDLED
1. ANALOG COMPUTERS – “analog” from the
word “analogous” meaning “similar” are used for
scientific, engineering and process-control
purposes because they deal with quantities that
continuously variable, they give approximate
results.
 Example is SPEEDOMETER in an automobile

187
By DATA HANDLED
2. DIGITAL COMPUTERS – is machine that
specializes is counting. It operates by counting
values that are discrete or separate and distinct,
unlike the continuous quantities that can be
measured by analog computer
 Example is Basic Operations (subtract, multiply,
divide, addition)

188
By DATA HANDLED
3. HYBRID COMPUTERS – combines the
measuring capabilities of the analog computer
and logical and control capabilities of digital
computer.

189
By CAPACITY
 The term “CAPACITY” refers to the
volume or data processing capability a
computer can handle.
 Capacity – is currently measured by the
number of jobs (applications) that it can
run rather than by volume of data that it
can process.

190
By CAPACITY
1. MICROCOMPUTER – designed for hobbyist; is
a digital computer system under “read-only
memory” and “random-access memory”
2. MINICOMPUTER – were at first used for
laboratory process control applications, OS
developed for minicomputer system is to support
both multiprogramming and virtual storage.
3. MEDIUM SIZE COMPUTER – provide tasks
operating speeds and larger storage capacities
than small computer system; very flexible.

191
By CAPACITY
4. LARGE COMPUTER – are the ultimate in system
sophistication, flexibility and speed; have storage
capacities from 512k to 8192k; the users are
government agencies, large corporation and
computer services organization
5. SUPERCOMPUTER – this is biggest and fastest
machines today, used when billions or even trillions
of calculation are needed. These machines are
essential for applications ranging from nuclear
weapon development to accurate weather
forecasting

Smartphone /(PDA)
Personal Digital Assistant
192

Personal / Desktop Computer
197

202
IV. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY PROCEDURE
1. Always ground or discharge yourself before
touching any part of the computer
2. Do not work alone so that there’s someone who
can take care of you in case of accident or
emergency
3. Be careful with the tools that may cause short
circuit
4. Always full the cable connector on the handle
and not on the cable itself

203
5. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the
ground or in a concrete floor
6. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned
when connecting a cable connector.
7. Always power off and unplug the computer
before working on it
8. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or
soft drinks near your working area or near
computers.

204
9. Contingency measures during workplace
accidents, fire and other emergencies are
recognized
10. Personal protective equipment is correctly used
in accordance with organization OHS procedures
and practice.
11. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their
corresponding indicators are identified to
minimize or eliminate risk to co‐workers,
workplace and environment.

205
12. Take necessary precautions to protect the
component of the computer from damaged
cause by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
13. Hold the components by edges and do not touch
the IC’s.
14. Read and follow instruction on the manual
carefully
15. Do not use excessive force if things don’t quite
slip into place

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