Introduction to Computer
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The document discusses the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus to modern electronic digital computers. It outlines the key developments from the 1800s to present, including Babbage's analytical engine, the first programmable computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC, and the five generations of computers defined by changes in hardware technology. It also describes the basic characteristics of computers such as their speed, accuracy, ability to store and process vast amounts of data, and capacity for artificial intelligence once programmed, while noting their limitations in lacking human qualities like feelings and independent decision making.
Introduction to Computer
- 1. Evolution of Computers and Characteristic of Computers Dr. Darshan Marjadi SRKI, Surat Sem. V
- 2. Computer The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”. Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed. A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired.
- 3. Data Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data Capture Data Manipulate Data Output Results Information Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing
- 4. • More accurately, we can define a computer as a device that operates upon data. • Data can be anything. It comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer application. • A computer can store, process and retrieve data as and when required. • The fact that the computer processes data is so fundamental that many people have started calling it a data processor.
- 5. Evolution of Computer Abacus is considered the earliest calculating device invented around 600 B.C., it is a rack of beads used to add or subtract by positioning the beads correctly.
- 6. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented first mechanical adding machine. The innovation and invention continued according to the needs of people.
- 7. Evolution off Computers Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880
- 8. In 1822, a Professor of Cambridge University, Charles Babbage Known as father of computer, invented “Difference Engine” which can produce reliable tables, as at that time mathematical and statistical tables were prepared by the clerks which consumed lot of precious time and was also very much prone to errors.
- 9. He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer
- 10. Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s In 1937, Haward Aiken of Harvard University, in collaboration with IBM developed “Mark I” the punch card operated machine which could perform all the arithmetic calculations.
- 11. In 1943, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed by a design team headed by Professor Prosper Eckert and John Mauchly of Moore College of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was very complex to be programmed but it was capable of performing calculations more than 200 times of Mark I.
- 12. In 1946, Professor Jon Von Neumann developed EDAVC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). This computer stored the data and instructions in sequence, in memory in the binary form (0 & 1). For this reason, modern computers are known as digital computers. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was first digital computer installed in Census Bureau in 1951. By this time evolution was carried out at different places, but IBM (International Business Machine) came out first and produced machines for business.
- 13. Some Wellll Known Earlly Computters The Mark I Computer (1937-44) The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) The ENIAC (1943-46) The EDVAC (1946-52) The EDSAC (1947-49) Manchester Mark I (1948) The UNIVAC I (1951)
- 14. Computer Generations “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software Till today, there are five computer generations
- 15. Generation Key Hardware Software Key characteristics Application First 1949-1955 Vacuum Tubes Machine and assembly languages. Simple monitors. Bulky in size Highly unreliable Limited commercial use and costly Difficult commercial production Difficult to use Mostly scientific. Later simple business systems. Second 1956-1965 Transistors High level languages, FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, Batch Operating System Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems Commercial production was still difficult and Costly Extensive business applications. Engineering design optimization scientific research. Third 1966-1975 Integrated Circuits(IC) FORTRAN 4, COBOL 68, PL/I Timeshared Operating System Faster, smaller, more reliable, easier and cheaper to produce § Scientific, commercial and interactive online applications Database management system. Online systems.
- 16. Generation Hardware Software Application Fourth 1975-1984 Large Scale Integrated Circuits Microprocessors FORTRAN &&, Pascal, ADA, COBOL 74, Concurrent Pascal Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs Personal computers. Distributed systems. Integrated CAD/CAM real time control. Graphic oriented system. Fifth 1985-Present Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits. Over 3 million transistor per chip C, C++. JAVA, PROLOG, FP Portable computers Simulation visualization, Parallel computing, Virtual reality, Multimedia.
- 23. Computer Comes from the word "Compute" Compute means to "Calculate" So Computer is calculating device Perform calculations at enormous speed Computer is device that operates upon "Data"or"Information" e.g.preparing result,calculations,transactions,scientific work etc
- 24. Computer Computer can input "Data" Computer can process "Data" Computer can store "Data" Computer can retrieve "Data" Finally... Computer can be term as "Data Processor"
- 25. Characteristics of Computer 1. Speed 2. Accuracy 3. Diligence 4. Versatility 5. Power of remembering 6. No I.Q 7. No Feelings
- 26. 1. Automatic Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions. Ex. Search or Find https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa_ZSRj0WM0
- 27. 2. Speed:- Fast device Computers operate at extremely high speeds as compare to human being Their speed is measured in millions for instructions per second (MIPS). Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12).
- 28. 3. Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Almost without exception, the errors in computing are due to human rather than to technological weakness i.e. due to imprecise thinking by the programmer, inaccurate data, user instructions or hardware problems. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-In-Garbage-Out (GIGO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoCNG4yP3Tc
- 29. 4. Diligence (ENDURANCE) Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. Computers have the ability to perform the same task over for long time without getting tired. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. This is because a computer is a machine, and so does not have from human behaviors of tiredness and lack of concentration.
- 30. 5. Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps. Modern Computers can perform different kind of tasks simultaneously (doing many tasks at the same time). For example you can play music while typing a document at the same time. This is also known as multi-tasking.
- 31. 6. Power of Remembering Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so.
- 32. Computers are artificially intelligent. i.e. They can be programmed to assume capabilities such as learning, reasoning, adaptation, and self- correction. For example computers can respond as if they were thinking by play chess, recognize handwriting and speech. However, the computers themselves cannot think. The artificial intelligence is only supported by the power of the programs installed in them. 7. Artificial intelligence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdQL11uWWcI
- 33. For a computer to be able to work, it must have some form of work space where data is stored before being processed. All information is stored on a hard disk or in the memory, for example on a RAM. 8. Storage
- 34. 9. Need user Input Computers cannot initiate themselves and make the decisions. They need instructions from users to enhance the process. After all, a computer is only a machine. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cVl3gI2pYM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DHLbTmTfKA
- 35. 10) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard. 11) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings).
- 36. Characteristics of Computer Automatic Speed Accuracy Versatility Power of Remembering Artificial intelligence Storage Need user Input No I.Q No Feelings