Composting Mud Cake by Trichoderma Viride Apt01
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The research investigates the composting process of mud cake from sugar factories and cattle feces using the microbial isolate Trichoderma viride apt01 to optimize compost quality. Different mixtures of mud cake and cattle feces were analyzed for their carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios and pH levels, with the 25/75 mud cake to cattle feces composition yielding the best results (C/N ratio of 14.6 and pH of 6.78). The study concludes that compost produced meets the Bureau of Indian Standards, emphasizing the role of microbial action in improving compost quality for agricultural use.
![International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 26
Composting Mud Cake by Trichoderma Viride Apt01
1,2
Arief Budiono, 1,3
Suharjono, 1,4
Imam Santoso, 1,5
Soemarno
1
Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
4
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
5
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make
compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was
conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0,
75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01.
Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the
value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced
for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance
with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
Keywords— Mud Cake, Compost, Trichoderma Viride, C/N Rati.
I. INTRODUCTION
The interest of public to improve soil fertility is by applying compost as an organic filler. Farming communities are
encouraged to convert agricultural waste such as corn stalks and grasses used as raw material to make compost. Quality of
compost produced depends on the raw materials and the treatment of the composting process [1]. Previous research [2]
showed that raw materials which have a C/N ratio > 60: 1 will produce poor quality compost. Therefore, organic material
with high carbon content is required to be mixed with low-carbon organic material, in addition to high levels of nitrogen.
The mud cake containing cellulose about 3.8% of milled cane. Organic matter content in the mud cake about 75-80% which
is mainly in the form of cellulose. The mud cake waste is largely taken by farmers for groundfill or dumped in open fields
which can cause air pollution and unpleasant smell around the area [3].
Processing of organic material into compost can be considered as a sustainable technology because it is in accordance with
conservation of environment. In addition, the use of compost (organic fertilizer) can reduce chemical fertilizers application
[4].
Utilization of raw materials that yield high organic carbon will cause the composting process becomes longer for maturation.
If this maturation process has not been completed and immediately incorporated into the soil, then the absorption of nitrogen
and oxygen that comes from the ground. The absorption of nitrogen and oxygen is used for the microorganisms growth in
decomposing the organic compounds such as cellulose [5].
Main content in the mud cake is organic polymer especially a cellulose. Generally, cellulose decomposed to glucose after a
few months. Cellulose compounds that present in natural materials is difficult to be decomposed into simpler compounds. In
order to speed up the process of decomposition or composting, involvement of microbes such as Trichoderma sp. is required.
Moreover, it is also able to reduce the ratio of C/N initial organic material that will be used as compost. The main problem at
the moment, cellulosic materials requires biodegradation agricultural complex before it can be used by microbes for growth.
Microorganisms require simple compounds to grow and develope. This growth resulted in the formation of several enzymes
that can hydrolyze organic polymer compounds. Microbes are a potential agent for the decomposition of cellulose. The
decomposition process results have a monomer compound that is ready for growth. Trichoderma sp. has a cellulolytic
microbe and capable to change the polymer compound of cellulose to glucose monomers [6].
Trichoderma sp. have been studied as enzyme to degrade cellulosic material into glucose. Some Trichoderma species have
been isolated from various media in nature such as T. harzianum, T. koningii and T. viride which have been known to
produce cellulolytic enzymes. This cellulolitic enzyme play an important role in the interaction with organic material around
the roots of plants [7].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijoear-sep-2015-9-151003120945-lva1-app6891/85/Composting-Mud-Cake-by-Trichoderma-Viride-Apt01-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 27
II. METHODS
The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications. The combination of the
mud cake with cattle feces was 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each combination of material was added with
Trichoderma viride APT01 to decompose the organic polymer of cellulose to glucose.
The mud cake and cattle feces were air dried for a week. The size was reduced using a ball mill and then heated in an oven
for 1 hour at a temperature of 105 0
C. This material was then sieved into 80 mesh. Each material was mixed accordingly with
appropriate treatment to have 10 kg biomass. After that, distilled water was added into the mixture. The distilled water
containing conidia of Trichoderma viride APT01 with the density 107
conidia / ml to obtain 60% moisture. The mixture was
inserted into the plastic barrel and incubated for one month at room temperature. The parameters of TOC, C/N ratio, pH,
temperature and total microbes were measured and calculated during the incubation period. The parameters were analyzed
quantitatively during composting using variance (ANOVA) with alpha of 5%.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary data parameter from a mixture of mud cake and cattle feces are presented on Table 1.
TABLE 1
DATA PARAMETER FROM A MIXTURE OF MUD CAKE AND CATTLE FECES
Mud cake : Cattle feces
Parameter
100 :0 75:25 50:50 25:75 0:100
TOC (%) 50.6 46.2 43.7 37.6 35.8
C:N 43.8 38.7 32.9 26.8 20.9
pH 4.38 4.87 5.19 5.28 5.47
Temperature (O
C) 36.3 35.7 34.7 34.3 33.7
Total microbe (cfu/g) x 106
37.8 28.9 22.7 14.9 5.1
Meanwhile, parameter data from a mixture of mud cake and cattle feces with the addition of Trichoderma viride APT01 are
presented on Table 2.
TABLE 2
DATA FROM A MIXTURE OF MUD CAKE AND CATTLE FECES WITH ADDITION OF ISOLATE
Mud cake : Cattle feces
Parameter
100:0 75:25 50:50 25:75 0:100
TOC (%) 36.8 29.5 26.6 22.7 23.3
C/N 18.3 17.5 15.3 14.6 18.2
pH 7.36 7.26 7.17 6.78 6.62
Temperature (O
C) 33.7 33.3 33.3 32.3 33.7
Total microbe (cfu/gr) x 109
4.0 4.2 5.3 6.6 3.2
The content of total organic carbon (TOC) amounted to 50.6% of the mud cake affects the decomposition rate of organic
matter. In the course of composting material mud cake only result in a decrease of 27.3% TOC levels. Combination
treatment of mud cake with cattle feces objected to minimize the C/N ratio of raw material compost. The greater the
composition of cattle feces combined with the mud cake, the smaller is the ratio of C/N initial mixture before the composted
material. Cattle feces containing nitrogen as much as 1.71%. The addition of cattle feces is expected to decrease the TOC](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijoear-sep-2015-9-151003120945-lva1-app6891/85/Composting-Mud-Cake-by-Trichoderma-Viride-Apt01-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 28
and C/N ratio of organic material. The minimum of nitrogen content that is used as energy source of a compost is 0.8%. This
was confirmed by the results Eiland et al. [8] which concluded that for the organic material with a C/N ratio lower
decomposes at 40-60%, while for materials with C/N ratio is only higher by 10-20%. Beside that, addition of cattle feces
used to increase nitrogen source for microbes to support the process of polymer decomposition into simpler compounds.
Test analysis of the value of C/N ratio and total organic carbon (TOC) of mud cake initially is 43.8 and 50.6% respectively.
The mud cake containing about 1.15% nitrogen. Results of this analysis is in accordance with several researchers results that
previously stated the total organic carbon contained in the mud cake is high (>50%). The high organic carbon as a result of
the sulphitation process in producing sugar [9]. The composting process materials that yield a high TOC should be followed
by the addition of organic material that have high nitrogen levels. Cattle feces contain a high protein. The amount of proteins
related to nitrogen contained in the material. Protein will be hydrolyzed into amino acids. The compound of amino acid will
be used as a nitrogen source in the process of the microorganisms growth. Various combination treatment of mud cake and
cattle feces producing nitrogen 1.19; 1.33 and 1.40% respectively.
Table 2 shows that the compost produced from this research has a value of C/N ratio ranged from 14.6 to 18.3. The value of
C/N ratio gives an indication that the compost is ready to be applied into agricultural land. This is confirmed by the results of
composting research conducted by Benito et al. [10] stating that the compost produced from organic material can be directly
used when the value of C / N ratio between 14 and 24.
In the composting process, parameters that need to be considered include the total organic carbon, C/N ratio, acidity, pH,
temperature and environmental conditions. The condition and quality of organic materials will be able to produce good
quality compost. A compost acidity has a neutral or slightly acidic, according to the environmental condition of agricultural
land. The results of various treatment combinations mud cake with cattle feces showed the value of acidity, pH between 6.62
and 7.36. The value of acidity level according to Najera et al. [11] could be categorized as a state slightly acidic (6.1 to 6.5),
neutral (6.6 to 7.3) and slightly alkaline (7,4- 7,8). Overall, the compost produced from various combinations of these
treatments is neutral. Comparison of quantitave analysis result of each data caused by isolate addition can be seen on
following figure.
FIGURE 1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RESULTS (A) WITH ISOLATE AND (B) WITHOUT ISOLATE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijoear-sep-2015-9-151003120945-lva1-app6891/85/Composting-Mud-Cake-by-Trichoderma-Viride-Apt01-3-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 29
IV. CONCLUSION
Data from the study of various treatment combinations mud cake and cattle feces with addition of Trichoderma viride
APT01 analyzed with variance (ANOVA) by alpha 0:05. Results of the data analysis shows the value of C/N ratio is between
14.6 to 18.3 with the acidity level, pH from 6.62 to 7.36. Compost produced for comparison mud cake and cattle feces 25/75
has a value of C/N ratio = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. Quantitative value of composting result is in accordance with the compost
recommended by Bureau of Indian Standard [12].
REFERENCES
[1] Njira, K.O.W., Nalivata, P.C., Kanyama, P.G.Y. and Lowole, M.W., 2012. Biological nitrogen fixation in sole and doubled-up
legume cropping systems on the sandy soils of Kasungu, Central Malawi. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management,
3(9), 224 -230.
[2] Angstone, N.J., Thembachako, M.,Samson, S. and Sosten, S.C., 2013. Total Kjeldahl-N, Nitrate-N, C/N Ratio and pH Improvements
in Chimato Composts Using Tithonia Diversifolia. Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 5 (10), 1- 9.
[3] Roufa, MA. Bajpaib, PK. And Jotshic, CK., 2010. Optimization of Biogas Generation from Press Mud in Batch Reactor. Bangladesh
J. Sci. Ind. Res., 45(4), 371-376.
[4] Prado, RD. et al., 2013. Mud Cake and Vinasse as Fertilizers Contributing to Conservation Agriculture. Hindawi Publishing
Corporation Applied and Environmental Soil Science, Volume 2013, Article ID 581984, 8 pages.
[5] Murugan, A.V. and Swarnam, T.P. , 2013. Nitrogen release pattern from organic manures applied to an acid soil. Journal of
Agricultural Science, 5(6), 174-184.
[6] Tiwari, P. et al., 2013. β-Glucosidases from the Fungus Trichoderma: An Efficient Cellulase Machinery in Biotechnological
Applications. BioMed. Research International, Volume 2013, Article ID 203735, 10 pages.
[7] Strakowska J. et al., 2014. The significance of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma in opportunistic lifestyle of this fungus.
Article first published online: 14 FEB 2014, DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300821.
[8] Eiland, F. et al., 2010. Influence of Initial C/N Ratio on Chemical and Microbial Composition during Long Term Composting of
Straw. Microb. Ecol., Vol. 41 (3), 272 – 280.
[9] Saranraj, P. and Stella, D., 2014. Composting of Sugar Mill Wastes: A Review. World Applied Sciences Journal, 31 (12), 2029-2044.
[10] Benito, M., Masaguer, A., Moliner, A. and R. Antonio, De., 2006. Chemical and physical properties of pruning waste compost and
their seasonal variability. Bioresour. Technol., 97, 2071-2076.
[11] Najera, F. et al., 2014. Evaluation of soil fertility and fertilisation practices for irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) under Mediterranean
conditions in Central Chile. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 15 (1), 20-27.
[12] Maheshwari, D.K., 2014. Composting for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, ISBN 978-3-319-
08004-8.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijoear-sep-2015-9-151003120945-lva1-app6891/85/Composting-Mud-Cake-by-Trichoderma-Viride-Apt01-4-320.jpg)
Composting Mud Cake by Trichoderma Viride Apt01
- 1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015] Page | 26 Composting Mud Cake by Trichoderma Viride Apt01 1,2 Arief Budiono, 1,3 Suharjono, 1,4 Imam Santoso, 1,5 Soemarno 1 Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia 3 Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia 4 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia 5 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards. Keywords— Mud Cake, Compost, Trichoderma Viride, C/N Rati. I. INTRODUCTION The interest of public to improve soil fertility is by applying compost as an organic filler. Farming communities are encouraged to convert agricultural waste such as corn stalks and grasses used as raw material to make compost. Quality of compost produced depends on the raw materials and the treatment of the composting process [1]. Previous research [2] showed that raw materials which have a C/N ratio > 60: 1 will produce poor quality compost. Therefore, organic material with high carbon content is required to be mixed with low-carbon organic material, in addition to high levels of nitrogen. The mud cake containing cellulose about 3.8% of milled cane. Organic matter content in the mud cake about 75-80% which is mainly in the form of cellulose. The mud cake waste is largely taken by farmers for groundfill or dumped in open fields which can cause air pollution and unpleasant smell around the area [3]. Processing of organic material into compost can be considered as a sustainable technology because it is in accordance with conservation of environment. In addition, the use of compost (organic fertilizer) can reduce chemical fertilizers application [4]. Utilization of raw materials that yield high organic carbon will cause the composting process becomes longer for maturation. If this maturation process has not been completed and immediately incorporated into the soil, then the absorption of nitrogen and oxygen that comes from the ground. The absorption of nitrogen and oxygen is used for the microorganisms growth in decomposing the organic compounds such as cellulose [5]. Main content in the mud cake is organic polymer especially a cellulose. Generally, cellulose decomposed to glucose after a few months. Cellulose compounds that present in natural materials is difficult to be decomposed into simpler compounds. In order to speed up the process of decomposition or composting, involvement of microbes such as Trichoderma sp. is required. Moreover, it is also able to reduce the ratio of C/N initial organic material that will be used as compost. The main problem at the moment, cellulosic materials requires biodegradation agricultural complex before it can be used by microbes for growth. Microorganisms require simple compounds to grow and develope. This growth resulted in the formation of several enzymes that can hydrolyze organic polymer compounds. Microbes are a potential agent for the decomposition of cellulose. The decomposition process results have a monomer compound that is ready for growth. Trichoderma sp. has a cellulolytic microbe and capable to change the polymer compound of cellulose to glucose monomers [6]. Trichoderma sp. have been studied as enzyme to degrade cellulosic material into glucose. Some Trichoderma species have been isolated from various media in nature such as T. harzianum, T. koningii and T. viride which have been known to produce cellulolytic enzymes. This cellulolitic enzyme play an important role in the interaction with organic material around the roots of plants [7].
- 2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015] Page | 27 II. METHODS The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications. The combination of the mud cake with cattle feces was 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each combination of material was added with Trichoderma viride APT01 to decompose the organic polymer of cellulose to glucose. The mud cake and cattle feces were air dried for a week. The size was reduced using a ball mill and then heated in an oven for 1 hour at a temperature of 105 0 C. This material was then sieved into 80 mesh. Each material was mixed accordingly with appropriate treatment to have 10 kg biomass. After that, distilled water was added into the mixture. The distilled water containing conidia of Trichoderma viride APT01 with the density 107 conidia / ml to obtain 60% moisture. The mixture was inserted into the plastic barrel and incubated for one month at room temperature. The parameters of TOC, C/N ratio, pH, temperature and total microbes were measured and calculated during the incubation period. The parameters were analyzed quantitatively during composting using variance (ANOVA) with alpha of 5%. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary data parameter from a mixture of mud cake and cattle feces are presented on Table 1. TABLE 1 DATA PARAMETER FROM A MIXTURE OF MUD CAKE AND CATTLE FECES Mud cake : Cattle feces Parameter 100 :0 75:25 50:50 25:75 0:100 TOC (%) 50.6 46.2 43.7 37.6 35.8 C:N 43.8 38.7 32.9 26.8 20.9 pH 4.38 4.87 5.19 5.28 5.47 Temperature (O C) 36.3 35.7 34.7 34.3 33.7 Total microbe (cfu/g) x 106 37.8 28.9 22.7 14.9 5.1 Meanwhile, parameter data from a mixture of mud cake and cattle feces with the addition of Trichoderma viride APT01 are presented on Table 2. TABLE 2 DATA FROM A MIXTURE OF MUD CAKE AND CATTLE FECES WITH ADDITION OF ISOLATE Mud cake : Cattle feces Parameter 100:0 75:25 50:50 25:75 0:100 TOC (%) 36.8 29.5 26.6 22.7 23.3 C/N 18.3 17.5 15.3 14.6 18.2 pH 7.36 7.26 7.17 6.78 6.62 Temperature (O C) 33.7 33.3 33.3 32.3 33.7 Total microbe (cfu/gr) x 109 4.0 4.2 5.3 6.6 3.2 The content of total organic carbon (TOC) amounted to 50.6% of the mud cake affects the decomposition rate of organic matter. In the course of composting material mud cake only result in a decrease of 27.3% TOC levels. Combination treatment of mud cake with cattle feces objected to minimize the C/N ratio of raw material compost. The greater the composition of cattle feces combined with the mud cake, the smaller is the ratio of C/N initial mixture before the composted material. Cattle feces containing nitrogen as much as 1.71%. The addition of cattle feces is expected to decrease the TOC
- 3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015] Page | 28 and C/N ratio of organic material. The minimum of nitrogen content that is used as energy source of a compost is 0.8%. This was confirmed by the results Eiland et al. [8] which concluded that for the organic material with a C/N ratio lower decomposes at 40-60%, while for materials with C/N ratio is only higher by 10-20%. Beside that, addition of cattle feces used to increase nitrogen source for microbes to support the process of polymer decomposition into simpler compounds. Test analysis of the value of C/N ratio and total organic carbon (TOC) of mud cake initially is 43.8 and 50.6% respectively. The mud cake containing about 1.15% nitrogen. Results of this analysis is in accordance with several researchers results that previously stated the total organic carbon contained in the mud cake is high (>50%). The high organic carbon as a result of the sulphitation process in producing sugar [9]. The composting process materials that yield a high TOC should be followed by the addition of organic material that have high nitrogen levels. Cattle feces contain a high protein. The amount of proteins related to nitrogen contained in the material. Protein will be hydrolyzed into amino acids. The compound of amino acid will be used as a nitrogen source in the process of the microorganisms growth. Various combination treatment of mud cake and cattle feces producing nitrogen 1.19; 1.33 and 1.40% respectively. Table 2 shows that the compost produced from this research has a value of C/N ratio ranged from 14.6 to 18.3. The value of C/N ratio gives an indication that the compost is ready to be applied into agricultural land. This is confirmed by the results of composting research conducted by Benito et al. [10] stating that the compost produced from organic material can be directly used when the value of C / N ratio between 14 and 24. In the composting process, parameters that need to be considered include the total organic carbon, C/N ratio, acidity, pH, temperature and environmental conditions. The condition and quality of organic materials will be able to produce good quality compost. A compost acidity has a neutral or slightly acidic, according to the environmental condition of agricultural land. The results of various treatment combinations mud cake with cattle feces showed the value of acidity, pH between 6.62 and 7.36. The value of acidity level according to Najera et al. [11] could be categorized as a state slightly acidic (6.1 to 6.5), neutral (6.6 to 7.3) and slightly alkaline (7,4- 7,8). Overall, the compost produced from various combinations of these treatments is neutral. Comparison of quantitave analysis result of each data caused by isolate addition can be seen on following figure. FIGURE 1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RESULTS (A) WITH ISOLATE AND (B) WITHOUT ISOLATE
- 4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015] Page | 29 IV. CONCLUSION Data from the study of various treatment combinations mud cake and cattle feces with addition of Trichoderma viride APT01 analyzed with variance (ANOVA) by alpha 0:05. Results of the data analysis shows the value of C/N ratio is between 14.6 to 18.3 with the acidity level, pH from 6.62 to 7.36. Compost produced for comparison mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N ratio = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. Quantitative value of composting result is in accordance with the compost recommended by Bureau of Indian Standard [12]. REFERENCES [1] Njira, K.O.W., Nalivata, P.C., Kanyama, P.G.Y. and Lowole, M.W., 2012. Biological nitrogen fixation in sole and doubled-up legume cropping systems on the sandy soils of Kasungu, Central Malawi. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 3(9), 224 -230. [2] Angstone, N.J., Thembachako, M.,Samson, S. and Sosten, S.C., 2013. Total Kjeldahl-N, Nitrate-N, C/N Ratio and pH Improvements in Chimato Composts Using Tithonia Diversifolia. Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 5 (10), 1- 9. [3] Roufa, MA. Bajpaib, PK. And Jotshic, CK., 2010. Optimization of Biogas Generation from Press Mud in Batch Reactor. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 45(4), 371-376. [4] Prado, RD. et al., 2013. Mud Cake and Vinasse as Fertilizers Contributing to Conservation Agriculture. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Applied and Environmental Soil Science, Volume 2013, Article ID 581984, 8 pages. [5] Murugan, A.V. and Swarnam, T.P. , 2013. Nitrogen release pattern from organic manures applied to an acid soil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(6), 174-184. [6] Tiwari, P. et al., 2013. β-Glucosidases from the Fungus Trichoderma: An Efficient Cellulase Machinery in Biotechnological Applications. BioMed. Research International, Volume 2013, Article ID 203735, 10 pages. [7] Strakowska J. et al., 2014. The significance of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma in opportunistic lifestyle of this fungus. Article first published online: 14 FEB 2014, DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300821. [8] Eiland, F. et al., 2010. Influence of Initial C/N Ratio on Chemical and Microbial Composition during Long Term Composting of Straw. Microb. Ecol., Vol. 41 (3), 272 – 280. [9] Saranraj, P. and Stella, D., 2014. Composting of Sugar Mill Wastes: A Review. World Applied Sciences Journal, 31 (12), 2029-2044. [10] Benito, M., Masaguer, A., Moliner, A. and R. Antonio, De., 2006. Chemical and physical properties of pruning waste compost and their seasonal variability. Bioresour. Technol., 97, 2071-2076. [11] Najera, F. et al., 2014. Evaluation of soil fertility and fertilisation practices for irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) under Mediterranean conditions in Central Chile. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 15 (1), 20-27. [12] Maheshwari, D.K., 2014. Composting for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, ISBN 978-3-319- 08004-8.