COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY
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This document presents a computational study on cooling photovoltaic (PV) solar panels using finned heat pipe technology, addressing the inefficiencies caused by high operating temperatures. The research utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the performance of the proposed cooling system, which demonstrated a maximum temperature reduction of 20K, significantly improving the efficiency of the solar panels. The study emphasizes the importance of effective cooling solutions to enhance the electricity generation capabilities of PV systems in high-temperature environments.
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME
217
the whole geopolitical system. The present system as it is cannot be maintained for more than two
generations.
Keeping the above in mind as well as the fact that oil is running out fast, alternatives should
be adopted. Renewable energy is one of the most promising alternatives to the above problems.
Photovoltaic panels in particular can provide a good source of producing clean electricity. The
photovoltaic effect was first discovered by the physicist Edmund Becquerel in 1839. Despite
that, this technology is considered to be a very recent one. The first cell which could be considered
as PV was constructed in 1941 with an efficiency of 1%.
The efficiency of photovoltaic cells decreases as temperature increases, therefore cooling is
essential at elevated illumination situations for instance concentrating systems, or hot and humid
conditions. With the average temperature reaching up to 42 0
C in the summer the cell temperature
could reach up to 800
C which decreases the output power.
Hence, a need exists for a passive cooling system for PV modules, which may be fabricated
in a cost-effective manner. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze the
performance of a finned heat pipe arrangement for cooling of a standard PV module.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Qianyan Liu[1] did an experimental Study on the Characteristics of A Novel PV/T System. In
this paper, the traditional PV/T system was modified, the hierarchical structure proposed layout, that
is, the solar panels and heat-absorbing plate separation, so that cooling water through solar panels on
the back before taking the heat, then into the collector absorb more heat. This not only greatly
improved the efficiency of solar panels for electricity generation, but also further enhanced the
export of refrigerant collector quality. It has been found that the flow rate of water should be in range
10L/hr to 30L/hr for obtaining an increase in power output.
David Meneses-Rodrıguez[8] did a project on photovoltaic solar cells performance at
elevated temperatures. The purpose of their study was to investigate the opposite option: to make a
cell work at relatively high temperature (around 100–200 0
C) and use the excessive heat in a hybrid
system of some kind to increase the total efficiency of solar energy utilization. They studied the
temperature dependence of the solar cell parameters both theoretically and experimentally, for the
basic cells with p–n junction and the Schottky barrier, taking account of the different carrier transport
mechanisms and recombination parameters of the cell material. The possibility of usage of the
concentrated sunlight was also taken into account. The experiments were conducted in the
temperature interval of 25–170 0
C and the calculated data showed a real possibility of construction of
a two-stage solar-to-electric energy converter with high-temperature second stage, having the overall
conversion efficiency of 30–40%.
Xiao Tang [2] did an experiment study on solar panel cooling by a novel micro heat pipe
array. Air-cooling and water-cooling methods used were compared in this study. The results
indicated that under cooling condition, the temperature can be reduced to effectively increase the
photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar panel.
1) Compared with the ordinary solar panel, the temperature of that using air-cooling reduces
maximally by 4.70
C, the output power increases maximally by 8.4%, and the efficiency difference is
2.6% (In that day, the maximal air temperature and wind speed are 360
C and 5.32 m/s ,the daily
global radiation is 26.3 MJ).
2) Compared with the solar panel using air-cooling, the temperature of that using water-
cooling reduces maximally by 8℃, the output power increases maximally by 13.9% and the
efficiency difference is 3%. The maximum efficiency of 13.5% can be achieved (In that day, the
maximal air temperature and wind speed are 35℃ and 4.72 m/s, the daily global radiation is
21.9 MJ).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/30120140504026-160217083127/85/COMPUTATIONAL-STUDY-OF-COOLING-OF-PV-SOLAR-PANEL-USING-FINNED-HEAT-PIPE-TECHNOLOGY-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME
223
VI CONCLUSION
This study confirms the advantages of a finned heat pipe for practical use, especially in the
high-temperature region. The temperature of the PV panel for power generation systems set up on a
roof may exceed 700
C. The proposed finned heat pipe can be used to passively remove the heat,
accepting high heat flux by natural convection. A copper heat pipe with water as the working fluid
and fins attached was examined by a series of CFD analyses. The CFD analyses determined the
optimum temperature cooled under environmental conditions, which is in the range of solar cells
operating temperature of 300
C. It encourages continuing investigations in this direction, with the
final goal to create a cooling system to maintaining the cell temperature within the environmental
conditions.
REFERENCES
[1] Qianyan Liu, Experimental Study on the Characteristics of A Novel PT /V System, 978-1-
61284-752-8/111, 2011 IEEE.
[2] Xiao Tang, Experimental Investigation of Solar Panel Cooling by a Novel Micro Heat Pipe
Array, Energy and Power Engineering, 2010, 2, 171-174.
[3] Jasper Hendricks, The option of phase change materials as temperature regulation for
building integrated photovoltaics, University of Utrecht, 2010.
[4] Efstratios Chaniotakis, Modelling and Analysis of Water Cooled Photovoltaics, University of
Strathclyde, 2001.
[5] Beach, R.T and White R.M. Heat Pipe for Passive Cooling of Concentrator Solar Cells.
Florida: Science Direct, 1981.
[6] Farahat M.A. Improvement in the Thermal Electric Performance of a Photovoltaic Cells by
Cooling and Concentration Techniques. New York: Science Direct 2004.
[7] Z. Zhao and C.T. Avedisianz. Enhancing Forced Air Convection Heat Transfer from an
Array of Parallel Plate Fins using a Heat Pipe.USA: Science Direct 2007.
[8] Meneses-Rodriguez et al. Photovoltaic Solar Cells Performance at Elevated
Temperatures. Science Direct: 2005.
[9] P.Srinivasarao, Dr. P. Ravinder Reddy and K. Baba Saheb, “Design of Hybrid Power
Generation using Solar Tracking PV Module and Wind Turbine”, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 453 - 461,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[10] M.M. Shete and Prof.Dr.A.D.Desai,, “Design and Development of Test-Rig to Evaluate
Performance of Heat Pipes in Different Orientations for Mould Cooling Application”,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3,
Issue 2, 2012, pp. 360 - 365, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[12] M.N.Khan, Utkarsh Gupta, Shubhansh Sinha, Shubhendu Prakash Singh and Sandeep
Pathak, “Parametric Study of the Performance of Heat Pipe – A Review”, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013,
pp. 173 - 184, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[13] Yogesh Dhote and S.B. Thombre, “A Review on Natural Convection Heat Transfer
Through Inclined Parallel Plates”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 7, 2013, pp. 170 - 175, ISSN Print:
0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/30120140504026-160217083127/85/COMPUTATIONAL-STUDY-OF-COOLING-OF-PV-SOLAR-PANEL-USING-FINNED-HEAT-PIPE-TECHNOLOGY-8-320.jpg)
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY
- 1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 216 COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY Sandeep Koundinya1 , Dr. A S Krishnan2 1 (Senior Design Engineer, Product Engineering Department, WEG Industries Ltd, Hosur) 2 (Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore- 641014) ABSTRACT Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum. In some instances, the cell temperature could reach up to 700 C which decreases the output power by up to 0.65%/K and the efficiency to 0.5%/K of the PV module above the operating temperature. Therefore cooling is essential and a reduction by 200 C will give an increase in efficiency by 10%. In this project, an attempt has been made to reduce the operating temperature of the panel by cooling the panel using finned heat pipe. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to design the fins and model the solar panel with finned heat pipe assembly. The CFD analysis have shown a maximum decrease of 20K. Keywords: PV Modules, Finned Heat Pipe, CFD, Heat Pipe. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, most of the world’s energy (80%) is produced from fossil fuels. Massive exploitation is leading to the exhaustion of these resources and imposes a real threat to the environment, apparent mainly through global warming and acidification of the water cycle. The distribution of fossil fuels around the world is equally uneven. Middle East possesses more than half of the known oil reserves. This fact leads to economical instabilities around the world which affect INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJMET © I A E M E
- 2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 217 the whole geopolitical system. The present system as it is cannot be maintained for more than two generations. Keeping the above in mind as well as the fact that oil is running out fast, alternatives should be adopted. Renewable energy is one of the most promising alternatives to the above problems. Photovoltaic panels in particular can provide a good source of producing clean electricity. The photovoltaic effect was first discovered by the physicist Edmund Becquerel in 1839. Despite that, this technology is considered to be a very recent one. The first cell which could be considered as PV was constructed in 1941 with an efficiency of 1%. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells decreases as temperature increases, therefore cooling is essential at elevated illumination situations for instance concentrating systems, or hot and humid conditions. With the average temperature reaching up to 42 0 C in the summer the cell temperature could reach up to 800 C which decreases the output power. Hence, a need exists for a passive cooling system for PV modules, which may be fabricated in a cost-effective manner. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze the performance of a finned heat pipe arrangement for cooling of a standard PV module. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Qianyan Liu[1] did an experimental Study on the Characteristics of A Novel PV/T System. In this paper, the traditional PV/T system was modified, the hierarchical structure proposed layout, that is, the solar panels and heat-absorbing plate separation, so that cooling water through solar panels on the back before taking the heat, then into the collector absorb more heat. This not only greatly improved the efficiency of solar panels for electricity generation, but also further enhanced the export of refrigerant collector quality. It has been found that the flow rate of water should be in range 10L/hr to 30L/hr for obtaining an increase in power output. David Meneses-Rodrıguez[8] did a project on photovoltaic solar cells performance at elevated temperatures. The purpose of their study was to investigate the opposite option: to make a cell work at relatively high temperature (around 100–200 0 C) and use the excessive heat in a hybrid system of some kind to increase the total efficiency of solar energy utilization. They studied the temperature dependence of the solar cell parameters both theoretically and experimentally, for the basic cells with p–n junction and the Schottky barrier, taking account of the different carrier transport mechanisms and recombination parameters of the cell material. The possibility of usage of the concentrated sunlight was also taken into account. The experiments were conducted in the temperature interval of 25–170 0 C and the calculated data showed a real possibility of construction of a two-stage solar-to-electric energy converter with high-temperature second stage, having the overall conversion efficiency of 30–40%. Xiao Tang [2] did an experiment study on solar panel cooling by a novel micro heat pipe array. Air-cooling and water-cooling methods used were compared in this study. The results indicated that under cooling condition, the temperature can be reduced to effectively increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar panel. 1) Compared with the ordinary solar panel, the temperature of that using air-cooling reduces maximally by 4.70 C, the output power increases maximally by 8.4%, and the efficiency difference is 2.6% (In that day, the maximal air temperature and wind speed are 360 C and 5.32 m/s ,the daily global radiation is 26.3 MJ). 2) Compared with the solar panel using air-cooling, the temperature of that using water- cooling reduces maximally by 8℃, the output power increases maximally by 13.9% and the efficiency difference is 3%. The maximum efficiency of 13.5% can be achieved (In that day, the maximal air temperature and wind speed are 35℃ and 4.72 m/s, the daily global radiation is 21.9 MJ).
- 3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 218 III. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research on the finned heat pipe cooling system for PV panels is to decrease the operating temperatures of the PV panels by considering low cost techniques that can decrease the and enhance its power output. The present paper focuses on the performance of a finned heat pipe assembled onto the rear of a PV panel analyzed using CFD. IV. COMPUTATIONAL STUDY The 3D Profile of my proposed finned heat Pipe is shown below. The CAD geometry has been drawn in GAMBIT 2.4. 3D model of finned heat pipe Specification of the Solar Panel The Specification of the solar panel for which the experiment has to be carried out is listed below: Dimension - 33cm x 30cm x 0.3cm Number of cells - 36 Type of cell - Mono crystalline Open Circuit Voltage of 1 cell - 0.6V Short circuit Current of 1 cell - 0.23A Open circuit Voltage of solar panel - 21.6V Short circuit current of solar panel - 0.23A Maximum Power of the solar panel - 4.968W
- 4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 219 Theoretical calculation of the net heat that has to be removed (Qwaste) It is assumed that the average heat flux receiving from sun is 500 W/m2 (Qtotal). Therefore, the heat input to the solar panel is Qsolarpanel=QtotalxAs As - Surface area = 500 x 33x 30 Qsolar panel = 49.5W The amount of Qtotal that is converted to electricity is 5W (Qused). The net heat that has to be removed is Qwaste = Qsoalr panel - Qused = 49.5 - 5 Qwaste = 44.5W Specification of Heat Pipe Based on the theoretical calculations, the available commercial heat pipe was purchased from 'Global Star Technical Services', Pune. The specifications of heat pipe are as follows: Diameter of the heat pipe - 1.2cm Length of the heat pipe - 25cm Material - Copper Type of Mesh - Sintered screen mesh Working Fluid - Water Design of Fins The Dimensions of the fins that has to be attached to the heat pipe is decided by conducting a series of CFD analyses in FLUENT 6.3. The geometry of the fins was drawn in GAMBIT 2.4 and is shown below. 3D profile of fins
- 5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 220 The above geometry was meshed in GAMBIT 2.4. The Meshed model is shown below. Meshed model of fins The mesh details are shown below. Element Type Spacing(cm) Number of Nodes Number of Elements Hex 0.2 2738 1284 Boundary conditions The above meshed file was exported to FLUENT 6.3 for doing a 3d, steady state, pressure based analysis. The boundary conditions that were given are. Base - Constant Temperature - 308K (because, the wall temperature of heat pipe is constant) Tip - Convection - 10W/m2 K Surface - Convection - 10W/m2 K After doing a series of CFD analysis for different dimensions, the best dimension suiting our requirement was 10cm x 5cm of aluminium material. The temperature contour of the fin is shown below. Temperature contour of fins
- 6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 221 From the analysis, it has been obtained that the heat removed by 1 fin is 1.13W(Qfin). The total amount of heat that has to be remove is 44.5W(Qtotal). Therefore, number of fins(n) required is n = Qtotal / Qfin n = 44.5 / 1.13 n = 39.3 This shows that the number of fins required is 40. Computational study of solar panel with Finned Heat Pipe The CAD geometry of the solar panel with finned heat pipe was created in GAMBIT 2.4 and is shown below. Profile of finned heat pipe The above model was meshed in GAMBIT 2.4 and is shown below. Meshed model of finned heat pipe
- 7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 222 The details of the mesh are given below. Domain Element type Spacing (cm) No of nodes Number of elements Aluminium block Hex 0.8 357 196 Heat Pipe Hex 0.8 612 202 Fins Hex 0.8 7700 3067 Boundary Conditions The meshed file was exported and imported in FLUENT 6.3 for doing a 3d,steady state , pressure based analysis. The boundary conditions that were given are. Base - Heat Flux - 550W/m2 Heat Pipe - Constant Temperature - 308K Fins - Convection - 15W/m2 K Aluminium block except base - Convection - 15W/m2 K V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The temperature contour of the solar panel with finned heat pipe is shown below. Temperature contour of finned heat pipe It has been seen in the literature review that the maximum temperature that the solar panel achieves without cooling is 343K. In simulation, we can clearly see that the steady temperature reached with finned heat pipe is 323K. Therefore, the proposed finned heat pipe is able to reduce the temperature of the solar panel by 20K.
- 8. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 216-223 © IAEME 223 VI CONCLUSION This study confirms the advantages of a finned heat pipe for practical use, especially in the high-temperature region. The temperature of the PV panel for power generation systems set up on a roof may exceed 700 C. The proposed finned heat pipe can be used to passively remove the heat, accepting high heat flux by natural convection. A copper heat pipe with water as the working fluid and fins attached was examined by a series of CFD analyses. The CFD analyses determined the optimum temperature cooled under environmental conditions, which is in the range of solar cells operating temperature of 300 C. It encourages continuing investigations in this direction, with the final goal to create a cooling system to maintaining the cell temperature within the environmental conditions. REFERENCES [1] Qianyan Liu, Experimental Study on the Characteristics of A Novel PT /V System, 978-1- 61284-752-8/111, 2011 IEEE. [2] Xiao Tang, Experimental Investigation of Solar Panel Cooling by a Novel Micro Heat Pipe Array, Energy and Power Engineering, 2010, 2, 171-174. [3] Jasper Hendricks, The option of phase change materials as temperature regulation for building integrated photovoltaics, University of Utrecht, 2010. [4] Efstratios Chaniotakis, Modelling and Analysis of Water Cooled Photovoltaics, University of Strathclyde, 2001. [5] Beach, R.T and White R.M. Heat Pipe for Passive Cooling of Concentrator Solar Cells. Florida: Science Direct, 1981. [6] Farahat M.A. Improvement in the Thermal Electric Performance of a Photovoltaic Cells by Cooling and Concentration Techniques. New York: Science Direct 2004. [7] Z. Zhao and C.T. Avedisianz. Enhancing Forced Air Convection Heat Transfer from an Array of Parallel Plate Fins using a Heat Pipe.USA: Science Direct 2007. [8] Meneses-Rodriguez et al. Photovoltaic Solar Cells Performance at Elevated Temperatures. Science Direct: 2005. [9] P.Srinivasarao, Dr. P. Ravinder Reddy and K. Baba Saheb, “Design of Hybrid Power Generation using Solar Tracking PV Module and Wind Turbine”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 453 - 461, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [10] M.M. Shete and Prof.Dr.A.D.Desai,, “Design and Development of Test-Rig to Evaluate Performance of Heat Pipes in Different Orientations for Mould Cooling Application”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 360 - 365, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [12] M.N.Khan, Utkarsh Gupta, Shubhansh Sinha, Shubhendu Prakash Singh and Sandeep Pathak, “Parametric Study of the Performance of Heat Pipe – A Review”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 173 - 184, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [13] Yogesh Dhote and S.B. Thombre, “A Review on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Through Inclined Parallel Plates”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 7, 2013, pp. 170 - 175, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.